Search

Your search keyword '"Woo, Kam Sang"' showing total 50 results
Start Over Author "Woo, Kam Sang"
50 results on '"Woo, Kam Sang"'

1. Field Evaluation of Four Low-cost PM Sensors and Design, Development and Field Evaluation of A Wearable PM Exposure Monitoring System

Author

Yi, Wei-Ying, Zhou, Yu, Chan, Ya-Fen, Leung, Yee, Woo, Kam-Sang, Che, Wen-Wei, Lau, Kai-Hon, Chen, Jia-Min, and Leung, Kwong-Sak

Subjects
Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing
Abstract

To mitigate the significant biases/errors in research studying the associations between PM and health, which are introduced by the coarse/inadequate assessments of PM exposure from conventional PM monitoring paradigm, a personalized monitoring system consisting of a low-cost wearable PM device is proposed. However, due to the absence of a unifying evaluation protocol for low-cost PM sensors, the evaluation results/performance specifications from existing studies/datasheets are of limited reference values when attempting to determine the best candidate for the proposed system. In this regard, the authors appeal to the research community to develop a standardized evaluation protocol for low-cost PM sensors/devices, and a unifying attempt is established in this manuscript by adopting the definitive terminology from international documents and the evaluation metrics regarded as best practices. Collocated on the rooftop of the HKUST Supersite, four empirically selected PM sensors were compared against each other and calibrated against two reference monitors. They were then evaluated against the reference following the protocol. The PlanTower PMS-A003 sensor was selected for the wearable device as it outperformed the others in terms of affordability, portability, detection capability, data quality, as well as humidity and condensation insusceptibility. An automated approach was proposed to identify and remove the condensation associated abnormal measurements. The proposed device has better affordability and portability as well as similar usability and data accessibility compared to those existing devices recognized. The first 10 devices were also evaluated and calibrated at the Supersite. Additional 120 units were manufactured and delivered to the subjects to acquire their daily PM2.5 exposures for investigating the association with subclinical atherosclerosis.

Published
2022

2. Towards Personalized Healthcare in Cardiac Population: The Development of a Wearable ECG Monitoring System, an ECG Lossy Compression Schema, and a ResNet-Based AF Detector

Author

Yi, Wei-Ying, Liu, Peng-Fei, Lo, Sheung-Lai, Chan, Ya-Fen, Zhou, Yu, Leung, Yee, Woo, Kam-Sang, Lee, Alex Pui-Wai, Chen, Jia-Min, and Leung, Kwong-Sak

Subjects
Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing
Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of death worldwide. While there is growing evidence that the atrial fibrillation (AF) has strong associations with various CVDs, this heart arrhythmia is usually diagnosed using electrocardiography (ECG) which is a risk-free, non-intrusive, and cost-efficient tool. Continuously and remotely monitoring the subjects' ECG information unlocks the potentials of prompt pre-diagnosis and timely pre-treatment of AF before the development of any life-threatening conditions/diseases. Ultimately, the CVDs associated mortality could be reduced. In this manuscript, the design and implementation of a personalized healthcare system embodying a wearable ECG device, a mobile application, and a back-end server are presented. This system continuously monitors the users' ECG information to provide personalized health warnings/feedbacks. The users are able to communicate with their paired health advisors through this system for remote diagnoses, interventions, etc. The implemented wearable ECG devices have been evaluated and showed excellent intra-consistency (CVRMS=5.5%), acceptable inter-consistency (CVRMS=12.1%), and negligible RR-interval errors (ARE<1.4%). To boost the battery life of the wearable devices, a lossy compression schema utilizing the quasi-periodic feature of ECG signals to achieve compression was proposed. Compared to the recognized schemata, it outperformed the others in terms of compression efficiency and distortion, and achieved at least 2x of CR at a certain PRD or RMSE for ECG signals from the MIT-BIH database. To enable automated AF diagnosis/screening in the proposed system, a ResNet-based AF detector was developed. For the ECG records from the 2017 PhysioNet CinC challenge, this AF detector obtained an average testing F1=85.10% and a best testing F1=87.31%, outperforming the state-of-the-art.

