2,354 results on '"Woodrow, P."'
Search Results
2. 'We Love Sharing Your Land': Children's Understandings of Acknowledgement to Country Practices and Aboriginal Knowledges in Early Learning Centres
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Cris Townley, Kerry Staples, Christine Woodrow, Elise Baker, Michelle Lea Locke, Rebekah Grace, and Catherine Kaplun
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This paper explores children's understandings of Acknowledgement to Country practices and Aboriginal knowledges. Guided by the relational lenses of respect, responsibility and reciprocity, we conducted focus groups with children across five Australian early education centres. We found that Acknowledgement practices were evident through recitation of their Acknowledgement to Country, engaging with artefacts, and/or discussion of artworks. Secondly, children demonstrated emerging understandings about place names, the symbolic use of flags for places and people, and Australian plants and animals. Thirdly, Aboriginal cultures as living cultures were evident in temporal discussions about people and culture. Finally, imaginative play implied efforts to make sense of Aboriginal concepts and language. Across the study, children were active in experimenting with ideas in their own meaning making. Acknowledgement to Country was not a moment in the day; rather, it was embedded throughout the day through routines, storytelling, play and creative activities, all designed to foster learning.
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- 2024
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3. A Study of the Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Adults with an Intellectual Disability Who Remain in Learning Disability Assessment and Treatment Units Despite Being Clinically Ready for Discharge
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Jonathan Williams, Fiona Pender, Saman Shahzad, Ceri Woodrow, Rimsha Dar, Matthew Humphreys, Joanne Evans-Stone, Sharleen Nall-Evans, and Peter Wilson
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Background: This study investigated differences in the clinical and demographic characteristics of individuals with intellectual disabilities delayed in assessment and treatment hospitals versus individuals who were not delayed. The study further investigated the clinical outcomes of the individuals whose discharge from the hospital was delayed. Method: This was a cohort study using secondary data collected from patient records. Variables included age, ethnicity, levels of deprivation, areas of origin, diagnoses, and the provision of a care and treatment review. A comparison was made between individuals who became delayed despite being clinically ready for discharge and those who were discharged on time. Findings: Individuals with severe intellectual disabilities were more likely to experience delayed discharge from hospital (p = 0.001). Similarly, people who were admitted to hospitals away from their home areas were also more likely to experience delayed discharge (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the delayed and nondelayed groups for other factors such as age, deprivation or ethnicity. Individuals who experienced a delay in discharge did not experience an increased rate of adverse incidents compared to the period of active treatment and clinical improvements were maintained during the period of delay. There were low rates of completion of care and treatment reviews before admission, although people who were delayed were more likely to have received a review during admission (78.8% vs. 27.1%). Conclusion: It is important for clinicians and service development leads to be aware that people who are admitted away from their home area and people with severe intellectual disabilities may be at higher risk of experiencing significantly delayed discharge from the hospital. More broadly, many people remained in hospital for a substantial length of time after being assessed as clinically ready for discharge. Due to the low rates of completion before admission, the expansion of community-based care and treatment reviews should also be explored. While people did not suffer increased rates of adverse incidents during their extended stay, their liberty was still restricted, hence there should be a focus on effective community provision. The current model of relying on the willingness of independent providers to support the care of complex individuals requires significant reform.
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- 2024
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4. Who is at Risk? Adults with Intellectual Disability at Risk of Admission to Mental Health Inpatient Care
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Marianne Durand, Rajan Nathan, Sophie Holt, Sharleen Nall-Evans, and Ceri Woodrow
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Background: NHS England's "Transforming Care" agenda aims to reduce the number of adults with intellectual disabilities and autistic adults in mental health hospitals. The aim was to understand the demographic and clinical characteristics of those most at risk of admission. Method: A cohort, retrospective study of adults using community intellectual disability services in the North West of England from 2018 to 2022 was undertaken. Results: We compared 211 adults at imminent risk of admission to a mental health hospital and 249 at significant (but not imminent) risk on a validated risk stratification tool. Individuals at significant risk were more likely to have moderate intellectual disability. Individuals at imminent risk were more likely to have diagnoses of mild intellectual disability, autism, personality disorder, or psychosis. Conclusion: By furthering our understanding of the clinical characteristics of those most at risk of admission, the findings inform more appropriate targeting of resources.
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- 2024
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5. The GPT Surprise: Offering Large Language Model Chat in a Massive Coding Class Reduced Engagement but Increased Adopters Exam Performances
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Nie, Allen, Chandak, Yash, Suzara, Miroslav, Ali, Malika, Woodrow, Juliette, Peng, Matt, Sahami, Mehran, Brunskill, Emma, and Piech, Chris
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Computer Science - Computers and Society ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Computation and Language ,Statistics - Applications - Abstract
Large language models (LLMs) are quickly being adopted in a wide range of learning experiences, especially via ubiquitous and broadly accessible chat interfaces like ChatGPT and Copilot. This type of interface is readily available to students and teachers around the world, yet relatively little research has been done to assess the impact of such generic tools on student learning. Coding education is an interesting test case, both because LLMs have strong performance on coding tasks, and because LLM-powered support tools are rapidly becoming part of the workflow of professional software engineers. To help understand the impact of generic LLM use on coding education, we conducted a large-scale randomized control trial with 5,831 students from 146 countries in an online coding class in which we provided some students with access to a chat interface with GPT-4. We estimate positive benefits on exam performance for adopters, the students who used the tool, but over all students, the advertisement of GPT-4 led to a significant average decrease in exam participation. We observe similar decreases in other forms of course engagement. However, this decrease is modulated by the student's country of origin. Offering access to LLMs to students from low human development index countries increased their exam participation rate on average. Our results suggest there may be promising benefits to using LLMs in an introductory coding class, but also potential harms for engagement, which makes their longer term impact on student success unclear. Our work highlights the need for additional investigations to help understand the potential impact of future adoption and integration of LLMs into classrooms., Comment: 32 pages
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- 2024
6. TeachNow: Enabling Teachers to Provide Spontaneous, Realtime 1:1 Help in Massive Online Courses
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Malik, Ali, Woodrow, Juliette, Wang, Chao, and Piech, Chris
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Computer Science - Computers and Society - Abstract
One-on-one help from a teacher is highly impactful for students, yet extremely challenging to support in massive online courses (MOOCs). In this work, we present TeachNow: a novel system that lets volunteer teachers from anywhere in the world instantly provide 1:1 help sessions to students in MOOCs, without any scheduling or coordination overhead. TeachNow works by quickly finding an online student to help and putting them in a collaborative working session with the teacher. The spontaneous, on-demand nature of TeachNow gives teachers the flexibility to help whenever their schedule allows. We share our experiences deploying TeachNow as an experimental feature in a six week online CS1 course with 9,000 students and 600 volunteer teachers. Even as an optional activity, TeachNow was used by teachers to provide over 12,300 minutes of 1:1 help to 375 unique students. Through a carefully designed randomised control trial, we show that TeachNow sessions increased student course retention rate by almost 15%. Moreover, the flexibility of our system captured valuable volunteer time that would otherwise go to waste. Lastly, TeachNow was rated by teachers as one of the most enjoyable and impactful aspects of their involvement in the course. We believe TeachNow is an important step towards providing more human-centered support in massive online courses.
