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Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, epitomizes the intricate interplay between genetic predisposition and molecular pathology, resulting in the relentless deterioration of neuronal structures within the brain. Characterized by the formation of amyloid-beta plaques and tau protein tangles, this condition disrupts synaptic connections, leading to profound cognitive impairment. The utilization of medicinal herbs in the treatment of AD has garnered considerable attention within scientific research due to their potential neuroprotective and therapeutic properties. The World Health Organization has long noted and brought to the attention of many countries the growing public interest in medicinal plants and their products to cure various disorders, including AD due to their potential neuroprotective properties. The ethnomedicinal relevance of the plant Woodfordia fruticosa Kurtz has been reflected in the art of Ayurveda and India's traditional healing system, which reveals its widespread use in Ayurvedic treatments. Numerous chemical compounds found in Woodfordia fruticosa (WF) have been shown to be biologically active against the predisposing factors of AD. The flower extract of WF is particularly effective in inhibiting key enzymes like AChE and BuChE that are involved in AD, while its leaf and stem extracts also contribute to this effect. In vivo studies demonstrate that the flower extract can reverse memory impairment and reduce elevated enzyme levels in animal models. This review highlights the comprehensive potential of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz in AD management, the multifaceted activities of WF, spanning enzyme inhibition, cholinesterase inhibition, and neuroprotection, underscore its promise as a natural therapeutic agent for AD.

Introduction: The study into the interplay between foodborne pathogens and human health, particularly their effects on intestinal cells, is crucial. The importance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in promoting a healthy balance of gut microbiota, inhibiting harmful bacteria, and supporting overall gastrointestinal health is becoming more apparent. Methods: Our study delved into the impact of fermenting Woodfordia fruticosa (WF), a plant known for its antimicrobial properties against gastrointestinal pathogens, with LAB. We focused on the influence of this fermentation process on the binding of foodborne pathogens to the gut lining and cytokine production, aiming to enhance gut health and control foodborne infections in HT-29 cells. Results and discussion: Post-fermentation, the WF exhibited improved antimicrobial effects when combined with different LAB strains. Remarkably, the LAB-fermented WF (WFLC) substantially decreased the attachment of pathogens such as L. monocytogenes (6.87% ± 0.33%) and V. parahaemolyticus (6.07% ± 0.50%) in comparison to the unfermented control. Furthermore, WFLC was found to upregulate IL-6 production in the presence of pathogens like E. coli O157:H7 (10.6%) and L. monocytogenes (19%), suggesting it may activate immune responses. Thus, LAB-fermented WF emerges as a potential novel strategy for fighting foodborne pathogens, although additional studies are warranted to thoroughly elucidate WF's phytochemical profile and its contribution to these beneficial outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of wound healing encompasses a coordinated sequence of cellular and biochemical phases collaborating synergistically to promote the restoration of the injured tissue. Tissue repair is complex, posing challenges in wound management. Healing involves three phases: inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling. Treatments include antibiotics, antiseptics, and extracts, but synthetic drugs have limitations. There is growing interest in plant-based formulations for effective wound treatment. Medicinal plants are increasingly recognized for their wound healing potential with lower side effects, particularly in diabetic, infected, or open wounds, supported by studies highlighting various identified mechanisms for improved healing. Medicinal plants such as Allium sativum, Boerhavia diffusa, Calendula officinalis, Crocus sativus, Curcuma longa L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Melaleuca alternifolia, Woodfordia fruticosa, etc. have demonstrated wound healing properties and have proven effective in treating wounds. This review highlights medicinal plants in wound healing, emphasizing In-vivo models, specifically examining their effectiveness in excision and incision wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained significant attention in recent years due to their unique physicochemical properties and potential applications in various fields, including medicine, catalysis, and environmental remediation. These nanoparticles possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties, making them particularly promising for biomedical applications. The drug Woodfordia fruticosa (Wf) has been traditionally used in folk medicine for its therapeutic properties, such as wound healing, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Objective: The objective of this study was to develop and optimise the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using flower extracts of Woodfordia fruticosa through the distillation extraction method. By employing this technique, the research aimed to successfully create silver nanoparticles from Woodfordia fruticosa gel for the treatment of wounds. Methods: WF flower extracts were prepared by drying the flowers for 14 days and crushing them into a fine powder. The powdered flowers were then sieved through 80-inch sievesThe extracted material was stored at 4 °C for further processing. In parallel, a 1 mM silver nitrate solution was prepared by dissolving 16.99 mg of silver nitrate in 100 ml of distilled water. The flower extract and silver nitrate solution were then utilised for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The characterization of the synthesised silver nanoparticles was conducted using various techniques, including zeta potential analysis and electron microscopy. These techniques were employed to assess the physicochemical properties, stability, and morphology of the silver nanoparticles. After gel preparation, in vivo wound healing activity was performed. Result: The synthesis of AgNPs using WF flower extracts and silver nitrate solution resulted in the successful formation of nanoparticles. The characterization of the synthesised AgNPs was carried out using various techniques. The zeta potential was found to be [0.283 mV, which indicated their stability, and the PDI value was found to be 0.533. These values indicated a stable dispersion of the synthesised AgNPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that nanoparticles have a spherical shape in the range of 5 nm. