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This study describes the process of digitally reconstructing the ancient Korean city of Suwon Hwaseong in 3D utilizing Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) resources to accurately represent its wooden architectural heritage. Previous 3D reconstructions of cultural heritage have often prioritized appearance or remained partially disassembled. However, our reconstruction method offers a comprehensive representation of the appearance and the internal structure of wooden architectural heritage, which can be suitable for restoration maintenance. To ensure accuracy in digital restoration, we collected and utilized administrative records and historical materials, including the geography, fortress walls, folk houses, and Haenggung (the temporary palace of the Joseon Dynasty)—drawing from the archive of the Korean Cultural Heritage Service's management records and the 1796 manuscript "Uigwe: Royal Protocols of the Hwaseong Fortress" which documents the construction of the ancient city of Suwon Hwaseong. Extensive architectural records were used to generate HBIM data, which digitized historical records, documents, and drawings to accurately represent the complex layout of the wooden architectural heritage. For the folk houses that lacked design records and the fortress walls that retained their original shape, we performed a digital restoration-based façade modeling. These elements of the ancient city of Suwon Hwaseong were assembled into a 3D model using Unreal Engine (version 5.1.1) to digitally reconstruct the city and enhance its visual representation. The digital restoration content, which utilizes visual effects and precise rendering from a game engine, can be used for the restoration, repair, and maintenance of both appearance and internal structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study describes the process of digitally reconstructing the ancient Korean city of Suwon Hwaseong in 3D utilizing Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) resources to accurately represent its wooden architectural heritage. Previous 3D reconstructions of cultural heritage have often prioritized appearance or remained partially disassembled. However, our reconstruction method offers a comprehensive representation of the appearance and the internal structure of wooden architectural heritage, which can be suitable for restoration maintenance. To ensure accuracy in digital restoration, we collected and utilized administrative records and historical materials, including the geography, fortress walls, folk houses, and Haenggung (the temporary palace of the Joseon Dynasty)—drawing from the archive of the Korean Cultural Heritage Service’s management records and the 1796 manuscript “Uigwe: Royal Protocols of the Hwaseong Fortress” which documents the construction of the ancient city of Suwon Hwaseong. Extensive architectural records were used to generate HBIM data, which digitized historical records, documents, and drawings to accurately represent the complex layout of the wooden architectural heritage. For the folk houses that lacked design records and the fortress walls that retained their original shape, we performed a digital restoration-based façade modeling. These elements of the ancient city of Suwon Hwaseong were assembled into a 3D model using Unreal Engine (version 5.1.1) to digitally reconstruct the city and enhance its visual representation. The digital restoration content, which utilizes visual effects and precise rendering from a game engine, can be used for the restoration, repair, and maintenance of both appearance and internal structures.

Timber granaries are found in numerous ethnic minority settlements in the southeast and south of Guizhou Province in China. A timber granary is a unique type of vernacular building in rice-farming villages. Most of these granaries adopted the stilting architectural form and column-and-tie framework to provide a safe and cool inner space for the storage of grains, prevent rats, and enhance natural ventilation. This is a case study on the repair project of a timber granary in Yaogu village. The granary was disassembled into timber components and reconstructed for conservation, which is called 'Repair by Disassembly' in the east Asian tradition of wooden architecture. Through in-situ surveying, participant observation of the construction process, and interviews with local craftsmen, this study analyses the repair methodology and Buyi ethnic construction techniques applied in the timber granary. This work suggest guidelines for the conservation and restoration of similar wooden architectural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the characteristics of 3D scan data of Korean wooden architectural heritage structures and methods of applying the data from a representation perspective. For the preservation of its unique features, architectural heritage requires accurate representation in terms of investigation, research, and application. The representation of architectural heritage indicates a derivative reflecting the original structure and construction based on the intention of the builder. Thus, the recognition of architectural heritage varies according to the representation methods, which include text, drawings, plans, photos, and 3D scan data, each of which has different advantages and disadvantages. Compared with other models, 3D scan data provide a more accurate representation and carry value as digital data, while minimizing potential intentionality. Three-dimensional scan data can be collated with different types of information, such as building information modeling (BIM), with ease of updating. Therefore, the characteristics of 3D scan data should be identified and applied regarding representation in order to maximize data effectiveness. Three-dimensional scan data can be used most efficiently to create investigative reports representing architectural heritage. By adding the awareness of new technologies, Korean wooden architectural heritage can take advantage of accurate documentation and digital surveys in order to be preserved and recorded sustainably through digital towns and datasets. They can documented and represented through a technology-driven investigative report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many wooden architectural heritage buildings exist in Korea, and the authenticity and structural stability of these cultural assets are being affected by termites. This study aimed to identify the degree of termite damage and related factors in these buildings. The degree of termite damage to 182 nationally designated wooden architectural heritage buildings (national treasures and treasures) in Korea was quantified, and data were collected for 11 factors affecting termite damage, such as the surrounding environment and architectural features. Based on the results of a general linear model analysis, the following three factors were identified to have a significant effect on termite damage: the type of contact between the ground and wooden structural items, the number of days of termite activity, and the proportion of forests in the land surrounding the property. This study is the first attempt to statistically analyze factors affecting termite damage to wooden heritage buildings, and our results provide initial data for the preservation and management of these properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many wooden architectural heritage buildings exist in Korea, and the authenticity and structural stability of these cultural assets are being affected by termites. This study aimed to identify the degree of termite damage and related factors in these buildings. The degree of termite damage to 182 nationally designated wooden architectural heritage buildings (national treasures and treasures) in Korea was quantified, and data were collected for 11 factors affecting termite damage, such as the surrounding environment and architectural features. Based on the results of a general linear model analysis, the following three factors were identified to have a significant effect on termite damage: the type of contact between the ground and wooden structural items, the number of days of termite activity, and the proportion of forests in the land surrounding the property. This study is the first attempt to statistically analyze factors affecting termite damage to wooden heritage buildings, and our results provide initial data for the preservation and management of these properties.

• Multi-LoD parametric models were proposed for typical wooden components. • A method of automatic extraction of parameters from point clouds was developed. • Values of critical parameters of this method were recommended and validated. A building-information-modeling (BIM) model, which is established based on high-fidelity point-cloud data, can be well used to preserve architectural heritage. Two related critical issues for this conservation are multiple-level-of-detail (multi-LoD) parametric models that emphasize different protection requirements for typical components, and a method for automatically extracting the corresponding parameters from a high-fidelity point cloud. Taking typical Chinese wooden architectural-heritage structures as an example, multi-LoD principles for typical components without damage are proposed according to the different requirements. Then, a framework of multi-LoD parametric models was developed and implemented in BIM. Based on this, a method for automatically extracting the abovementioned parameters is developed and the critical parameters of this method are recommended. To validate the reliability and efficiency of this method, the parameters of multi-LoD models of typical components are extracted. The results indicate that the relative and absolute errors of values of such parameters are mostly less than 2% and 0.5 mm, respectively. Moreover, this method is capable of extracting parameters from millions of point-cloud data within 7 min, thus validating the high efficiency and reliability of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]