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- 2024
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7. AI Teaches the Art of Elegant Coding: Timely, Fair, and Helpful Style Feedback in a Global Course
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Woodrow, Juliette, Malik, Ali, and Piech, Chris
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Computer Science - Computers and Society - Abstract
Teaching students how to write code that is elegant, reusable, and comprehensible is a fundamental part of CS1 education. However, providing this "style feedback" in a timely manner has proven difficult to scale. In this paper, we present our experience deploying a novel, real-time style feedback tool in Code in Place, a large-scale online CS1 course. Our tool is based on the latest breakthroughs in large-language models (LLMs) and was carefully designed to be safe and helpful for students. We used our Real-Time Style Feedback tool (RTSF) in a class with over 8,000 diverse students from across the globe and ran a randomized control trial to understand its benefits. We show that students who received style feedback in real-time were five times more likely to view and engage with their feedback compared to students who received delayed feedback. Moreover, those who viewed feedback were more likely to make significant style-related edits to their code, with over 79% of these edits directly incorporating their feedback. We also discuss the practicality and dangers of LLM-based tools for feedback, investigating the quality of the feedback generated, LLM limitations, and techniques for consistency, standardization, and safeguarding against demographic bias, all of which are crucial for a tool utilized by students.
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- 2024
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8. Learners Teaching Novices: An Uplifting Alternative Assessment
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Malik, Ali, Woodrow, Juliette, and Piech, Chris
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Computer Science - Computers and Society - Abstract
We propose and carry-out a novel method of formative assessment called Assessment via Teaching (AVT), in which learners demonstrate their understanding of CS1 topics by tutoring more novice students. AVT has powerful benefits over traditional forms of assessment: it is centered around service to others and is highly rewarding for the learners who teach. Moreover, teaching greatly improves the learners' own understanding of the material and has a huge positive impact on novices, who receive free 1:1 tutoring. Lastly, this form of assessment is naturally difficult to cheat -- a critical property for assessments in the era of large-language models. We use AVT in a randomised control trial with learners in a CS1 course at an R1 university. The learners provide tutoring sessions to more novice students taking a lagged online version of the same course. We show that learners who do an AVT session before the course exam performed 20 to 30 percentage points better than the class average on several questions. Moreover, compared to students who did a practice exam, the AVT learners enjoyed their experience more and were twice as likely to study for their teaching session. We believe AVT is a scalable and uplifting method for formative assessment that could one day replace traditional exams.
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- 2024
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9. The Impacts of Three Educational Technologies on Algebraic Understanding in the Context of COVID-19
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Lauren E. Decker-Woodrow, Craig A. Mason, Ji-Eun Lee, Jenny Yun-Chen Chan, Adam Sales, Allison Liu, and Shihfen Tu
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The current study investigated the effectiveness of three distinct educational technologies--two game-based applications (From Here to There and DragonBox 12+) and two modes of online problem sets in ASSISTments (an Immediate Feedback condition and an Active Control condition with no immediate feedback) on Grade 7 students' algebraic knowledge. More than 3,600 Grade 7 students across nine in-person and one virtual schools within the same district were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions. Students received nine 30-minute intervention sessions from September 2020 to March 2021. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses of the final analytic sample (N = 1,850) showed significantly higher posttest scores for students who used From Here to There and DragonBox 12+ compared to the Active Control condition. No significant difference was found for the Immediate Feedback condition. The findings have implications for understanding how game-based applications can affect algebraic understanding, even within pandemic pressures on learning.
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- 2023
10. Time to resolution of airway inflammation caused by bronchoalveolar lavage in healthy horses
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Jane S. Woodrow, Klaus Hopster, Megan Palmisano, Flavie Payette, Jeaneen Kulp, Darko Stefanovski, and Rose Nolen‐Walston
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equine ,immunology ,inflammation ,leukocyte ,lung ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Abstract Background Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a common procedure for evaluation of the equine lower airways. Time to resolution of post‐BAL inflammation has not been clearly defined. Hypothesis Residual inflammation, evident by changes in immune cell populations and inflammatory cytokines, will resolve by 72 hours after BAL. Animals Six adult, healthy, institution‐owned horses. Methods Randomized, complete cross‐over design. Each horse underwent 3 paired BALs, including a baseline and then 48, 72, and 96 hours later, with a 7‐day washout between paired BALs. Each sample underwent cytological evaluation and cytokine concentrations were determined by a commercially available multiplex bead immunoassay. Statistical analysis was performed by multilevel mixed‐effects Poisson regression analysis. Data are reported as marginal means and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Neutrophil, eosinophil and mast cell percentages were not significantly different at any time points. Macrophage percentages were higher at 72 hours (45.0 [95% CI, 41.6‐48.4]%) and 96 hours (45.3 [95% CI, 42.9‐47.7]%) vs baseline (37.4 [95% CI, 33.5‐41.4]%; P
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- 2024
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11. Incorporating Decodable Books into an Early Grades Literacy Curriculum: Tensions and New Learnings from One Teacher
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Kerry Elson, Ashley Pennell, Rebecca Payne Jordan, Kindel Turner Nash, and Woodrow Trathen
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In this article, one teacher shares her journey using decodable books with her culturally and linguistically diverse students, documenting new understandings and tensions that she has encountered. Four literacy teacher educators augment the teacher's story by connecting it with the current literature on literacy and decodable books. After reading this article, readers will walk away with a stronger understanding of how and when to use decodable books with beginning readers, as well as concrete ideas and resources to support incorporating decodable books into the early grades literacy curriculum.
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- 2024
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12. A Healthy Diet for Beginning Readers: Decodable Texts as Part of a Comprehensive Literacy Program
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Ashley E. Pennell, Rebecca Lee Payne Jordan, Kindel Turner Nash, Kerry Elson, and Woodrow Trathen
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We suggest that a healthy literacy diet for beginning readers consists of literacy experiences along a number of dimensions, including experiences with decodable text. As such, this article explores the role of decodable texts in a comprehensive early literacy curriculum that recognizes literacy as a complex, culturally mediated, and multifaceted set of skills. We provide five guidelines for practitioners to use when evaluating decodable texts to be used with beginning readers. As an example of the type of analysis we recommend for selecting quality decodable text, we examine one decodable text for its merit in fulfilling the guidelines described in this article.
