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2. Fiddling in biodiversity hotspots while deserts burn? Collapse of the Sahara's megafauna

Author

Durant, S. M., Wacher, T., Bashir, S., Woodroffe, R., De Ornellas, P., Ransom, C., Newby, J., Abáigar, T., Abdelgadir, M., Alqamy, H. El, Baillie, J., Beddiaf, M., Belbachir, F., Belbachir-Bazi, A., Berbash, A. A., Bemadjim, N. E., Beudels-Jamar, R., Boitani, L., Breitenmoser, C., Cano, M., Chardonnet, P., Collen, B., Cornforth, W. A., Cuzin, F., Gerngross, P., Haddane, B., Hadjeloum, M., Jacobson, A., Jebali, A., Lamarque, F., Mallon, D., Minkowski, K., Monfort, S., Ndoassal, B., Niagate, B., Purchase, G., Samaïla, S., Samna, A. K., Sillero-Zubiri, C., Soultan, A. E., Price, M. R. Stanley, and Pettorelli, N.

Published
2014

3. Forgotten Biodiversity in Desert Ecosystems

Author

DURANT, S. M., PETTORELLI, N., BASHIR, S., WOODROFFE, R., WACHER, T., DE ORNELLAS, P., RANSOM, C., ABÁIGAR, T., ABDELGADIR, M., ALQAMY, H. EL, BEDDIAF, M., BELBACHIR, F., BELBACHIR-BAZI, A., BERBASH, A. A., BEUDELS-JAMAR, R., BOITANI, L., BREITENMOSER, C., CANO, M., CHARDONNET, P., COLLEN, B., CORNFORTH, W. A., CUZIN, F., GERNGROSS, P., HADDANE, B., HADJELOUM, M., JACOBSON, A., JEBALI, A., LAMARQUE, F., MALLON, D., MINKOWSKI, K., MONFORT, S., NDOASSAL, B., NEWBY, J., NGAKOUTOU, B. E., NIAGATE, B., PURCHASE, G., SAMAÏLA, S., SAMNA, A. K., SILLERO-ZUBIRI, C., SOULTAN, A. E., PRICE, M. R. STANLEY, and BAILLIE, J. E. M.

Published
2012
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16. Disappearing spots: The global decline of cheetah and what it means for conservation

Author

Durant, S, Mitchell, N, Groom, R, Pettorelli, N, Ipavec, A, Jacobson, A, Woodroffe, R, Böhm, M, Hunter, L, Becker, M, Broekhuis, F, Bashir, S, Andresen, L, Aschenborn, O, Beddiaf, M, Belbachir, F, Belbachir-Bazi, A, Berbash, A, Brandao de Matos Machado, I, Breitenmoser, C, Chege, M, Cilliers, D, Davies-Mostert, H, Dickman, A, Ezekiel, F, Farhadinia, M, Funston, P, Henschel, P, Horgan, J, de Iongh, H, Jowkar, H, Klein, R, Lindsey, P, Marker, L, Marnewick, K, Melzheimer, J, Merkle, J, Msoka, J, Msuha, M, O'Neill, H, Parker, M, Purchase, G, Samaila, S, Saidu, Y, Samna, A, Schmidt-Küentzel, A, Selebatso, E, Sogbohossou, E, Soultan, A, Stone, E, van der Meer, E, van Vuuren, R, Wykstra, M, and Young-Overton, K

Abstract

Establishing and maintaining protected areas (PAs) are key tools for biodiversity conservation. However, this approach is insufficient for many species, particularly those that are wide-ranging and sparse. The cheetah Acinonyx jubatus exemplifies such a species and faces extreme challenges to its survival. Here, we show that the global population is estimated at ∼7,100 individuals and confined to 9% of its historical distributional range. However, the majority of current range (77%) occurs outside of PAs, where the species faces multiple threats. Scenario modeling shows that, where growth rates are suppressed outside PAs, extinction rates increase rapidly as the proportion of population protected declines. Sensitivity analysis shows that growth rates within PAs have to be high if they are to compensate for declines outside. Susceptibility of cheetah to rapid decline is evidenced by recent rapid contraction in range, supporting an uplisting of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List threat assessment to endangered. Our results are applicable to other protection-reliant species, which may be subject to systematic underestimation of threat when there is insufficient information outside PAs. Ultimately, conserving many of these species necessitates a paradigm shift in conservation toward a holistic approach that incentivizes protection and promotes sustainable human–wildlife coexistence across large multiple-use landscapes.