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study successfully developed silver nanoparticles using flower extracts. The developed gel shows that it has wound-healing properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are frequently utilized metallic nanoparticles in healthcare systems. In this investigation, AgNP was produced employing β-sitosterol and Woodfordia fruticosa gel for the purpose of ameliorating wound healing. Methods: The characterization of AgNP was conducted via SEM and spectrophotometry analysis. Simultaneously, a solution with a concentration of 1 mM of silver nitrate was prepared by dissolving 16.99 mg of silver nitrate in 100 ml of distilled water. Subsequently, the API and the silver nitrate solution were utilized in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The physicochemical properties, stability, and morphology of the synthesized silver nanoparticles were evaluated through various techniques, such as zeta potential analysis and electron microscopy. These techniques were employed for the purpose of assessing the aforementioned properties. Following the gel preparation, an assessment of the gel was performed. Result: The investigation successfully produced silver nanoparticles (AgNP) using β-sitosterol and Woodfordia fruticosa gel. To characterize the synthesized AgNP, various techniques were employed, including SEM and spectrophotometry analysis. A 1 mM solution of silver nitrate was prepared and used in the synthesis process, and the physicochemical properties, stability, and morphology of the AgNP were assessed through zeta potential analysis and electron microscopy. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate the successful synthesis of silver nanoparticles using β-sitosterol and Woodfordia fruticosa gel. The characterization techniques, including SEM and spectrophotometry, confirmed the formation of AgNP. The analysis of physicochemical properties and stability, particularly through zeta potential analysis, provided valuable insights into the stability of the synthesized nanoparticles. These findings have significant implications in the context of wound healing. Silver nanoparticles have been widely studied for their potential wound healing properties due to their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory characteristics. The utilization of natural compounds like β-sitosterol and botanical sources like Woodfordia fruticosa gel for the synthesis of AgNP is particularly promising as it may reduce potential toxicity and enhance the biocompatibility of these nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae), Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), Psoralea corylifolia (Fabaceae), Pongamia pinnata (Fabaceae), and Woodfordia fruticosa (Lythraceae) stand as renowned medicinal plants in India. Traditionally, different parts of these plants have been employed for healing, particularly in the context of treating psoriasis and various other ailments. This catalyzed our investigation into the potential antipsoriatic properties of these botanicals. Objectives: We set out to evaluate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antipsoriatic capabilities of acetone, ethanol, and water extracts derived from Curcuma longa, Azadirachta indica, Psoralea corylifolia, Pongamia pinnata, and Woodfordia fruticosa. Materials and Methods: The antipsoriatic potential of these extracts was assessed through the MTT assay, using HaCaT cells. Additionally, we conducted LDH assays and utilized confocal microscopy to gain further insights. Results: Our investigations unveiled the promising antiproliferative activity of these plants on skin keratinocytes. Notably, compounds A, B, and C demonstrated a significant decrease in cell viability compared to the control group. In contrast, compounds D and E did not exhibit significant differences compared to the control. Discussion and Conclusion: These findings substantiate the traditional uses of these plants in the treatment of psoriasis and underscore their potential as valuable resources in the quest for effective antipsoriatic treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The study aimed to evaluate the pharmacological properties of methanolic extracts of leaves and barks of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (family: Lythraceae) focusing on antioxidant, thrombolytic, anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, analgesic, and antidiarrheal effects. Methods: 1,1‐Diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, clot lysis, disc diffusion, and membrane stabilizing methods were employed to assess in vitro antioxidant, thrombolytic, antibacterial, and anti‐inflammatory properties of the leaf and bark methanolic extracts (ME) of W. fruticosa and different organic solvents, that is, petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), chloroform (CL), and aqueous (AQ) fractions. In addition, in vivo central and peripheral analgesic and antidiarrheal activities of both crude extracts were evaluated at two doses (200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight [bw]). Results: All the extracts and fractions showed promising antioxidant properties by scavenging DDPH free radicals with IC50 of 6.11–20.79 μg/mL. AQ fraction (41.24%) of leaves and ME (44.90%) of bark exerted notable in vitro thrombolytic activity. The CL fraction of leaves and AQ fraction of the bark showed 43.16% and 45.37% inhibition of RBC hemolysis, respectively, compared to the inhibition of RBC hemolysis by aspirin in a hypotonic‐induced membrane stabilizing assay. Besides, both extracts were observed to provide significant (p < 0.001) central and peripheral analgesic responses at both doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg bw. Furthermore, both doses of bark extract (p < 0.001) and the 400 mg/kg bw of leaf extract (p < 0.05) were observed to possess statistically significant antidiarrheal activity. Additionally, in an in vivo acute toxicity investigation, both extracts had a median lethal dose (LD50) greater than 5000 mg/kg bw, indicating their safety level. Conclusion: The current study proves the ethnomedicinal uses of W. fruticosa; however, further studies are required for phytochemical screening to isolate the responsible bioactive compounds and discover the lead molecules from the plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surveys were conducted to record pest complex damaging a forest medicinal plant dhataki, Woodfordia fruticosa. Four lepidopteran defoliators were observed as pests causing significant damage to the plants. The leaf roller, Strepsicrates sp. was reported as a major defoliator of dhataki and the identity of the pest was confirmed through male and female