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- 2024
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13. Quantifying the risk of workplace COVID-19 clusters in terms of commuter, workplace, and population characteristics
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Overton, Christopher E., Abbey, Rachel, Baird, Tarrion, Christie, Rachel, Daniel, Owen, Day, Julie, Gittins, Matthew, Jones, Owen, Paton, Robert, Tang, Maria, Ward, Tom, Wilkinson, Jack, Woodrow-Hill, Camilla, Aldridge, Tim, and Chen, Yiqun
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Statistics - Applications - Abstract
Objectives: To identify and quantify risk factors that contribute to clusters of COVID-19 in the workplace. Methods: We identified clusters of COVID-19 cases in the workplace and investigated the characteristics of the individuals, the workplaces, the areas they work, and the methods of commute to work, through data linkages based on Middle Layer Super Output Areas (MSOAs) in England between 20/06/2021 and 20/02/2022. We estimated associations between potential risk factors and workplace clusters, adjusting for plausible confounders identified using a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). Results: For most industries, increased physical proximity in the workplace was associated with increased risk of COVID-19 clusters, while increased vaccination was associated with reduced risk. Commuter demographic risk factors varied across industry, but for the majority of industries, a higher proportion of black/african/caribbean ethnicities, and living in deprived areas, was associated with increased cluster risk. A higher proportion of commuters in the 60-64 age group was associated with reduced cluster risk. There were significant associations between gender, work commute methods, and staff contract type with cluster risk, but these were highly variable across industries. Conclusions: This study has used novel national data linkages to identify potential risk factors of workplace COVID-19 clusters, including possible protective effects of vaccination and increased physical distance at work. The same methodological approach can be applied to wider occupational and environmental health research.
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- 2023
14. ‘It depends on where you were born…here in the North East, there’s not really many job opportunities compared to in the South’: young people’s perspectives on a North-South health divide and its drivers in England, UK
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Fairbrother, Hannah, Woodrow, Nicholas, Holding, Eleanor, Crowder, Mary, Griffin, Naomi, Er, Vanessa, Dodd-Reynolds, Caroline, Egan, Matt, Scott, Steph, Summerbell, Carolyn, Rigby, Emma, Kyle, Philippa, Knights, Nicky, Quirk, Helen, and Goyder, Elizabeth
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- 2024
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15. Young people's experiences of physical activity insecurity: a qualitative study highlighting intersectional disadvantage in the UK
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Dodd-Reynolds, Caroline, Griffin, Naomi, Kyle, Phillippa, Scott, Steph, Fairbrother, Hannah, Holding, Eleanor, Crowder, Mary, Woodrow, Nicholas, and Summerbell, Carolyn
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- 2024
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16. ‘It depends on where you were born…here in the North East, there’s not really many job opportunities compared to in the South’: young people’s perspectives on a North-South health divide and its drivers in England, UK
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Hannah Fairbrother, Nicholas Woodrow, Eleanor Holding, Mary Crowder, Naomi Griffin, Vanessa Er, Caroline Dodd-Reynolds, Matt Egan, Steph Scott, Carolyn Summerbell, Emma Rigby, Philippa Kyle, Nicky Knights, Helen Quirk, and Elizabeth Goyder
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Health inequalities ,North-South divide ,Social determinants of health ,Young people ,Qualitative ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background Improving the public’s understanding of how regional and socioeconomic inequalities create and perpetuate inequalities in health, is argued to be necessary for building support for policies geared towards creating a more equal society. However, research exploring public perceptions of health inequalities, and how they are generated, is limited. This is particularly so for young people. Our study sought to explore young people’s lived experiences and understandings of health inequalities. Methods We carried out focus group discussions (n = 18) with 42 young people, aged 13–21, recruited from six youth organisations in England in 2021. The organisations were located in areas of high deprivation in South Yorkshire, the North East and London. Young people from each organisation took part in three interlinked focus group discussions designed to explore their (i) perceptions of factors impacting their health in their local area, (ii) understandings of health inequalities and (iii) priorities for change. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, most discussions took place online (n = 15). However, with one group in the North East, we carried out discussions face-to-face (n = 3). Data were analysed thematically and we used NVivo-12 software to facilitate data management. Results Young people from all groups demonstrated an awareness of a North-South divide in England, UK. They described how disparities in local economies and employment landscapes between the North and the South led to tangible differences in everyday living and working conditions. They clearly articulated how these differences ultimately led to inequalities in people’s health and wellbeing, such as linking poverty and employment precarity to chronic stress. Young people did not believe these inequalities were inevitable. They described the Conservative government as prioritising the South and thus perpetuating inequalities through uneven investment. Conclusions Our study affords important insights into young people’s perceptions of how wider determinants can help explain the North-South health divide in England. It demonstrates young people’s contextualised understandings of the interplay between spatial, social and health inequalities. Our findings support calls for pro-equity policies to address the structural causes of regional divides in health. Further research, engaging young people in deliberative policy analysis, could build on this work.
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- 2024
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17. Enhanced stream greenhouse gas emissions at night and during flood events
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Rebecca L. Woodrow, Shane A. White, Stephen R. Conrad, Praktan D. Wadnerkar, Gerard Rocher‐Ros, Christian J. Sanders, Ceylena J. Holloway, and Isaac R. Santos
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Oceanography ,GC1-1581 - Abstract
Abstract Headwater streams play a large role in aquatic greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and dissolved oxygen in streams often undergo changes through diel cycles. However, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) have unknown diel dynamics. Here, we reveal consistent patterns in CO2, CH4, and N2O over diel cycles and during flood events using high‐frequency continuous observations in a subtropical headwater stream. Diel cycles were most pronounced during baseflow. Increased nighttime discharge due to higher groundwater inputs enhanced gas transfer velocities and concentrations. Overall nocturnal emissions were 31%, 68%, and 32% greater than daytime for CO2, CH4, and N2O, respectively. Floods dampened diel signals. If both flood events and diel patterns are neglected, estimates of greenhouse gas emissions from headwaters may be greatly underestimated. Overall, CH4 and N2O emissions from headwater streams may be underestimated by ~ 20–40% due to a lack of observations during nighttime, floods, and in warmer climates.
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- 2024
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18. Novel Multiplexed High Throughput Screening of Selective Inhibitors for Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes Using Human Hepatocytes
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Liu, Jianhua, Vernikovskaya, Daria, Bora, Gary, Carlo, Anthony, Burchett, Woodrow, Jordan, Samantha, Tang, Lloyd Wei Tat, Yang, Joy, Che, Ye, Chang, George, Troutman, Matthew D., and Di, Li
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- 2024
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19. Oral health policy: the impact of a change in UK government
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Woodrow, Martin
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- 2024
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20. Stuck in Cycles of Problem Posing: Teachers' Struggles to Center Vulnerable Learners in Remote Instruction
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Woodrow, Kelli
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The pandemic forced schools to employ "emergency remote teaching" (ERT), so teachers had to enact new kinds of improvisation, reflection, and problem solving. This study explores how practicing teachers enrolled in graduate education programs navigated the uncertainties and unique challenges of ERT in effort to meet the specific needs of vulnerable students. Findings suggest participants' equity-focused critical reflections rarely aligned with their practice, describing "survival" instructional practice inadequate for supporting vulnerable learners. Implications suggest that professional development and teacher preparation may need to adjust to foster better alignment between critical reflection with teacher praxis.
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- 2022
21. Educational Cooperation and Exchanges: An Emerging Issue
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Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and Wood, Duncan
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At a time when the Mexican and United States governments are looking for an opportunity to diversify the bilateral agenda and strengthen the economic relationship, there is an urgent need to focus on the long term challenges of competitiveness and human capital in the region. Questions of infrastructure, standards, border procedures and energy are all crucial to this equation, but an emerging issue that has been little discussed in the public sphere is that of educational cooperation. Several experts and government officials have long recognized this as a potential growth area in the bilateral relationship, but there are now greater opportunities than ever to further develop educational collaboration. This report looks at: (1) The Educational Context in the Two Countries; (2) The challenge facing Mexico-U.S. educational exchanges; and (3) Improving the system of Mexico-U.S. student exchanges.