Published
2022

4. The Different Impact of PM2.5 on Atherogenesis in Overseas vs. Native Chinese in the CATHAY Study

Author

Woo, Kam-Sang, Chan, Shu-Wing, Kwok, Timothy C. Y., Yin, Yue-Hui, Chook, Ping, Lin, Changqing, Celermajer, David S., Woo, Kam-Sang, Chan, Shu-Wing, Kwok, Timothy C. Y., Yin, Yue-Hui, Chook, Ping, Lin, Changqing, and Celermajer, David S.

Abstract

Air pollution (PM2.5) has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) globally and with early atherosclerosis surrogate markers in modernized China. A sizeable number of Chinese have migrated overseas, with an increase in their vulnerability to CVD. To evaluate the impact of PM2.5 air pollution on atherogenesis in native vs. overseas Chinese, we recruited 756 asymptomatic native Chinese and 507 age- and gender-matched overseas Chinese from Sydney and San Francisco. Their cardiovascular profiles were evaluated. PM2.5 was derived from remote sensing technology; atherosclerosis surrogate markers, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were measured by ultrasound. The native Chinese had a higher proportion of smokers as well as higher blood pressure, glucose, metabolic syndrome and PM2.5 exposure (p < 0.001), but lower lipids and folate than the overseas Chinese (p < 0.0001). Carotid IMT was lower in the native Chinese (p < 0.0001), but the other vascular parameters were similar. A multivariate regression revealed that FMD in the native Chinese was related to the male gender, age and location; in the overseas Chinese, it was related to age, but not to PM2.5. Carotid IMT in the native Chinese was related to PM2.5, independent of atherosclerotic risk factors and location (R-2 = 0.384, F = 34.5, p < 0.0001) whereas in the overseas Chinese, IMT was related to the male gender and age, but not to PM2.5 or overseas location (R-2 = 0.282, F = 19.7, p < 0.0001). PM2.5 had a greater impact on atherogenesis in the native Chinese, independent of traditional risk factors, with implications for preventive strategies.

Published
2022

5. Symptoms of Intermittent Claudication and Decreased Walking Tolerance in Patients Suffering from Peripheral Arterial Disease can be Improved with a Simple Herbal Supplement

Author

Ping-Chung Leung, Chook Ping, Kwok Chi Yui Timothy, Woo Kam Sang, and Yan Ping Yen Bryan

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Surrogate endpoint, Arterial disease, business.industry, Intermittent claudication, Peripheral, Clinical trial, medicine.anatomical_structure, Intima-media thickness, Internal medicine, Health care, medicine, medicine.symptom, business, Artery
Abstract

Introduction: We have developed an innovative herbal formula containing two herbs of popular use for the supplementation of cardiovascular health. Three clinical trials, viz. on patients with coronary arterial obstruction, hypertension, and post-menopausal borderline hyperlipidaemia, have been done, all showing promising results detected in ultrasonography as diminished intima media thickness (IMT), a surrogate marker recommended for clinical trials related to cardiovascular health. 49+49 patients with known peripheral arterial disease (PAD) were treated with twin formula or placebo group for 24 weeks. Assessment using ultrasonography showed thinning down of the carotid intima (2.67%) only in the treatment group. Maximal walking distance also increased by 21.8% in the treatment group compared with 7.2% in the placebo group (p=0.499). Discussion: The positive results in the PAD study as well as in the other studies done previously demonstrated the effectiveness of the twin formula in the maintenance of cardiovascular health. It is safe and offers direct protection of the internal environment of the artery while at the same time carries the multiple roles of anti-inflammation, anti-oxygenation and anti-fibrosis, as were shown in in vitro and animal bioactivity studies. Conclusion and Outlook: The twin formula offers a good example of evidence-based medicinal supplements with specific functions. Its developmental process also offers a more comprehensive way to test traditional wisdom and practice through pragmatic clinical trials in the attempt to properly introduce it to modern health care practice.