genitalia and amplified product of Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene (GenBank no. OP648297). Further, the biology, morphometry, seasonal incidence and natural enemy complex of the leaf roller were recorded in the present study. The detailed information on different aspects like bio-ecology, seasonality and biocontrol of this leafroller, Strepsicrates sp. can be utilized for further development of viable management strategy as this was already reported as one of the major pests in economic plants like guava and eucalyptus in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) kurz belongs to the family 'Lythraceae' has been utilized in traditional medicine for treating common ailments since ancient periods. It is conventionally employed against numerous diseases, including cold, toothache, blood infection, leprosy, dysentery, wounds, rheumatic pain, fever, urinary disorders, inflammation, antifertility and menstrual problem. The enormous potential and effects are extensively validated through in vitro and in vivo models. The recent updates on the plant Woodfordia fruticosa are absolutely essential to identify the bioactive components responsible for its therapeutic effect. Phytochemical investigations prove the presence of 61 compounds belonging to the class of glycosides, terpenes, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, phenolics and essential oils isolated from the different parts of the plant. Pharmacological studies of the plant showed that it poses a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, gastroprotective and wound healing properties. The pharmacological activities of crude extracts from this plant mostly have been reported. A very limited number of studies have reported the activities of isolated compounds of this plant. Hence, this review will help to explore many distinguished pharmacognostic characteristics of the plant as well as the therapeutic efficacy of the plant against several diseases and will recommend further requirements of additional investigations to explore its possible practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Candida species which are opportunistic fungi especially the species of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis have been causing oral candidiasis. Due to resistance of conventional antifungal agents, the scientists are in verge of exploring novel antifungal drugs such as traditional medicinal plants. Hence we aimed in studying the antifungal effect of Woodfordia fruiticosa and Punicagranatum which are plants of Lythraceae on Candida species. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extracts of both the plants were prepared using soxhlet extraction method and the obtained metabolites were confirmed by Thin Layer Chromatography. The Paper discs were prepared by Whatman filter paper No. 1 The disc was moistened with 10 μL from the prepared stock solution. Were kept at 4°C for 3 hours for diffusion and incubated for 48 hours. Then the diameters of the circular inhibition zones were measured. Results: The obtained data was expressed as mean and standard deviation. Chloroform fraction of Woodfordia fruticosa showed superior antifungal effect when compared to Punicagranatum peel. Conclusion: The invitro antimicrobial activity of Woodfordia leaf depicted superior antifungal activity against Candida isolates with effective anticandidal effect when compared to Punica peel. In future both of these plants could serve as basis for the new anti-candidal agents.

Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz, (W. fruticosa) a member of the Lythraceae family, commonly known as dhaiphul, has been used in traditional medicine to cure common illnesses since ancient times. The most effective part of this plant is the flower which has a high demand in the national as well as the international market of the eastern south part of Asian countries. The present study focuses on exploring the presence of phytochemicals, antioxidants, and antidiabetic potential of hydroalcoholic extract of flower of W. fruticosa. Phytochemical test showed the presence of saponin, flavonoid, carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannin, anthraquinone, and triterpenoids in the extract, and it showed an effective result of total phenolic content, total flavonoid Content with the value of 371.96 ± 2.86 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram of the extract and 113.82 ± 0.178 mg of quercetin equivalent per gram of dry weight. In vitro antioxidant assay, for the DPPH assay, the IC50 values were found 30.85 ± 0.36 μg/ml and 22.35 ± 0.54 μg/ml for the extract of W. fruticosa flower and ascorbic acid respectively and for the FRAP Assay, the reducing power assay of plant extract is lesser than standard (Ascorbic acid). W. fruticosa also showed significant hyperglycemic activity. In accordance with results, we can conclude that plant consists of a high polyphenolic and flavonoid group which help in antioxidant activity as well as the hydroalcoholic extract shows mild activity against diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: The search for the development of a suitable novel antimicrobial agent for fungal diseases continues to be a key problem in the current clinical field. The present investigation was aimed to determine the antifungal effect of the ethanolic crude extracts of Woodfordia fruticosa leaf (Wfl) and Punica granatum peel (Pgp) in uncontrolled diabetic patients wearing removable dentures. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extracts of both plants were prepared using the soxhlet extraction method, and the obtained metabolites were confirmed by thin-layer chromatography. After the preparation of the mouthwash, a total of 100 subjects were randomly divided into two groups. Each subject was given physiological saline at the baseline. Group I was provided with P. granatum mouthwash, while Group II was given W. fruticosa mouthwash. Following the administration of the mouthwash, the patients were requested to rinse the mouthwash using the oral rinse technique twice daily 5 ml/rinse for 30 sec. Subsequently, colony-forming units (CFU) were evaluated in the participants. Post-therapeutic samples were collected 1 h and 1 week after the mouthwash use. Results: The mean reduction of CFU was calculated at the baseline, as well as 1 h and 1 week after using mouthwash. The results indicated a drastic reduction in CFU 1 h and 1 week after the application of Wfl mouthwash. Conclusion: The obtained data revealed that Wfl had potential anticandidal activity against Candida yeast cells, probably owing to its bioactive compounds like glycosides. Therefore, this agent can be used effectively as a natural remedy for the treatment of oral candidiasis. However, the exact mechanism of action of this plant needs to be elucidated.