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- 2022
22. In-Person vs. Virtual: Learning Modality Choices and Movement during COVID-19 Varies Depending on Students' Ethnicity and Prior Academic Performance
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Lee, Ji-Eun, Ottmar, Erin, Chan, Jenny Yun-Chen, Booker, Barbara, and Decker-Woodrow, Lauren
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The COVID-19 pandemic has had a massive impact on education systems in the U.S, prompting a variety of changes to school learning environments. This study investigates student/family choices of learning modality in one large school district in the U.S and examines how these choices differ by students' race/ethnicity and performance level. Results revealed that the majority of White, Hispanic, and multiracial students initially selected in-person learning, whereas the majority of Asian and Black students selected virtual learning. Although 60% of Black students initially selected virtual learning, half of Black students transitioned to in-person learning by the end of the Fall semester. Further, only 23% of low-performing students started with virtual learning, and more than half of these students moved to in-person learning during the Fall. Findings suggest that student choice of learning modality varies depending on their race/ethnicity and academic performance, and these choices may have implications on their learning experiences and achievement during COVID-19.
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- 2021
23. Educator Perspectives on Embedding Acknowledgement to Country Practices in Early Learning Centres in Australia
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Townley, Cris, Grace, Rebekah, Woodrow, Christine, Baker, Elise, Staples, Kerry, Locke, Michelle Lea, and Kaplun, Catherine
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This article explores the practices of 'Acknowledgement to Country' in Australian early childhood education contexts. Acknowledgement is a process of seeking out and honouring local Aboriginal Country and knowledge and investing in local resources of language, art, stories, nature and songs. Twenty educators across six early learning centres participated in semi-structured interviews to explore the experience, processes and resources that supported the implementation of Acknowledgement practices. Acknowledgement practices were not limited to a daily protocol but embedded in each centre's physical place and programming. Wanting to be respectful yet fearing offending Aboriginal people, most educators expressed feelings of uncertainty and under-confidence about what to do. Developing relationships with local Aboriginal people and identifying resources were also concerns. Acting from the heart with good intentions was regarded as a way forward together, with commitment, resources and a strong distributed pedagogical leadership culture, where educators felt supported to take small yet foundational steps.
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- 2023
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24. Young people's experiences of physical activity insecurity: a qualitative study highlighting intersectional disadvantage in the UK
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Caroline Dodd-Reynolds, Naomi Griffin, Phillippa Kyle, Steph Scott, Hannah Fairbrother, Eleanor Holding, Mary Crowder, Nicholas Woodrow, and Carolyn Summerbell
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Physical activity insecurity ,Adolescents ,Young people ,Disadvantage ,Deprivation ,LGBTQ + ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background Intersecting socioeconomic and demographic reasons for physical activity (PA) inequalities are not well understood for young people at risk of experiencing marginalisation and living with disadvantage. This study explored young people’s experiences of PA in their local area, and the associated impacts on opportunities for good physical and emotional health and wellbeing. Methods Seven local youth groups were purposefully sampled from disadvantaged areas across urban, rural and coastal areas of England, including two that were specifically for LGBTQ + young people. Each group engaged in three interlinked focus groups which explored young people’s perceptions and lived experience of PA inequalities. Data were analysed using an inductive, reflexive thematic approach to allow for flexibility in coding. Results Fifty five young people aged 12–21 years of different sexualities, gender and ethnicity took part. Analysis yielded four themes: PA experiences across spaces; resigned to a lack of inclusivity and ‘belonging’; safety first; complexities in access and accessibility. Young people felt more comfortable to be active in spaces that were simpler to navigate, particularly outdoor locations largely based in nature. In contrast, local gyms and sports clubs, and the school environment in general, were spoken about often in negative terms and as spaces where they experienced insecurity, unsafety or discomfort. It was common for these young people to feel excluded from PA, often linked to their gender and sexuality. Lived experiences or fears of being bullied and harassed in many activity spaces was a powerful message, but in contrast, young people perceived their local youth club as a safe space. Intersecting barriers related to deprivation, gender and sexuality, accessibility, disability, Covid-19, affordability, ethnicity, and proximity of social networks. A need emerged for safe spaces in which young people can come together, within the local community and choose to be active. Conclusions The overarching concept of ‘physical activity insecurity’ emerged as a significant concern for the young people in this study. We posit that PA insecurity in this context can be described as a limited or restricted ability to be active, reinforced by worries and lived experiences of feeling uncomfortable, insecure, or unsafe.
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- 2024
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25. Reintroducing face-to-face support alongside remote support to form a hybrid stop smoking service in England: a formative mixed methods evaluation
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Nicholas Woodrow, Duncan Gillespie, Liz Kitchin, Mark O’Brien, Scott Chapman, Nai Rui Chng, Andrew Passey, Maria Raisa Jessica Aquino, Zoe Clarke, and Elizabeth Goyder
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Smoking cessation ,Hybrid ,Remote ,Equity ,Service reorganisation ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, United Kingdom (UK) stop smoking services had to shift to remote delivery models due to social distancing regulations, later reintroducing face-to-face provision. The “Living Well Smokefree” service in North Yorkshire County Council adopted a hybrid model offering face-to-face, remote, or a mix of both. This evaluation aimed to assess the hybrid approach’s strengths and weaknesses and explore potential improvements. Methods Conducted from September 2022 to February 2023, the evaluation consisted of three components. First, qualitative interviews involved 11 staff and 16 service users, analysed thematically. Second, quantitative data from the QuitManager system that monitored the numbers and proportions of individuals selecting and successfully completing a 4-week quit via each service option. Third, face-to-face service expenses data was used to estimate the value for money of additional face-to-face provision. The qualitative findings were used to give context to the quantitative data via an “expansion” approach and complementary analysis. Results Overall, a hybrid model was seen to provide convenience and flexible options for support. In the evaluation, 733 individuals accessed the service, with 91.3% selecting remote support, 6.1% face-to-face, and 2.6% mixed provision. Remote support was valued by service users and staff for promoting openness, privacy, and reducing stigma, and was noted as removing access barriers and improving service availability. However, the absence of carbon monoxide monitoring in remote support raised accountability concerns. The trade-off in “quantity vs. quality” of quits was debated, as remote support reached more users but produced fewer carbon monoxide-validated quits. Primarily offering remote support could lead to substantial workloads, as staff often extend their roles to include social/mental health support, which was sometimes emotionally challenging. Offering service users a choice of support options was considered more important than the “cost-per-quit”. Improved dissemination of information to support service users in understanding their options for support was suggested. Conclusions The hybrid approach allows smoking cessation services to evaluate which groups benefit from remote, face-to-face, or mixed options and allocate resources accordingly. Providing choice, flexible provision, non-judgmental support, and clear information about available options could improve engagement and match support to individual needs, enhancing outcomes.