Published
2016

17. The prevalence, distribution and severity of detectable pathological lesions in badgers naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis

Author

Jenkins, H.E., Morrison, W.I., Cox, D.R., Donnelly, C.A., Johnston, W.T., Bourne, F.J., Clifton-Hadley, R., Gettinby, G., McInerney, J.P., Watkins, G.H., Woodroffe, R., and Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) (Funder)

Subjects
Male, Veterinary medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Badger, Epidemiology, animal diseases, Mycobacterium bovis/isolation & purification, Culling, Animal Structures/pathology, Biology, Lesion, biology.animal, medicine, Mustelidae, Prevalence, Animals, Tuberculosis, Respiratory system, QA, Mycobacterium bovis, Transmission (medicine), Animal Structures, biology.organism_classification, bacterial infections and mycoses, Original Papers, QR, Tuberculosis/transmission, Infectious Diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, Tuberculosis/pathology, Tuberculosis/epidemiology, Mustelidae/microbiology, Cattle, Female, medicine.symptom, Respiratory tract
Abstract

SUMMARYThe Randomized Badger Culling Trial (RBCT) began in 1998 to determine the impact of badger culling in controlling bovine tuberculosis in cattle. A total of 1166 badgers (14% of total) proactively culled during the RBCT were found to be tuberculous, offering a unique opportunity to study the pathology caused byMycobacterium bovisin a large sample of badgers. Of these, 39% of adults (~6% of all adults culled) had visible lesions (detectable at necropsy) of bovine tuberculosis; cubs had a lower prevalence of infection (9%) but a higher percentage of tuberculous cubs (55·5%) had visible lesions. Only ~1% of adult badgers had extensive, severe pathology. Tuberculous badgers with recorded bite wounds (~5%) had a higher prevalence of visible lesions and a different distribution of lesions, suggesting transmission via bite wounds. However, the predominance of lesions in the respiratory tract indicates that most transmission occurs by the respiratory route.

Published
2007

18. Fiddling in biodiversity hotspots while deserts burn? Collapse of the Sahara's megafauna

Author

Durant, S. M., primary, Wacher, T., additional, Bashir, S., additional, Woodroffe, R., additional, De Ornellas, P., additional, Ransom, C., additional, Newby, J., additional, Abáigar, T., additional, Abdelgadir, M., additional, El Alqamy, H., additional, Baillie, J., additional, Beddiaf, M., additional, Belbachir, F., additional, Belbachir-Bazi, A., additional, Berbash, A. A., additional, Bemadjim, N. E., additional, Beudels-Jamar, R., additional, Boitani, L., additional, Breitenmoser, C., additional, Cano, M., additional, Chardonnet, P., additional, Collen, B., additional, Cornforth, W. A., additional, Cuzin, F., additional, Gerngross, P., additional, Haddane, B., additional, Hadjeloum, M., additional, Jacobson, A., additional, Jebali, A., additional, Lamarque, F., additional, Mallon, D., additional, Minkowski, K., additional, Monfort, S., additional, Ndoassal, B., additional, Niagate, B., additional, Purchase, G., additional, Samaïla, S., additional, Samna, A. K., additional, Sillero-Zubiri, C., additional, Soultan, A. E., additional, Stanley Price, M. R., additional, and Pettorelli, N., additional

Published
2013
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19. Pathogenesis and diagnosis of infections with Mycobacterium bovis in cattle. Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB

Author

Wi, Morrison, Fj, Bourne, Dr, Cox, Christl Donnelly, Gettinby G, Jp, Mcinerney, and Woodroffe R

Subjects
Diagnosis, Differential, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Animals, Humans, Cattle, Mycobacterium bovis, Sensitivity and Specificity, Tuberculosis, Bovine, Skin Tests
Abstract

In last week's Veterinary Record, members of the Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB discussed the approach they are adopting in attempting to develop sustainable strategies for controlling bovine tuberculosis in cattle (VR, February 19, pp 207-210). In this second, complementary article, they consider the extent to which efforts to control the disease may be constrained by limitations in current testing procedures.

Published
2000

20. Conserving large populations of lions – the argument for fences has holes

Author

Creel, S., primary, Becker, M. S., additional, Durant, S. M., additional, M'Soka, J., additional, Matandiko, W., additional, Dickman, A. J., additional, Christianson, D., additional, Dröge, E., additional, Mweetwa, T., additional, Pettorelli, N., additional, Rosenblatt, E., additional, Schuette, P., additional, Woodroffe, R., additional, Bashir, S., additional, Beudels‐Jamar, R. C., additional, Blake, S., additional, Borner, M., additional, Breitenmoser, C., additional, Broekhuis, F., additional, Cozzi, G., additional, Davenport, T. R. B., additional, Deutsch, J., additional, Dollar, L., additional, Dolrenry, S., additional, Douglas‐Hamilton, I., additional, Fitzherbert, E., additional, Foley, C., additional, Hazzah, L., additional, Henschel, P., additional, Hilborn, R., additional, Hopcraft, J. G. C., additional, Ikanda, D., additional, Jacobson, A., additional, Joubert, B., additional, Joubert, D., additional, Kelly, M. S., additional, Lichtenfeld, L., additional, Mace, G. M., additional, Milanzi, J., additional, Mitchell, N., additional, Msuha, M., additional, Muir, R., additional, Nyahongo, J., additional, Pimm, S., additional, Purchase, G., additional, Schenck, C., additional, Sillero‐Zubiri, C., additional, Sinclair, A. R. E., additional, Songorwa, A. N., additional, Stanley‐Price, M., additional, Tehou, C. A., additional, Trout, C., additional, Wall, J., additional, Wittemyer, G., additional, and Zimmermann, A., additional