Aim: To investigate the effect of Woodfordia fruticosa extract (WfE) on two probiotic bacteria: Lacticaseibacillus casei and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus. Methods and results: WfE supplementation at 0·5 and 1 mg ml−1 stimulated probiotic growth (P < 0·05), enhanced adhesion to CaCO2 cells (P < 0·05) while inhibiting foodborne pathogens Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (P < 0·05). 1H‐NMR based metabolomic studies indicated higher glucose : lactate and glucose : acetate in the extracellular matrix with significant variation (P < 0·05) in intracellular concentrations of lactate, acetate, glutamate, dimethylamine, phenylalanine, branched‐chain amino acids and total cellular lipid composition. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis showed a chemical shift from saturated to unsaturated lipids with WfE supplementation. PCA plots indicated clear discrimination between test groups, highlighting variation in metabolite pool in response to WfE supplementation. Conclusion: Phytonutrient‐rich WfE exhibited prebiotic‐like attributes, and probiotic bacteria showed altered metabolite pools as an adaptive mechanism. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first report providing insights into the prebiotic‐like activity of WfE on gut representative probiotics. The extended metabolomic studies shed light on the positive interaction between phytonutrients and beneficial bacteria that possibly help them to adapt to a phytonutrient‐rich WfE environment. WfE with potential prebiotic attributes can be used in the development of novel synbiotic functional products targeting gut microbial modulation to improve health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) kurz (Family-Lythraceae) is an important medicinal plant which has proved its potential through multiple disciplines. The plant is shrub with long and spreading branches. Leaf and flower extract of the plant is very effective against different ailments including cancer, leucorrhoea, diabetes, menorrhagia, menstrual and pregnancy related issues. The extract contains different phytochemicals e.g. carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, phenols, triterpenoids, carboxylic acid and Quinone. These chemicals have antimicrobial activity against different bacterial strains including Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa etc. and fungal species like Alternaria solani. The current review describes the ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, pharmacognostic, antioxidant, antimicrobial properties of the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Woodfordia fruticosa kurz is an herbal plant that belongs to the family Lythraceae. This plant is widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of India, Sri Lanka, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Japan and Pakistan. The plant possesses a long history of medicinal use. The flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa are recorded to possess potent therapeutic values. The various phytochemicals isolated from this plant are tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinone, glycosides and polyphenols. The extract of flowers and leaves are associated with useful therapeutic activities. These phytochemical compounds have many pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, antiulcer, immunomodulatory, antifertility and anti-tumor. These pharmacological activities of Woodfordia fruticosa plant are also mentioned in the literature of ayurveda, yunani and other traditional systems of medicine. This review is intended to provide brief information on the plant Woodfordia fruticosa on the basis of chemical constituents, folk usage, ayurvedic usage, modern usage and its biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The study into the interplay between foodborne pathogens and human health, particularly their effects on intestinal cells, is crucial. The importance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in promoting a healthy balance of gut microbiota, inhibiting harmful bacteria, and supporting overall gastrointestinal health is becoming more apparent., Methods: Our study delved into the impact of fermenting Woodfordia fruticosa (WF), a plant known for its antimicrobial properties against gastrointestinal pathogens, with LAB. We focused on the influence of this fermentation process on the binding of foodborne pathogens to the gut lining and cytokine production, aiming to enhance gut health and control foodborne infections in HT-29 cells., Results and Discussion: Post-fermentation, the WF exhibited improved antimicrobial effects when combined with different LAB strains. Remarkably, the LAB-fermented WF (WFLC) substantially decreased the attachment of pathogens such as L. monocytogenes (6.87%  ±  0.33%) and V. parahaemolyticus (6.07%  ±  0.50%) in comparison to the unfermented control. Furthermore, WFLC was found to upregulate IL-6 production in the presence of pathogens like E. coli O157:H7 (10.6%) and L. monocytogenes (19%), suggesting it may activate immune responses. Thus, LAB-fermented WF emerges as a potential novel strategy for fighting foodborne pathogens, although additional studies are warranted to thoroughly elucidate WF's phytochemical profile and its contribution to these beneficial outcomes., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Lee and Lee.)

Herbal pharmaceutical companies are dependent on plant parts which are used as raw materials in their products. The naturally available herbal raw material does not meet the demand of industries. This can lead to exploitation of nature and affect the biodiversity in various ways. In vitro plant micropropagation and conservation can be a successful alternative to minimize this environmental exploitation. Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz. (Lythraceae) is a plant endemic to India, known for its anti-aging benefits. Apical leaf explants were used to generate calli which was achieved in Murashige Skoog medium with 0.25 mg-l 2,4,5-T and 0.10 mg-l 6-BAP. Callus was sub cultured continuously for six months and retrieved every month for in vitro studies (WSC 1-WSC 6). Among them, WSC-3 (callus extract of third month) increased the collagen production by 60.67 ± 4.2% in human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). Collagen-I and elastin gene expression was increased in WSC-3 treated HDF. WSC-3 inhibited hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) induced cellular senescence in HDF. LC–MS analysis of WSC-3 upheld the presence of polyphenols like gallic acid, 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl glucose, glucogallin, and other phytoconstituents. The results of the in vitro experiments were on par with the extracts obtained from flowers of W. fruticosa. IC 50 values in HDF showed that callus cell extract is non-toxic (IC 50 : > 1000 μg/ml) whereas, the flower extracts were moderately toxic (IC 50 278.25 ± 1.85 μg/ml). Woodfordia fruticosa callus extract is a potential ingredient for skin care formulations, can be a strong substitute to conventional flower extract and warrants further clinical studies. • Conservation of Woodfordia fruticosa plant is essential as flowers are being used unsustainable, leads degradation of flora. • W. fruticosa callus was generated in successive month, callus extracts were explored for anti-ageing assay. • The callus extract of 3rd month has effective skin care activity, it can be used as substitute for flower extract. • LC-MS study of the 3rd month callus extract confirmed the presence of polyphenols, which are potent anti-aging compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian Ayurveda holds unique position among traditional medicines due to the possession of polyherbal Fermented Traditional Medicines (FTM) namely Arishta (fermented decoctions) and Asava (fermented infusions) which are self-generated microbial fermentations. There are many ancient scripts-based vernacular books on these medicines possessing scattered information. However, such FTM still remain elusive to the modern scientific curiosity. Hence, by applying the scientific principles, the review was to highlight the process strategies involved in the traditional preparation of Arishta and Asava. It provides a glimpse of research trends and focus on the lacunae for future prospects. Further, it identifies the role of microorganisms involved and the requirements of bioreactor for large scale practices. The traditional literature is analyzed applying modern scientific perception and the process strategies involved are projected. Scientific trends in avenues such as therapeutic validation and bioactivity, phytochemical constituents, fermentation methods, microbiological investigations, role of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers used universally in these fermentations and standardization for quality assurance are presented. In traditional fermented medicines, the significance of microorganisms is not accredited. Hence the putative role of microbial catalysts both in preparation and in therapeutics is revealed. A prototype bioreactor in accordance with traditional practices is designed. The priority of future research to upgrade the existing rudimentary knowledge in various avenues of fermented traditional medicines of Indian Ayurveda is pointed out. • Process strategies in traditional fermented medicines of Ayurveda were identified. • Research trends were presented and lacunae in understanding were discussed. • The role of microbes in preparation and in therapeutics was revealed. • A prototype bioreactor to suit traditional practice was designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Herbo-polymeric microspheres prepared by emulsion-solvent evaporation method. • Microspheres were uniform shaped in WFPM-2 but spherical to oval in WFPM-1. • Both porous and non-porous microspheres observed in WFPM-2. Abstract Polymeric microspheres from polylactide and infusion of Woodfordia fruticosa flower were prepared using emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The obtained microspheres were spherical to oval in shape with the size ranging from 1 to 29.8 µM with WFPM-2 yielding the major population within a range of 1–6 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dhaiphul (Woodfordia fruticosa) is a frequently demanded plant in South-East Asian regions for its diverse medicinal values. This study was proposed to examine antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antidepressant potentials of methanol extract of W. fruticosa leaves (MEWF) and its derived n-hexane (NHFMEWF) and ethyl acetate (EAFMEWF) fractions through in vitro, in vivo, and computational models. Among test samples, MEWF and EAFMEWF contained the highest phenolic content and showed maximal antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging and ferric reducing power assays. In comparison, NHFMEWF possessed maximum flavonoid content and a significantly potent α-amylase inhibitory profile comparable with positive control acarbose. In animal models of depression (forced swimming and tail suspension test), EAFMEWF and NHFMEWF demonstrated a dose-dependent antidepressant-like effect; explicitly, the depressive-like behaviors significantly declined in EAFMEWF-treated dosing groups in contrast to the control group. In the computational analysis, previously isolated flavonoid compounds from Dhaiphul leaves manifested potent binding affinity against several key therapeutic target proteins of diabetes and depressive disorders including α-amylase, serotonin transporter, dopamine transporter, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase with varying pharmacokinetics and toxicity profiles. This research’s outcomes may provide potential dietary supplements for mitigating hyperglycemia, cellular toxicity, and depressive disorder.

In the present study, a protocol for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been optimized for Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz. Precultured axenic leaf segments were co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring the binary plasmid pCAMBIA1301 with β-glucuronidase (uidA) containing intron as the reporter gene and hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) as a selectable marker gene. After 3 days of co-cultivation, leaf segments were cultured on MS medium containing Thidiazuron (TDZ 4.54 μM) and Indole-3-acetic acid IAA (1.14 μM) + 20 mg/l hygromycin + 200 mg/l cefotaxime (PTSM1) for 4 weeks (includes a single subculture onto the same medium at a 2 week interval). They were subsequently cultured for 3 weeks on MS medium containing Thidiazuron (TDZ 4.54 μM) and Indole-3-acetic acid IAA (1.14 μM) + 25 mg/l hygromycin + 100 mg/l cefotaxime (PTSM2) medium for further development and shoot elongation. The hygromycin resistant shoots were rooted on a rooting medium (PTRM) containing half strength MS medium + 4.90 μM IBA + 25 mg/l hygromycin. A highest transformation efficiency of 44.5% with a mean number of 2.6 transgenic shoots per explant was achieved. Successful transformation was confirmed by the histochemical GUS activity of the regenerated shoots, PCR and RT-PCR analysis using respective primers. Southern blot analysis revealed that the hpt gene integrated into the genome of transgenic W. fruticosa. Establishment of genetic transformation protocol may facilitate the improvement of this medicinal plant in terms of enhancement of secondary metabolites.