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- 2024
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26. An example of Tateno disproving conjectures of Bonato-Tardif, Thomasse, and Tyomkyn
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Abdi, Davoud, Laflamme, Claude, Tateno, Atsushi, and Woodrow, Robert
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Mathematics - Combinatorics - Abstract
In his 2008 thesis, Tateno claimed a counterexample to the Bonato-Tardif conjecture regarding the number of equimorphy classes of trees. In this paper we revisit Tateno's unpublished ideas to provide a rigorous exposition, constructing locally finite trees having an arbitrary finite number of equimorphy classes; an adaptation provides partial orders with a similar conclusion. At the same time these examples also disprove conjectures by Thomasse and Tyomkyn.
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- 2022
27. All Prime Numbers Have Primitive Roots
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Gamboa, Ruben and Gamboa, Woodrow
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Computer Science - Logic in Computer Science ,Computer Science - Discrete Mathematics ,F.2.1 - Abstract
If p is a prime, then the numbers 1, 2, ..., p-1 form a group under multiplication modulo p. A number g that generates this group is called a primitive root of p; i.e., g is such that every number between 1 and p-1 can be written as a power of g modulo p. Building on prior work in the ACL2 community, this paper describes a constructive proof that every prime number has a primitive root., Comment: In Proceedings ACL2 2022, arXiv:2205.11103
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- 2022
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28. Assessment and Management of Eating Disorders at Community CAMHS in South Lanarkshire: A Quality Improvement Project
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Tze Hui (Fifi) Phang, Sophie Hall, Amy Woodrow, Joseph Jameson, and Raghuram Mahalingam Krishnasamy
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Psychiatry ,RC435-571 - Abstract
Aims An evaluation of the service and care provided to eating disordered patients referred to Tier 3 CAMHS within NHS Lanarkshire. Eating disorders are recognised as a relatively common disease with preventable mortality. The primary aim was to determine if patients with eating disorders adhere to the assessment and management as outlined in MEED and SIGN 164. The secondary aim was to scope the number of eating disordered cases to plan recruitment and training of specialist staff. Methods The pilot study was carried out in November 2022 and repeated in January 2024. The Electronic Patient Record and paper notes of eating disordered cases assessed in 2023 were used to audit against MEED and SIGN 164. Additional patient demographics including patient's age, sex, median BMI at initial appointment, working diagnosis and suspected co-morbidity were also collected. The service was further evaluated on its processes from source of referral, time taken to be seen, therapies offered and duration within service. Results A total of 46 cases were identified in the audit compared to 57 in the pilot study. Most of the cases seen in 2023 were girls in their early teens (89% between the ages 13–16). 10% have a median % BMI
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- 2024
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29. Wing mechanics and acoustic communication of a new genus of sylvan katydid (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Pseudophyllinae) from the Central Cordillera cloud forest of Colombia
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Lewis B. Holmes, Charlie Woodrow, Fabio A. Sarria-S, Emine Celiker, and Fernando Montealegre-Z
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Taxonomy ,Ensifera ,Finite element analysis ,Echolocation ,Territoriality ,Medicine ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Stridulation is used by male katydids to produce sound via the rubbing together of their specialised forewings, either by sustained or interrupted sweeps of the file producing different tones and call structures. There are many species of Orthoptera that remain undescribed and their acoustic signals are unknown. This study aims to measure and quantify the mechanics of wing vibration, sound production and acoustic properties of the hearing system in a new genus of Pseudophyllinae with taxonomic descriptions of two new species. The calling behaviour and wing mechanics of males were measured using micro-scanning laser Doppler vibrometry, microscopy, and ultrasound sensitive equipment. The resonant properties of the acoustic pinnae of the ears were obtained via μ-CT scanning and 3D printed experimentation, and numerical modelling was used to validate the results. Analysis of sound recordings and wing vibrations revealed that the stridulatory areas of the right tegmen exhibit relatively narrow frequency responses and produce narrowband calls between 12 and 20 kHz. As in most Pseudophyllinae, only the right mirror is activated for sound production. The acoustic pinnae of all species were found to provide a broadband increased acoustic gain from ~40–120 kHz by up to 25 dB, peaking at almost 90 kHz which coincides with the echolocation frequency of sympatric bats. The new genus, named Satizabalus n. gen., is here derived as a new polytypic genus from the existing genus Gnathoclita, based on morphological and acoustic evidence from one described (S. sodalis n. comb.) and two new species (S. jorgevargasi n. sp. and S. hauca n. sp.). Unlike most Tettigoniidae, Satizabalus exhibits a particular form of sexual dimorphism whereby the heads and mandibles of the males are greatly enlarged compared to the females. We suggest that Satizabalus is related to the genus Trichotettix, also found in cloud forests in Colombia, and not to Gnathoclita.
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- 2024
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30. Elevated Hot Gas and High-Mass X-ray Binary Emission in Low Metallicity Galaxies: Implications for Nebular Ionization and Intergalactic Medium Heating in the Early Universe
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Lehmer, Bret D., Eufrasio, Rafael T., Basu-Zych, Antara, Garofali, Kristen, Gilbertson, Woodrow, Mesinger, Andrei, and Yukita, Mihoko
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Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies ,Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics - Abstract
High-energy emission associated with star formation has been proposed as a significant source of interstellar medium (ISM) ionization in low-metallicity starbursts and an important contributor to the heating of the intergalactic medium (IGM) in the high-redshift ($z > 8$) Universe. Using Chandra observations of a sample of 30 galaxies at $D \approx$~200--450 Mpc that have high specific star-formation rates of 3--9 Gyr$^{-1}$ and metallicities near $Z \approx 0.3 Z_\odot$, we provide new measurements of the average 0.5--8 keV spectral shape and normalization per unit star-formation rate (SFR). We model the sample-combined X-ray spectrum as a combination of hot gas and high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) populations and constrain their relative contributions. We derive scaling relations of $\log L_{\rm 0.5-8 keV}^{\rm HMXB}$/SFR $= 40.19 \pm 0.06$ and $\log L_{\rm 0.5-2 keV}^{\rm gas}$/SFR $= 39.58^{+0.17}_{-0.28}$; significantly elevated compared to local relations. The HMXB scaling is also somewhat higher than $L_{\rm 0.5-8 keV}^{\rm HMXB}$-SFR-$Z$ relations presented in the literature, potentially due to our galaxies having relatively low HMXB obscuration and young and X-ray luminous stellar populations. The elevation of the hot gas scaling relation is at the level expected for diminished attenuation due to a reduction of metals; however, we cannot conclude that an $L_{\rm 0.5-2 keV}^{\rm gas}$-SFR-$Z$ relation is driven solely by changes in ISM metal content. Finally, we present SFR-scaled spectral models (both emergent and intrinsic) that span the X-ray--to--IR band, providing new benchmarks for studies of the impact of ISM ionization and IGM heating in the early Universe., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ (25 pages, 9 figures, and 4 tables)
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- 2022
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31. Control of high-speed jumps in muscle and spring actuated systems: a comparative study of take-off energetics in bush-crickets (Mecopoda elongata) and locusts (Schistocerca gregaria)
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Goode, Chloe K., Woodrow, Charlie, Harrison, Shannon L., Deeming, D. Charles, and Sutton, Gregory P.