Published
2020

6. The impact of particulate matter air pollution (PM2. 5) on atherosclerosis in modernizing China: a report from the CATHAY study

Author

Woo, Kam Sang, Chook, Ping, Hu, Y.J., Lao, X.Q., Lin, Changqing, Lee, P.W.A., Kwok, Timothy Chi Yui, Wei, A.N., Guo, D. S., Yin, Yue Hui, Lau, Alexis Kai Hon, Leung, K.S., Leung, Y., Celermajer, David S., Woo, Kam Sang, Chook, Ping, Hu, Y.J., Lao, X.Q., Lin, Changqing, Lee, P.W.A., Kwok, Timothy Chi Yui, Wei, A.N., Guo, D. S., Yin, Yue Hui, Lau, Alexis Kai Hon, Leung, K.S., Leung, Y., and Celermajer, David S.

Abstract

[Background] Air pollution has been associated with an increase in cardiovascular diseases incidence. To evaluate whether air pollution can accelerate atherogenic processes, we assessed the effects of air pollution on important surrogate markers of atherosclerosis [brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT)]. [Methods] A total of 1656 Han Chinese (mean age 46.0 + 11.2 years; male 47%) in Hong Kong, Macau, Pun Yu, Yu County and the 3-Gorges Territories (Yangtze River) were studied between 1996 and 2007 [Chinese Atherosclerosis in the Aged and Young Project (the CATHAY Study)]. Cardiovascular risk profiles were evaluated. Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 µm (PM2.5) parameters were computed from satellite sensors. Brachial FMD and carotid IMT were measured by ultrasound. [Results] Health parameters [age, gender, body mass index, waist : hip ratio (WHR) and glucose)] were similar in lowest and highest PM2.5 exposure tertiles, systolic and diastolic blood pressures and triglycerides were higher (P < 0.001) and low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) was lower in the top PM2.5 tertile (P < 0.001). Brachial FMD [7.84 ± 1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.59–8.10%, vs 8.50 ± 2.52, 95% CI 8.23–8.77%, P < 0.0001) was significantly lower and carotid IMT (0.68 ± 0.13 mm, 95% CI 0.67–0.69 mm vs 0.63 mm ± 0.15 mm 95% CI 0.62–0.64 mm; P < 0.0001) was significantly thicker in the top PM2.5 tertile compared with the lowest tertile. On multiple regression, FMD was inversely related to PM2.5 (beta = 0.134, P = 0.015) independent of gender, age and blood pressure (model R2 = 0.156, F-value = 7.6, P < 0.0001). Carotid IMT was significantly correlated with PM2.5 exposure (beta = 0.381, P < 0.0001) independent of age, location, gender, WHR, blood pressure and LDL-C (model R2 = 0.408, F-value = 51.4, P-value <0.0001). [Conclusions] Air pollution is strongly associated with markers of early atherosclerosis, suggesting a potential target for p

Published
2021

7. The impact of particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5) on atherosclerosis in modernizing China: a report from the CATHAY study

Author

Woo, Kam Sang, Chook, Ping, Hu, Y.J., Lao, X.Q., Lin, Changqing, Lee, P.W.A., Kwok, Timothy Chi Yui, Wei, A.N., Guo, D. S., Yin, Yue Hui, Lau, Alexis Kai Hon, Leung, K.S., Leung, Y., Celermajer, David S., Woo, Kam Sang, Chook, Ping, Hu, Y.J., Lao, X.Q., Lin, Changqing, Lee, P.W.A., Kwok, Timothy Chi Yui, Wei, A.N., Guo, D. S., Yin, Yue Hui, Lau, Alexis Kai Hon, Leung, K.S., Leung, Y., and Celermajer, David S.