Therapeutic effectiveness of biogenically synthesized Woodfordia fruticosa nano-gold particles (WfAuNPs) has been claimed in this study which prevents microbial adhesion and enhanced wound healing potential on Wistar albino rats. The synthesized WfAuNPs were characterized using several biophysical techniques such as UV–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–vis), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Zeta Potential, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis. The synthesized WfAuNPs in the size range of 10–20 nm were used to develop 1% Carbopol® 934 based nano gold formulation (WfAuNPs-Carbopol® 934). The WfAuNPs-Carbopol® 934 nanoformulation was evaluated using viscosity and spreadability measurements. The wound healing potential of WfAuNPs-Carbopol® 934 monitored up to 12 days was confirmed by performing wound contraction (%), epithelialization, and histopathological studies done in vivo on Wistar albino rats. The hydroxyproline content was also measured in the re-epithelized skin for quantification of collagen content. The effects of WfAuNPs on microbial adhesion leading to biofilm formation were evaluated against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans fungal strains. The respective Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC 80 ), Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (BIC 80 ) and Biofilm Eradication Concentration (BEC 80 ) values of C. albicans was found to be 16, 32, 256 μg/ml respectively while for C. neoformans it was recorded to be 32, 64, 256 μg/ml respectively. Data obtained, confirmed the effectiveness in preventing microbial adhesion and wound healing potential of the WfAuNPs as compared to current marketed formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Woodfordia fruticosa is used traditionally as antidysenteric compound for fodder animals. Stem and flower extracts are previously flourished for their antibacterial activity. Leaves are also equally important, which are preliminary screened for their bioactive components in present study. Objective: Evaluation of antibacterial activity of leaves of W. fruticosa and detection of their active compound. Methods: Different solvent i.e. petroleum ether, chloroform, diethyl ether and acetone extracts were studied against four bacterial strains using disc diffusion assay. Most potenz extract was chromatogram on preparative TLC. Further individual separated spots were back checked for their activity. Probable constituents of most active fraction were detected on GC-MS. Results: All four extracts exhibited antibacterial activity. The acetone extract showed highest inhibition against Bacillus subtilis NCIM 2921. The 80g and 120 g of acetone extract exhibit comparable antimicrobial activity against the four different bacteria studied. Amongst the four different spots on TLC chromatogram three of them had activity against B. subtilis NCIM 2921. The most active fraction was collected by preparative TLC and used for GC-MS, which exhibited two peaks. Conclusion: Extracts of petroleum ether, chloroform, diethyl ether and acetone were found to be effective against all the srains studied. The fraction of acetone extract, which is more active, constitutes two different compounds, in which both or one of them is responsible for antibacterial activity.

Hepatic fibrosis, characterized by extracellular matrix accumulation, is the common cause of chronic liver failure and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of dried flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis in rat model. Hepatic fibrosis was induced in male Wistar rats by CCl4 administration (150 μl/100 g rat weight, oral) twice a week for 10 weeks. In preventive model, administration of daily doses of methanolic extract of W. fruticosa (MEWF) at two different doses (100 mg/kg, body weight (b.w.) and 200 mg/kg, b.w.) was started 1 week before the onset of CCl4 administration and continued for 10 weeks. In curative model, MEWF at 100 and 200 mg/kg were given for last 2 weeks after the establishment of fibrosis. MEWF at a dose of 200 mg/kg was able to exert a more pronounced effect as evidenced histologically by significant reduction in fibrotic septa formation in liver tissue, immunohistochemically by abridged expression of collagen III, and also biochemically by serum and tissue antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation, and hydroxyproline level. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of confertin, quercetin methyl ether, ellagic acid, and stigmasterol in MEWF, which could be responsible for its antifibrotic activity. These results indicate the effective protection exerted by MEWF against CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in a dose-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tissue damage is associated with pain, which is an alarming sign. Aspirin and morphine have been widely used in recent decades for management of pain. Medicinal herbs have been in use for treatment of different diseases for centuries. Many of these herbs possess analgesic activity with relatively less incidences of adverse effects. The strong positive correlation of alkaloids in medicinal plants for analgesic activity persuades an intention to determine possible analgesic activity of total alkaloids extracted from the selected medicinal plants using animal models to answer its possible mechanisms. Methods: Crude alkaloids from selected medicinal plants (Woodfordia fruticosa, Adhatoda vasica, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Vitex negundo, Peganum harmala and Broussonetia papyrifera) were extracted as per reported literature. The test crude alkaloids were screened foracute toxicity study. Writhings induced by acetic acid, tail immersion method and formalin-induced nociception assay procedures were used for possible analgesic effects of the crude alkaloids. Results: Crude alkaloids were safe up to dose of 1250 mg/kg body weight in mice. The alkaloids significantly reduced the abdominal constrictions, and increased the time for paw licking response in both phases with a significant raise in latency time in nociception models (P = 0.05). Moreover, the antinociceptive response was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with naloxone suggesting involvement of the opioid receptors for possible antinociceptive action. Conclusions: Crude alkaloids of Woodfordia fruticosa and Peganum harmala showed prominent analgesic potentials through inhibition of peripheral as well as central nervous system mechanisms. Further work is required for isolation of the pharmacologically active constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Woodfordia fruticosa, a plant of Indian origin, is extensively used in folk medicine for the treatment of various ailments. Objective: The aim of