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- 2023
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32. An example of Tateno disproving conjectures of Bonato–Tardif, Thomasse, and Tyomkyn
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Kalow, Davoud Abdi, Laflamme, Claude, Tateno, Atsushi, and Woodrow, Robert
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- 2023
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33. Haemoproteus parasites and passerines: the effect of local generalists on inferences of host–parasite co-phylogeny in the British Isles
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Charlie Woodrow, Adina Teodora Rosca, Rachel Fletcher, Abigail Hone, Marcello Ruta, Keith C. Hamer, Jenny Claire Dunn, and L. C. Ranford-Cartwright
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cospeciation ,disease ,Haemoproteus ,mtDNA ,phylogenetics ,Biochemistry ,QD415-436 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
Host–parasite associations provide a benchmark for investigating evolutionary arms races and antagonistic coevolution. However, potential ecological mechanisms underlying such associations are difficult to unravel. In particular, local adaptations of hosts and/or parasites may hamper reliable inferences of host–parasite relationships and the specialist–generalist definitions of parasite lineages, making it problematic to understand such relationships on a global scale. Phylogenetic methods were used to investigate co-phylogenetic patterns between vector-borne parasites of the genus Haemoproteus and their passeriform hosts, to infer the ecological interactions of parasites and hosts that may have driven the evolution of both groups in a local geographic domain. As several Haemoproteus lineages were only detected once, and given the occurrence of a single extreme generalist, the effect of removing individual lineages on the co-phylogeny pattern was tested. When all lineages were included, and when all singly detected lineages were removed, there was no convincing evidence for host–parasite co-phylogeny. However, when only the generalist lineage was removed, strong support for co-phylogeny was indicated, and ecological interactions could be successfully inferred. This study exemplifies the importance of identifying locally abundant lineages when sampling host–parasite systems, to provide reliable insights into the precise mechanisms underlying host–parasite interactions.
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- 2023
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34. The Stellar Age Dependence of X-ray Emission from Normal Star-Forming Galaxies in the GOODS Fields
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Gilbertson, Woodrow, Lehmer, Bret, Doore, Keith, Eufrasio, Rafael, Basu-Zych, Antara, Brandt, William, Fragos, Tassos, Garofali, Kristen, Kovlakas, Konstantinos, Luo, Bin, Tozzi, Paolo, Vito, Fabio, Williams, Benjamin F., and Xue, Yongquan
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Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies - Abstract
The Chandra Deep Field-South and North surveys (CDFs) provide unique windows into the cosmic history of X-ray emission from normal (non-active) galaxies. Scaling relations of normal galaxy X-ray luminosity (L_X) with star formation rate (SFR) and stellar mass (M_star) have been used to show that the formation rates of low-mass and high-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs and HMXBs, respectively) evolve with redshift across z = 0-2 following L_HMXB/SFR ~ 1 + z and L_LMXB/M_star ~ (1 + z)^{2-3}. However, these measurements alone do not directly reveal the physical mechanisms behind the redshift evolution of X-ray binaries (XRBs). We derive star-formation histories for a sample of 344 normal galaxies in the CDFs, using spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting of FUV-to-FIR photometric data, and construct a self-consistent, age-dependent model of the X-ray emission from the galaxies. Our model quantifies how X-ray emission from hot gas and XRB populations vary as functions of host stellar-population age. We find that (1) the ratio L_X/M_star declines by a factor of ~1000 from 0-10 Gyr and (2) the X-ray SED becomes harder with increasing age, consistent with a scenario in which the hot gas contribution to the X-ray SED declines quickly for ages above 10 Myr. When dividing our sample into subsets based on metallicity, we find some indication that L_X/M_star is elevated for low-metallicity galaxies, consistent with recent studies of X-ray scaling relations. However, additional statistical constraints are required to quantify both the age and metallicity dependence of X-ray emission from star-forming galaxies.
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- 2021
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35. Data from the Efficacy Study of From Here to There! A Dynamic Technology for Improving Algebraic Understanding
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Ottmar, Erin, Lee, Ji-Eun, Vanacore, Kirk, Pradhan, Siddhartha, Decker-Woodrow, Lauren, and Mason, Craig A.
- Abstract
This paper provides information on datasets for the research project that examined the efficacy of three educational technologies including "From Here to There!", a research-based game for improving algebraic understanding. The dataset contains 4,092 7th-grade students' data collected through a randomized control trial conducted in 2020-2021 in a large school district in the U.S. The data comprises over 400 measures, including student demographics, assessments, and students' actions. All data is anonymized and stored on Open Science Framework (OSF) and available through a data-sharing agreement. Our data might be reused by researchers interested in students' algebraic learning in online learning environments.
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- 2023
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36. Emergent Coding and Topic Modeling: A Comparison of Two Qualitative Analysis Methods on Teacher Focus Group Data
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Miyaoka, Atsushi, Decker-Woodrow, Lauren, Hartman, Nancy, Booker, Barbara, and Ottmar, Erin
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More than ever in the past, researchers have access to broad, educationally relevant text data from sources such as literature databases (e.g., ERIC), an open-ended response from online courses/surveys, online discussion forums, digital essays, and social media. These advances in data availability can dramatically increase the possibilities for discovering new patterns in the data and testing new theories through processing texts with emerging analytic techniques. In our study, we extended the application of Topic Modeling (TM) to data collected from focus groups within the context of a larger study. Specifically, we compared the results of emergent qualitative coding and TM. We found a high level of agreement between TM and emergent qualitative coding, suggesting TM is a viable method for coding focus group data when augmenting and validating manual qualitative coding. We also found that TM was ineffective in capturing more nuanced information than the qualitative coding was able to identify. This can be explained by two factors: (1) the word level tokenization we used in the study; and (2) variations in the terminology teachers used to identify the different technologies. Recommendations include additional data cleaning steps researchers should take and specifications within the topic modeling code when using topic modeling to analyze focus group data.
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- 2023
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37. The Impacts of Three Educational Technologies on Algebraic Understanding in the Context of COVID-19
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Decker-Woodrow, Lauren E., Mason, Craig A., Lee, Ji-Eun, Chan, Jenny Yun-Chen, Sales, Adam, Liu, Allison, and Tu, Shihfen
- Abstract
The current study investigated the effectiveness of three distinct educational technologies--two game-based applications (From Here to There and DragonBox 12+) and two modes of online problem sets in ASSISTments (an Immediate Feedback condition and an Active Control condition with no immediate feedback) on Grade 7 students' algebraic knowledge. More than 3,600 Grade 7 students across nine in-person and one virtual schools within the same district were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions. Students received nine 30-minute intervention sessions from September 2020 to March 2021. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses of the final analytic sample (N = 1,850) showed significantly higher posttest scores for students who used From Here to There and DragonBox 12+ compared to the Active Control condition. No significant difference was found for the Immediate Feedback condition. The findings have implications for understanding how game-based applications can affect algebraic understanding, even within pandemic pressures on learning.