Abstract

[Background] Air pollution has been associated with an increase in cardiovascular diseases incidence. To evaluate whether air pollution can accelerate atherogenic processes, we assessed the effects of air pollution on important surrogate markers of atherosclerosis [brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT)]. [Methods] A total of 1656 Han Chinese (mean age 46.0 + 11.2 years; male 47%) in Hong Kong, Macau, Pun Yu, Yu County and the 3-Gorges Territories (Yangtze River) were studied between 1996 and 2007 [Chinese Atherosclerosis in the Aged and Young Project (the CATHAY Study)]. Cardiovascular risk profiles were evaluated. Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 µm (PM2.5) parameters were computed from satellite sensors. Brachial FMD and carotid IMT were measured by ultrasound. [Results] Health parameters [age, gender, body mass index, waist : hip ratio (WHR) and glucose)] were similar in lowest and highest PM2.5 exposure tertiles, systolic and diastolic blood pressures and triglycerides were higher (P < 0.001) and low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) was lower in the top PM2.5 tertile (P < 0.001). Brachial FMD [7.84 ± 1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.59–8.10%, vs 8.50 ± 2.52, 95% CI 8.23–8.77%, P < 0.0001) was significantly lower and carotid IMT (0.68 ± 0.13 mm, 95% CI 0.67–0.69 mm vs 0.63 mm ± 0.15 mm 95% CI 0.62–0.64 mm; P < 0.0001) was significantly thicker in the top PM2.5 tertile compared with the lowest tertile. On multiple regression, FMD was inversely related to PM2.5 (beta = 0.134, P = 0.015) independent of gender, age and blood pressure (model R2 = 0.156, F-value = 7.6, P < 0.0001). Carotid IMT was significantly correlated with PM2.5 exposure (beta = 0.381, P < 0.0001) independent of age, location, gender, WHR, blood pressure and LDL-C (model R2 = 0.408, F-value = 51.4, P-value <0.0001). [Conclusions] Air pollution is strongly associated with markers of early atherosclerosis, suggesting a potential target for p

Published
2021

9. Polymorphisms and vascular cognitive impairment after ischemic stroke

Author

Baum, Larry, Chen, Xiangyan, Cheung, Wing Sze, Cheung, Chi Kin Arthur, Cheung, Lap Woon, Chiu, Ka Fung Peter, Wen, Hong Mei, Poon, Peter, Woo, Kam Sang, Ng, Ho Keung, and Wong, Ka Sing

Subjects
Cognition disorders in old age -- Physiological aspects -- Genetic aspects -- Research -- Complications and side effects, Ischemia -- Research -- Genetic aspects -- Complications and side effects, Genetic polymorphisms -- Physiological aspects -- Research -- Genetic aspects, Psychology and mental health, Seniors, Physiological aspects, Complications and side effects, Genetic aspects, Research
Abstract

ABSTRACT Environmental and genetic factors may both affect the risk of vascular cognitive impairment developing after a stroke. To identify factors affecting this risk, the cognitive status of 121 patients [...]

Published
2007

19. Corrigendum to “HDL-C, triglycerides and carotid IMT: A meta-analysis of 21,000 patients with automated edge detection IMT measurement” [Atherosclerosis 232 (2014) 65–71]

Author

Touboul, Pierre-Jean, primary, Labreuche, Julien, additional, Bruckert, Eric, additional, Schargrodsky, Herman, additional, Prati, Patrizio, additional, Tosetto, Alberto, additional, Hernandez-Hernandez, Rafael, additional, Woo, Kam-Sang, additional, Silva, Honorio, additional, Vicaut, Eric, additional, and Amarenco, Pierre, additional

Published
2018
Full Text
View/download PDF

20. Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine harmonising two approaches

Author

Woo Kam Sang, Leung Ping Chung, and Lau Tai Wai

Subjects
Value (ethics), medicine.medical_specialty, Modern medicine, Traditional medicine, Management science, business.industry, Research methodology, Alternative medicine, Evidence base medicine, Traditional Chinese medicine, Field (computer science), Authentication (law), Complementary and alternative medicine, medicine, business
Abstract