Published
2013
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25. The prevalence, distribution and severity of detectable pathological lesions in badgers naturally infected withMycobacterium bovis

Author

JENKINS, H. E., primary, MORRISON, W. I., additional, COX, D. R., additional, DONNELLY, C. A., additional, JOHNSTON, W. T., additional, BOURNE, F. J., additional, CLIFTON-HADLEY, R. S., additional, GETTINBY, G., additional, McINERNEY, J. P., additional, WATKINS, G. H., additional, and WOODROFFE, R., additional

Published
2007
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26. TB policy and the ISG's findings

Author

Bourne, F. J., primary, Donnelly, C. A., additional, Cox, D. R., additional, Gettinby, G., additional, McInerney, J. P., additional, Morrison, W. I., additional, and Woodroffe, R., additional

Published
2007
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30. TB policy and the badger culling trials

Author

Bourne, F. J., primary, Donnelly, C. A., additional, Cox, D. R., additional, Gettinby, G., additional, McInerney, J. P., additional, Morrison, W. I., additional, and Woodroffe, R., additional

Published
2006
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38. Ranging behaviour of African wild dog packs in a human-dominated landscape.

Author

Woodroffe, R.

Subjects
*AFRICAN wild dog, *HUMAN-animal relationships, *ANIMAL behavior, *SPATIAL behavior in animals, *ANIMAL population density, *HABITATS, *RANCHES
Abstract

Movement behaviour is a key component of species' vulnerability to extinction. African wild dogs' Lycaon pictus endangerment has been linked to their wide-ranging behaviour, which is hypothesized to expose them to anthropogenic threats in fragmented habitats. I therefore investigated wild dog movement patterns in an area of Kenya where livestock out-number wild ungulates. In the 9 years of the study, wild dog population density increased from 0.9 to 3.4 adults and yearlings per 100 km. Home-range size remained unchanged over this time, but overlap between neighbouring home ranges increased. Nevertheless, packs avoided one another and showed evidence of territoriality. Home ranges were of similar size on commercial ranches and community lands, even though people and livestock were abundant, and competitors and large prey depleted, in the latter land use. Packs showed significant habitat preference; in particular, low human densities on commercial ranches, and zoning of settlement on community lands, facilitated wild dog avoidance of human activities and livestock. These findings suggest that, under the right circumstances, wild dogs may be able to avoid anthropogenic threats and thrive in human-dominated landscapes. However, elsewhere in Kenya traditional livestock husbandry is being abandoned and community land is being subdivided. Such changes would greatly reduce wild dogs' ability to survive in pastoral areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2011
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39. Effects of culling on badger abundance: implications for tuberculosis control.

Author

Woodroffe, R., Gilks, P., Johnston, W. T., Le Fevre, A. M., Cox, D. R., Donnelly, C. A., Bourne, F. J., Cheeseman, C. L., Gettinby, G., McInerney, J. P., and Morrison, W. I.

Subjects
*ANIMAL diseases, *LIVESTOCK, *OLD World badger, *CATTLE diseases, *TUBERCULOSIS in cattle
Abstract

Culling is often considered as a tool for controlling wildlife diseases that can also infect people or livestock. Culling European badgers Meles meles can cause both positive and negative effects on the incidence of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in cattle. One factor likely to influence the outcome of different badger-culling strategies for cattle TB is the reduction in badger population density achieved. However, this reduction is difficult to measure because badgers, being nocturnal and fossorial, are difficult to count. Here, we use indices of badger abundance to measure the population impacts of two culling strategies tested in Britain. The densities of badger setts and latrines recorded before culling were correlated with the densities of badgers captured on initial culls, suggesting that both were indices of actual badger abundance. Widespread ‘proactive’ culling was associated with a 73% reduction in the density of badger latrines, a 69% reduction in the density of active burrows and a 73% reduction in the density of road-killed badgers. This population reduction was achieved by a coordinated effort entailing widespread and repeated trapping over several years. However, this strategy caused only modest reductions in cattle TB incidence in culled areas and elevated incidence in neighbouring unculled areas. Localized ‘reactive’ culling caused a 26% reduction in latrine density, a 32% reduction in active burrow density and a 10% reduction in the density of road-killed badgers, but apparently increased the incidence of cattle TB. These results indicate that the relationship between badger population reduction and TB transmission to cattle is strongly non-linear, probably because culling prompts changes in badger behaviour that influence transmission rates. These findings raise serious questions about the capacity of badger culling to contribute to the control of cattle TB in Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008
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40. Bovine Tuberculosis - Towards a Science Based Control Strategy.