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- 2023
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38. Cost-Effectiveness of Algebraic Technological Applications
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Finster, Matthew, Decker-Woodrow, Lauren, Booker, Barbara, Mason, Craig A., Tu, Shihfen, and Lee, Ji-Eun
- Abstract
COVID-19 contributed to the largest student performance decline in mathematics since 1990. The nation needs cost-effective mathematic interventions to address this drop and improve students' mathematics performance. This study presents a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of three algebraic technological applications, across four conditions: "From Here to There" (FH2T), Dragon Box 12+ (DragonBox), Immediate Feedback and Active Control. This CEA study uses impact measures from a student-level randomized control trial comparing student learning from the three treatment conditions to the Active Control condition with an analytic sample of 1,850 middle school students across 9 schools, 34 teachers, and 127 classes. The results from the CEA indicate FH2T costs $39 per student and produces an average effect of 0.135 on algebraic achievement resulting in a cost-effectiveness ratio of $291. DragonBox costs $55 per student and produces an average effect of 0.269 on algebraic achievement resulting in a cost-effectiveness ratio of $206. Overall, the current CEA study demonstrates the efficiency of FH2T and DragonBox as low-cost interventions for improving students' algebraic performance and addressing the nation's decline in mathematics. [This is the online version of article published in "Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness."]
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- 2023
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39. Training Future Hybrid Nonprofit Social Enterprise Leaders: A Research-Based Instructional Needs Analysis
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Adams, Robert Woodrow
- Abstract
Nonprofit social enterprises (NSEs) seek to address societal problems through for-profit ventures. Because they pursue social and commercial goals, these organizations have great potential to solve social and environmental issues more efficiently and effectively. Given their unique purpose and challenges, NSEs require a different type of leadership than traditional nonprofit organizations, a distinctive competency model with specialized social work and business management training. Research has shown, however, that finding leaders with this necessary mix for effective management poses a challenge for such organizations. This exploratory study aimed to examine the extent to which MPA (e.g., master's degree in public administration) and MNM (e.g., master's degree in nonprofit management) preparatory programs include the primary NSE leadership competencies in their curricula. The researcher developed an NSE leadership competency survey from the literature and distributed it to 250 MPA and MNM faculty and administrators employed at various public and private universities. Data analysis techniques included descriptive statistics, t tests, and bivariate correlations, showing neither program type focuses strongly on teaching NSE leadership competencies. MNM programs and private universities cover several well and more extensively than MPA programs and public universities. Findings highlight pedagogical enhancement opportunities for MPA and MNM NSE leadership preparation programs at public and private universities. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]
- Published
- 2023
40. North America 2.0: A Workforce Development Agenda
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Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and Wayne, Earl Anthony
- Abstract
As new technology reshapes workplaces and jobs across North America, the United States, Mexico, and Canada need to reinvent the ways that they educate, train, and re-skill their workforces. With Mexico and Canada now the United States' two largest economic partners, more than ever the three countries need to work together to effectively and equitably manage the massive transformations ahead in the skills needed by tomorrow's employees. Already, employers across the continent are having difficulty filling jobs with suitable candidates: 50% of Mexican CEOs face that challenge, as do 46% and 41% of U.S. and Canadian employers respectively, a recent Manpower survey finds. Furthermore, The World Economic Forum's 2018 Future of Jobs report says that CEOs surveyed expect that up to 54% of workers will require significant "reskilling" (largely for those displaced from jobs) or "up-skilling" (largely for those still employed but whose jobs are evolving) by 2022. "North America 2.0: A Workforce Development Agenda," by the Wilson Center's Mexico Institute, details challenges the three countries face in preparing their labor forces for "The Future of Work" and proposes a framework for North America to move forward in addressing these issues. This revised and updated study considers national policies implemented by U.S. President Donald Trump's administration and by Canada's Prime Minister Justin Trudeau as well as the workforce and apprenticeship initiatives launched by Mexico's new President, Andrés Manuel López Obrador. The programs and needs in all three countries, as described in this report, highlight the need for forward-looking action. The report points to the successes that multi-stakeholder approaches at the federal and subnational levels are achieving in North America. The Workforce Development Agenda 2.0 proposes specific initiatives focused on work-based learning, transparency of credentials earned, collection and availability of labor market data, and sharing of best practices to prepare for the technologically driven transformations ahead. Additionally, the reports discusses the opportunities for cooperation built into the new North America trade agreement, called USMCA in the United States, already ratified by Mexico, and being considered by Canada and the U.S. Congress. The bottom line is that North America's workers and businesses will benefit greatly from pursuing an active dialogue and enhanced cooperation on workforce development issues. Such collaboration will improve the economic, social, and political well-being of the United States, Mexico, and Canada. That work should begin now. [This report was written with Grecia De La O Abarca, Raquel Chuayffet, and Emma Sarfity. This report was produced by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Mexico Institute.]
- Published
- 2019
41. Influencing Towards Stable Multi-Agent Interactions
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Wang, Woodrow Z., Shih, Andy, Xie, Annie, and Sadigh, Dorsa
- Subjects
Computer Science - Robotics ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Computer Science - Multiagent Systems - Abstract
Learning in multi-agent environments is difficult due to the non-stationarity introduced by an opponent's or partner's changing behaviors. Instead of reactively adapting to the other agent's (opponent or partner) behavior, we propose an algorithm to proactively influence the other agent's strategy to stabilize -- which can restrain the non-stationarity caused by the other agent. We learn a low-dimensional latent representation of the other agent's strategy and the dynamics of how the latent strategy evolves with respect to our robot's behavior. With this learned dynamics model, we can define an unsupervised stability reward to train our robot to deliberately influence the other agent to stabilize towards a single strategy. We demonstrate the effectiveness of stabilizing in improving efficiency of maximizing the task reward in a variety of simulated environments, including autonomous driving, emergent communication, and robotic manipulation. We show qualitative results on our website: https://sites.google.com/view/stable-marl/., Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, Published as an Oral at Conference on Robot Learning (CoRL) 2021
- Published
- 2021
42. Accelerating the development of a psychological intervention to restore treatment decision-making capacity in patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorder: a study protocol for a multi-site, assessor-blinded, pilot Umbrella trial (the DEC:IDES trial)
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Hutton, Paul, Kelly, James, Taylor, Christopher D. J., Williams, Brian, Emsley, Richard, Alexander, Candy Ho, Vikram, Anvita, Saddington, David, McCann, Andrea, Burke, Joseph, Eliasson, Emma, Harper, Sean, Karatzias, Thanos, Taylor, Peter J., Watson, Andrew, Dougall, Nadine, Stavert, Jill, O’Rourke, Suzanne, Glasgow, Angela, Murphy, Regina, Palmer, Karen, Zaidi, Nosheen, Bidwell, Polly, Pritchard, Jemma, Carr, Lucy, and Woodrow, Amanda
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- 2023
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43. Correction: Accelerating the development of a psychological intervention to restore treatment decision‑making capacity in patients with schizophrenia‑spectrum disorder: a study protocol for a multi‑site, assessor‑blinded, pilot Umbrella trial (the DEC:IDES trial)
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Hutton, Paul, Kelly, James, Taylor, Christopher D. J., Williams, Brian, Emsley, Richard, Alexander, Candy Ho, Vikram, Anvita, Saddington, David, McCann, Andrea, Burke, Joseph, Eliasson, Emma, Harper, Sean, Karatzias, Thanos, Taylor, Peter J., Watson, Andrew, Dougall, Nadine, Stavert, Jill, O’Rourke, Suzanne, Glasgow, Angela, Murphy, Regina, Palmer, Karen, Zaidi, Nosheen, Bidwell, Polly, Pritchard, Jemma, Carr, Lucy, and Woodrow, Amanda
- Published
- 2023
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44. Real-time environmental surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 aerosols
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Puthussery, Joseph V., Ghumra, Dishit P., McBrearty, Kevin R., Doherty, Brookelyn M., Sumlin, Benjamin J., Sarabandi, Amirhossein, Mandal, Anushka Garg, Shetty, Nishit J., Gardiner, Woodrow D., Magrecki, Jordan P., Brody, David L., Esparza, Thomas J., Bricker, Traci L., Boon, Adrianus C. M., Yuede, Carla M., Cirrito, John R., and Chakrabarty, Rajan K.