SUMMARY While full recognition of the practical value of Traditional Chinese Medicine is being endorsed,the current stand on the research methodology of this field should be worked out. Since modernmedicine has already developed a logical system of research methodology basing on theprinciples of deduction, any research on any system of medicine need to take reference to what ismost popularly used and commonly recommended. The best way to approach research onChinese Medicine, therefore, would be one that would take full reference to the methodologybeing used in modern medicine, while at the same time respecting the traditional approach. Thiswould enable traditional medicine to be elevated to the level of general modern recognition.Nevertheless, innate problems in traditional medicine are making its research difficult. Theproblems lie in difficulties to achieve uniform herb supply, principles of randomization andplacebo arrangements, uncertain chemical structures and toxicology etc. A practical approachcentered on carefully planned evidence-based clinical trials, with parallel studies on biologicalactivities and herb authentication is being recommended.Key words: Chinese Medicine; Research methodology; Evidence Base Medicine

Published
2008

21. Characteristics, Management, and Outcomes of Acute Heart Failure in the Emergency Department

Author

Wang, Guo-Gan, primary, Wang, Si-Jia, additional, Qin, Jian, additional, Li, Chun-Sheng, additional, Yu, Xue-Zhong, additional, Shen, Hong, additional, Yang, Li-Pei, additional, Fu, Yan, additional, Zheng, Ya-An, additional, Zhao, Bin, additional, Yu, Dong-Min, additional, Qin, Fu-Jun, additional, Zhou, De-Gui, additional, Li, Ying, additional, Liu, Fu-Jun, additional, Li, Wei, additional, Zhao, Wei, additional, Gao, Xin, additional, Wang, Zheng, additional, Jin, Ming, additional, Zeng, Hong, additional, Li, Yi, additional, Wang, Guo-Xing, additional, Zhou, Hong, additional, Sun, Xiao-Lu, additional, Wang, Peng-Bo, additional, and Woo, Kam-Sang, additional

Published
2017
Full Text
View/download PDF

22. Obstructive sleep apnea presenting with nocturnal angina, heart failure, and near-miss sudden death

Author

Chan, Hok Sum, Chiu, Helen F.K., Tse, Lawrence K.K., and Woo, Kam Sang

Subjects
Cardiovascular diseases -- Risk factors -- Complications and side effects, Pulmonary edema -- Risk factors -- Complications and side effects, Sleep apnea syndromes -- Complications and side effects -- Risk factors, Health, Complications and side effects, Risk factors
Abstract

The diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea is usually obvious with the presenting features of obesity, snoring, disturbed sleep, and excessive daytime sleepiness. [1] However, patients with OSAS may occasionally present [...]

Published
1991

24. Ten Years’ Research on a Cardiovascular Tonic: A Comprehensive Approach—From Quality Control and Mechanisms of Action to Clinical Trial

Author

Leung, Ping-Chung, Koon, Chi-Man, Lau, Clara Bik-San, Chook, Ping, Cheng, William King-Fai, Fung, Kwok-Pui, Kwok, Timothy Chi-Yui, and Woo, Kam-Sang

Subjects
Article Subject
Abstract

Objective. Mortality arising from cardiovascular pathologies remains one of the highest. Maintenance of cardiovascular health therefore remains a universal concern. Interventional therapies and medications have made impressive advances, but preventive measures would be of the same importance. Method. Ten years’ search for a simple herbal formula has resulted in a two-herb combination, consisting of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Puerariae Lobatae Radix. The formula has been studied extensively on cardiovascular biological platforms and then put on three clinical trials. Results. In the laboratory, the formula was found to have the biological effects of anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-foam cell formation on vascular endothelium, and vasodilation. Clinical trials using ultrasonic carotid intima thickness as a surrogate marker showed very significant benefits. No significant adverse effects were encountered. Conclusion. It is therefore recommended that the herbal formula could be used as an adjuvant therapy in cardiac patients under treatment or as a preventive agent among the susceptible.