the present study was to standardize the flowers of W. fruticosa, Kurz (Lythraceae), an important plant of Indian origin and explore the chemical constituents contributing to its anti-ulcer activity. Materials and Methods: High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profiling of the three samples of W. fruticosa flowers purchased from three different markets was done using ellagic acid as the biomarker. Two doses of the aqueous extract of the W. fruticosa (AEWF) flowers were evaluated for anti-ulcer activity by ethanol-induced ulcer model in Wistar albino rats. Omeprazole was used as the positive control. The parameters used for the assessment of the anti-ulcer potential were total titratable acidity (TTA), ulcer index, and percentage protection. Results: The HPTLC and HPLC studies confirmed the presence of ellagic acid in all the three drug samples. The AEWF showed significant reduction in terms of TTA at both doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. The gastroprotection indicated by a lower ulcer index and higher percentage protection was significant for 200 mg/kg dose of AEWF, better than the protection afforded by omeprazole (10 mg/kg). Conclusion: The chromatographic profiling and the anti-ulcer studies served as an efficient tool in the characterization of ellagic acid as an important biomarker for the flowers of W. fruticosa and a probable contributor to the gastroprotective capacity of the drug. The bioactivity studies further supported the traditional use of W. fruticosa in the treatment of ulcers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance The art of Ayurveda and the traditional healing system in India have reflected the ethnomedicinal importance of the plant Woodfordia fruticosa Kurtz, which demonstrates its vast usage in the Ayurvedic preparations as well as in the management of diabetes by the traditional healers. Aims of study The study aimed to ascertain the antidiabetic potential of W. fruticosa flower methanolic extract (WF) on Streptozotocin (STZ)–nicotinamide-induced diabetic rat model. Materials and methods Diabetes was induced in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by STZ–nicotinamide and thereafter diabetic rats were treated with three different doses of WF (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) respectively and glibenclamide as a positive control. Biochemical parameters such as blood glucose, serum insulin and C-peptide levels were measured with oxidative stress markers. Furthermore, histology of liver and pancreas was carried out to evaluate glycogen content and β-cell structures. Moreover, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis were performed on kidney and pancreas tissues to determine renal Bcl-2, pancreatic insulin and glucose transporter (GLUT-2, 4) protein expression in all the experimental groups. Results The acute toxicity study showed non-toxic nature of all the three doses of WF. Further, studies on diabetic rats exhibited anti-hyperglycemic effects by upregulating serum insulin and C-peptide levels. Similarly, WF shown to ameliorate oxidative stress by downregulating LPO levels and augmenting the antioxidant enzyme (ABTS). Furthermore, histopathological analysis demonstrate recovery in the structural degeneration of β-cells mass of pancreas tissue with increase in the liver glycogen content of the diabetic rats. Interestingly, protective nature of the extract was further revealed by the immunohistochemical study result which displayed upregulation in the insulin and renal Bcl-2 expression, the anti apoptosis protein. Moreover, western blot result have shown slight alteration in the GLUT-2 and GLUT-4 protein expression with the highest dose of WFc treatment, that might have stimulated glucose uptake in the pancreas and played an important role in attenuating the blood glucose levels. Conclusion The overall study result have demonstrated the potential of WF in the management of diabetes and its related complications, thus warrants further investigation on its major compounds with in depth mechanistic studies at molecular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a protocol for Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation has been optimized for Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz. Precultured axenic leaf segments were co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring the binary plasmid pCAMBIA1301 with β-glucuronidase ( uidA ) containing intron as the reporter gene and hygromycin phosphotransferase ( hpt ) as a selectable marker gene. After 3 days of co-cultivation, leaf segments were cultured on MS medium containing Thidiazuron (TDZ 4.54 μM) and Indole-3-acetic acid IAA (1.14 μM) + 20 mg/l hygromycin + 200 mg/l cefotaxime (PTSM 1 ) for 4 weeks (includes a single subculture onto the same medium at a 2 week interval). They were subsequently cultured for 3 weeks on MS medium containing Thidiazuron (TDZ 4.54 μM) and Indole-3-acetic acid IAA (1.14 μM) + 25 mg/l hygromycin + 100 mg/l cefotaxime (PTSM 2 ) medium for further development and shoot elongation. The hygromycin resistant shoots were rooted on a rooting medium (PTRM) containing half strength MS medium + 4.90 μM IBA + 25 mg/l hygromycin. A highest transformation efficiency of 44.5% with a mean number of 2.6 transgenic shoots per explant was achieved. Successful transformation was confirmed by the histochemical GUS activity of the regenerated shoots, PCR and RT-PCR analysis using respective primers. Southern blot analysis revealed that the hpt gene integrated into the genome of transgenic W. fruticosa . Establishment of genetic transformation protocol may facilitate the improvement of this medicinal plant in terms of enhancement of secondary metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To locate a plant with suitable phytochemicals for use as antimicrobial agents to control multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria as a complementary medicine, without host toxicity as monitored through cultured lymphocytes from human umbilical cord blood. Methods The methanol crude leaf extract of the plant Woodfordia fruticosa was subjected to antimicrobial assay in vitro with nine pathogenic MDR bacteria from clinical samples. This was followed by bioassay-guided fractionation with seven non-polar to polar solvents, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the n -butanol fraction, and monitoring of the host toxicity of the leaf extract with in vitro grown lymphocytes from human umbilical cord blood. Results The leaf extract of W . fruticosa had a controlling capacity for MDR bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the n -butanol fraction were < 1.89 mg/mL extract and 9.63 mg/mL extract, respectively. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry spectrum of the n -butanol fraction confirmed the presence of 13 peaks of different compounds with retention times of 9.11 minutes, 9.72 minutes, 10.13 minutes, 10.78 minutes, 12.37 minutes, 12.93 minutes, 18.16 minutes, 21.74 minutes, 21.84 minutes, 5.96 minutes, 12.93 minutes, 24.70 minutes, and 25.76 minutes. The six leading compounds were: diethyl phthalate: IUPAC name: diethyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate; 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl) phenol: IUPAC name: 5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylphenol; (E )-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-diene-1-thiol: IUPAC name: (2Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-diene-1-thiol; 2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-, (E,E ): IUPAC name: 2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol; 3,7,11-trimethyl-, (E,E); 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phenol: IUPAC name: 2-methoxy-4-[(1E)-prop-1-en-1-yl]phenol; hexadecanoic acid: IUPAC name: hexadecanoic acid. Conclusion The presence of antimicrobial compounds that are therapeutically potent against MDR bacteria was confirmed in W. fruticosa. The crude leaf extract showed no host toxicity with human lymphocytes; the n -butanol fraction of the extract was the most suitable bioactive fraction. The terpenes isolated were: 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl) phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phenol, 2,6-octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-( E )-2,6-octadienal, 3,7-dimethylcyclohexanol, and cyclohexanol, 2-methylene-5-(1-methylethenyl) which were reported to have specifically antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz., known as Dhataki, is an important medicinal plant used in Ayurveda. Recent studies on leaf showed that it contains important chemical constituents responsible for biological activities. The ethnic folk from India and Nepal are using the leaf to treat ulcers, rheumatism, fever, hemoptysis and as a disinfectant. It is also reported to be used in perfume, leather and textile industries. Aim: To investigate preliminary pharmacognostical and phytochemical parameters of leaf to standardize the drug. Materials and Methods: Identification of plant was done as per the standard guidelines given in the floras. Macro and microscopic evaluation performed as per the routine laboratory procedures. Phytochemical, physico-chemical, florescence analysis, behavior of powdered drug have been conducted as per the WHO guidelines. Results: Unique arrangement of the vascular bundle in mid rib region is observed. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, tannins, and flavonoids. Conclusion: The findings of this study will be helpful in the identification of Dhataki leaf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ethanopharmacological relevance: Consortium of yeasts sourced from traditionally used Woodfordia fruticosa flowers proved to be beneficial for fermenting Ashvagandharishta. It resulted in faster fermentation, acceptable organoleptic properties and demonstrable hepatoprotective potential in CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. To formulate Ashvagandharishta using consortium of yeasts and to investigate its physiochemical parameters. Standardize the formulation with the help of standard withaferin-A and withanolide-A and to evaluate its hepatoprotective potential in CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in the rat model. Material and methods: Ashvagandharishta was prepared using a 5% consortium of yeasts and ascertained its quality through physiochemical and phytochemical investigation. Withaferin-A and withanolide-A was simultaneously estimated by HPLC for standardization. Hepatoprotective potential was evaluated by administering 2.31 and 1.15ml/kg doses while considering biochemical parameters like serum AST, ALT, ALP and lipid profile. Gene expression study was carried out for the expression of antioxidant and inflammatory genes such as CAT, GPx and proinflammatory gene IL-6. Histopathology of liver was also studied with the help of H&E staining. Results: Ashvagandharishta was found organolepticaly acceptable with optimized physiochemical parameters. Withaferin-A and withanolide-A in Ashvagandharishta estimated as 0.3711, 0.7426 (%w/v), respectively. In the CCl4 induced hepato-toxicity model, Ashvagandharishta-2.31ml/kg dose showed significant decrease in elevated hepatic level of AST(p<0.001), ALT(p<0.01) and ALP(p<0.001). Both doses of Ashvagandharishta showed significant reduction of TG, Cholesterol, VLDL and LDL in serum, with corresponding reduction of (p<0.001) serum-HDL. Ashvagandharishta also showed increased serum protein (p<0.05) and albumin (p<0.01) with decrease in bilirubin (p<0.01). Additionally, Ashvagandharishta administration revealed up-regulation in antioxidant genes such as CAT and GPx in liver with concomitant down-regulation in proinflammatory IL-6gene (p<0.01). Histopathological parameters revealed restoration of normal tissue architecture by both doses of Ashvagandharishta. Conclusions: Consortium of yeasts from Woodfordia fruticosa flowers showed better fermentation pattern for Ashvagandharishta produced with acceptable organoleptic properties. Hepatoprotection shown by Ashvagandharishta was mainly through prevention of oxidative damage. Up-regulation of CAT and GPx genes and corresponding down regulation of proinflammatory IL6 gene was revealed as possible mechanism of its action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To isolate and characterize the alcohol-producing yeasts from Woodfordia fruticosa flowers, which are used for the induction and maintenance of fermentation in the making of Ayurvedic formulations. Materials and methods: Initially twenty four yeasts strains were isolated on MGYP agar plate. Among them, four strains were selected for further studies on the basis of their alcohol generation capacity using jaggery media (50% w/v). Physiological, biochemical and genetic characterization (18S rRNA sequencing) of selected strains were carried out. Results: Physiological, biochemical and genetic characterization (18S rRNA sequencing) confirmed the strains as Saccharomycopsis fibuligera Jm.8, S. fibuligera Jm.10, S. fibuligera Jm.16 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Jm.20. Under the controlled conditions, S. cerevisiae Jm.20 produced 69.57 g/l of alcohol, whereas remaining strains produced the alcohol in the range of 6.04–7.32 g/l. Conclusion: Among selected strains, strains S. fibuligera are a newer in the flowers. Kinetic study of alcohol generation revealed the strain S. cerevisiae Jm.20 can be efficiently used in making of fermented Ayurvedic formulations instead of use W. fruticosa flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]