Author

Bourne, J., Donnelly, C.A., Cox, D. R., Gettinby, G., Mclnerney, J. P., Morrison, W. I., and Woodroffe, R.

Abstract

This article discusses various issues related to prevention of bovine tuberculosis (TB), and presents a study in this regard. In order that future TB control policies can be science based, Defra on ISG advice has put in place a comprehensive program of research to better understand the epidemiology of TB in both cattle and badgers. This research is now providing a flow of valuable data on a range of topics, extending beyond the trial on culling badgers. The Randomized Badger Culling Trial involves three experimental regimes - proactive culling, localized reactive culling and no badger culling, the latter providing a survey only control. The objective of proactive culling is to reduce badger densities to low levels across entire areas, and this is maintained by further regular culls. Reactive culling, by contrast, initiated in response to confirmed cattle TB breakdowns, focused on home ranges of badgers as a one off operation. The trial was designed to provide reliable estimates of the effects of culling on TB breakdowns by the time 50 triplet years have been accumulated and, in addition, a range of epidemiological and other data to provide a better understanding of the disease in both cattle and badgers.

Published
2005

43. Herd-level risk factors associated with tuberculosis breakdowns among cattle herds in England before the 2001 footandmouth disease epidemic

Author

Johnston, W. T, Gettinby, G, Cox, D. R, Donnelly, C. A, Bourne, J, Clifton-Hadley, R, Le Fevre, A. M, McInerney, J. P, Mitchell, A, Morrison, W. I, and Woodroffe, R

Abstract

A case–control study of the factors associated with the risk of a bovine tuberculosis (TB) breakdown in cattle herds was undertaken within the randomized badger culling trial (RBCT). TB breakdowns occurring prior to the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in three RBCT triplets were eligible to be cases; controls were selected from the same RBCT area. Data from 151 case farms and 117 control farms were analysed using logistic regression. The strongest factors associated with an increased TB risk were movement of cattle onto the farm from markets or farm sales, operating a farm over multiple premises and the use of either covered yard or ‘other’ housing types. Spreading artificial fertilizers or farmyard manure on grazing land were both associated with decreased risk. These first case–control results from the RBCT will be followed by similar analyses as more data become available.

Published
2005
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47. Bovine tuberculosis: towards a future control strategy

Author

Bourne J, Christl Donnelly, Dr, Cox, Gettinby G, Jp, Mcinerney, Morrison I, and Woodroffe R

Subjects
Veterinary Medicine, Carnivora, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Animals, Animals, Wild, Cattle, Public Policy, Tuberculosis, Bovine, United Kingdom, Disease Reservoirs
Abstract

The Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB was appointed by the Government in 1998 to implement and develop the research recommendations of the 1997 Krebs report on bovine tuberculosis in cattle and badgers. In this article, members of the group discuss the approach they are adopting in attempting to ensure that future control strategies are scientifically based. In a second article, to be published in next week's Veterinary Record, the group will consider the extent to which efforts to control the disease in cattle may be constrained by limitations in current testing procedures.

48. Potential use of vaccination in cattle or badgers to control bovine tuberculosis

Author

Wi, Morrison, Fj, Bourne, Dr, Cox, Christl Donnelly, Gettinby G, Pj, Mcinerney, and Woodroffe R

Subjects
Euthanasia, Animal, Vaccination, Mustelidae, Animals, Tuberculosis, Animals, Wild, Cattle, Tuberculosis Vaccines, Mycobacterium bovis, Tuberculosis, Bovine, Disease Reservoirs
Abstract

The application of regular herd testing to identify and remove infected animals has proved to be a highly successful method of controlling bovine tuberculosis (TB) in many parts of the world. However, in some countries, notably the United Kingdom, Ireland and New Zealand, the disease has continued to pose a significant problem, despite intensive herd testing. Persistence of disease in these countries is associated with the presence of wildlife reservoirs of infection. Attempts to control bovine TB by culling of wildlife have been, at best, only partially successful and have proved difficult to sustain. This has led to considering of vaccination either of wildlife or cattle as a potential control measure. However, there are a number of obstacles that need to be overcome before vaccination can be considered a practical option. Vaccine efficacy, methods used for vaccine delivery in wildlife, potential interference of vaccination with diagnostic tests for cattle and appropriate design of field trials are among the issues that need to be addressed.

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