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- 2023
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45. A phase 1b randomized clinical trial of CT1812 to measure Aβ oligomer displacement in Alzheimer’s disease using an indwelling CSF catheter
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LaBarbera, Kelsie M., Sheline, Yvette I., Izzo, Nicholas J., Yuede, Carla M., Waybright, Lora, Yurko, Raymond, Edwards, Hannah M., Gardiner, Woodrow D., Blennow, Kaj, Zetterberg, Henrik, Börjesson-Hanson, Anne, Morgan, Roger, Davis, Charles S., Guttendorf, Robert J., Schneider, Lon S., DeKosky, Steven, LeVine, III, Harry, Grundman, Michael, Caggiano, Anthony O., Cirrito, John R., Catalano, Susan M., and Hamby, Mary E.
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- 2023
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46. Sagittal balance in sitting and standing positions: A systematic review of radiographic measures
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Rajiv Dharnipragada, Nick Bostrom, Mario Bertogliat, Lalitha S. Denduluri, Sanjay Dhawan, Bryan Ladd, Sarah Woodrow, and Ann M. Parr
- Subjects
Spine ,Sagittal alignment ,Imaging ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
Background: Sagittal imbalance can be caused by various etiologies and is among the most important indicators of spinal deformity. Sagittal balance can be restored through surgical intervention based on several radiographic measures. The purpose of this study is to review the normal parameters in the sitting position, which are not well understood and could have significant implications for non-ambulatory patients. Methods: A systematic review was performed adhering to PRISMA Guidelines. Using R-software, the weighted means and 95% confidence intervals of the radiographic findings were calculated using a random effect model and significance testing using unpaired t-tests. Results: 10 articles with a total of 1066 subjects reported radiographic measures of subjects with no spinal deformity in the sitting and standing position. In the healthy individual, standing sagittal vertical axis −16.8°was significantly less than sitting 28.4° (p
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- 2024
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47. Unravelling the nexus of plant response to non-microbial biostimulants under stress conditions
- Author
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Michele Ciriello, Giovanna Marta Fusco, Pasqualina Woodrow, Petronia Carillo, and Youssef Rouphael
- Subjects
Sustainable agriculture ,Physiological and molecular mechanisms ,Signaling molecules, primary metabolism ,Abiotic stress ,Peptides ,Plant ecology ,QK900-989 - Abstract
Contemporary challenges facing the agricultural sector have garnered the interest of all stakeholders on the novel toolset of biostimulants. These products could serve as pivotal actors in the forthcoming transition toward ever more essential sustainable production practices. Regardless of their type, biostimulants have the potential to enhance resource efficiency while concurrently fortifying plant resilience to adverse abiotic stress factors. Recent research advances have fundamentally focused on assessing quantifiable parameters, largely overlooking the numerous and intricate biochemical, cellular, and metabolic interactions between plants and biostimulants. It is consequently not surprising that, to date, the mechanisms of action and basic biochemical processes underlying biostimulants’ effects on plants remain enigmatic. Concerning non-microbial biostimulants, which are the subject of in-depth exploration in this review, their inherently diverse nature, comprising formulations containing a plethora of distinct bioactive molecules, significantly complicates the investigation of mechanisms implicated in their mode of action. It is for this reason that we have rather elected to meticulously examine the effects, particularly in suboptimal environments, of a) protein hydrolysates; b) algal extracts; c) humic acids; and d) silicon. The objective of this analysis is to gain a comprehensive understanding of how these substances operate within plants by interpreting both their genetic and metabolic impacts. Comprehensive understanding of these effects could substantially underpin the reliability of these agents and usher to the identification of ever more effective formulations.
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- 2024
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48. Emergent Prosociality in Multi-Agent Games Through Gifting
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Wang, Woodrow Z., Beliaev, Mark, Bıyık, Erdem, Lazar, Daniel A., Pedarsani, Ramtin, and Sadigh, Dorsa
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Computer Science - Multiagent Systems ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Computer Science and Game Theory ,Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
Coordination is often critical to forming prosocial behaviors -- behaviors that increase the overall sum of rewards received by all agents in a multi-agent game. However, state of the art reinforcement learning algorithms often suffer from converging to socially less desirable equilibria when multiple equilibria exist. Previous works address this challenge with explicit reward shaping, which requires the strong assumption that agents can be forced to be prosocial. We propose using a less restrictive peer-rewarding mechanism, gifting, that guides the agents toward more socially desirable equilibria while allowing agents to remain selfish and decentralized. Gifting allows each agent to give some of their reward to other agents. We employ a theoretical framework that captures the benefit of gifting in converging to the prosocial equilibrium by characterizing the equilibria's basins of attraction in a dynamical system. With gifting, we demonstrate increased convergence of high risk, general-sum coordination games to the prosocial equilibrium both via numerical analysis and experiments., Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, IJCAI 2021
- Published
- 2021
49. Characterizing surface water concentrations of hundreds of organic chemicals in United States for environmental risk prioritization
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Sayre, Risa R., Setzer, R. Woodrow, Serre, Marc L., and Wambaugh, John F.
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- 2023
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50. Incentivizing Routing Choices for Safe and Efficient Transportation in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Beliaev, Mark, Bıyık, Erdem, Lazar, Daniel A., Wang, Woodrow Z., Sadigh, Dorsa, and Pedarsani, Ramtin
- Subjects
Computer Science - Social and Information Networks ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control - Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected many aspects of people's daily lives. While many countries are in a re-opening stage, some effects of the pandemic on people's behaviors are expected to last much longer, including how they choose between different transport options. Experts predict considerably delayed recovery of the public transport options, as people try to avoid crowded places. In turn, significant increases in traffic congestion are expected, since people are likely to prefer using their own vehicles or taxis as opposed to riskier and more crowded options such as the railway. In this paper, we propose to use financial incentives to set the tradeoff between risk of infection and congestion to achieve safe and efficient transportation networks. To this end, we formulate a network optimization problem to optimize taxi fares. For our framework to be useful in various cities and times of the day without much designer effort, we also propose a data-driven approach to learn human preferences about transport options, which is then used in our taxi fare optimization. Our user studies and simulation experiments show our framework is able to minimize congestion and risk of infection., Comment: ICCPS 2021. 11 pages, 4 figures
- Published
- 2020
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