Published
2013
Full Text
View/download PDF

25. HDL-C, triglycerides and carotid IMT: A meta-analysis of 21,000 patients with automated edge detection IMT measurement

Author

Touboul, Pierre-Jean, primary, Labreuche, Julien, additional, Bruckert, Eric, additional, Schargrodsky, Herman, additional, Prati, Patrizio, additional, Tosetto, Alberto, additional, Hernandez-Hernandez, Rafael, additional, Woo, Kam-Sang, additional, Silva, Honorio, additional, Vicaut, Eric, additional, and Amarenco, Pierre, additional

Published
2014
Full Text
View/download PDF

33. Increase of Intima-Media thickness of the Common Carotid Artery is associated with combined hypertension and hypercholesterolemia: Preliminary results of the PARC-AALA study

Author

Silva Honorio, Vinueza Raul, Hernandez-Hernandez Rafael, Touboul Pierre-Jean, Kucukoglu Serdar, Woo Kam-Sang, and Migom Chris

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Carotid artery.common, Intima-media thickness, Age groups, Internal medicine, medicine.artery, Internal Medicine, medicine, Carotid bifurcation, Cardiology, Common carotid artery, Ultrasonography, business
Published
2005

46. Interethnic Differences in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality in 25 Populations: Association with the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme DD Genotype Frequency

Author

Young, Robert P., Thomas, G. Neil, Critchley, Julian A.J.H., Tomlinson, Brian, Woo, Kam Sang, and Sanderson, John E.

Abstract

BackgroundDespite changes in dietary habits and steadily increasing serum cholesterol concentrations, coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates in developed South-East Asian populations are still one quarter those in many Western populations. We propose that genetic factors may, in part, contribute to these differences in CHD mortality.DesignUsing an ecological study design, we have investigated the comparative roles of serum cholesterol concentration and the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) homozygote deletion (DD) genotype frequency, which has recently been implicated in CHD mortality.MethodsUsing our genotyping data from local Chinese populations, together with previously published data on ACE gene frequency and cholesterol concentrations, we correlated ACE DD genotype frequencies and mean serum cholesterol concentrations with World Health Organization age-adjusted CHD mortality rates in 25 ethnically diverse populations.ResultsAlthough mean serum cholesterol accounted for 67% of the variance in CHD mortality rates for all populations (r= 0.82, 95% Cl 0.63-0.92, n = 25, P< 0.001), the ACE DD frequency accounted for 61% of the variance in ‘low’ cholesterol populations (r= 0.78, 95% Cl 0.43-0.91, n = 14, P< 0.001) with no additional contribution from serum cholesterol concentration. Moreover, in the ‘low’ cholesterol population, mean serum cholesterol accounted for only 37% of the variance.ConclusionWe hypothesize that differences in the frequency of the ACE DD genotype in populations with low mean serum cholesterol concentrations may play some part in determining interethnic differences in CHD mortality rates.

Published
1998
Full Text
View/download PDF

50. Homocysteine, endothelial dysfunction, and coronary artery disease: emerging strategy for secondary prevention.

Author

Woo KS, Qiao M, Chook P, Poon PY, Chan AK, Lau JT, Fung KP, and Woo JL

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Coronary Artery Disease etiology, Cystathionine beta-Synthase deficiency, Dietary Supplements, Endothelium, Vascular physiopathology, Folic Acid drug effects, Folic Acid therapeutic use, Humans, Hyperhomocysteinemia complications, Hyperhomocysteinemia genetics, Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2), Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction prevention & control, Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors deficiency, Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors genetics, Polymorphism, Genetic, Risk Factors, Stroke prevention & control, Coronary Artery Disease prevention & control, Hyperhomocysteinemia prevention & control
Abstract

Atherosclerosis is an important medical problem of the 21st century, but traditional risk factors could only account for 50% of the problem. Hyperhomocysteinemia is emerging as an independent atherosclerosis risk factor, associated with folate deficiency, renal failure, and relative deficiency of MTHFR (C677T polymorphism) or other enzymes depending on gender, age, and smoking status. Hyperhomocysteinemia has been reported to occur in 11-22% of western people, in 3-5% of normal asymptomatic Chinese subjects aged 18-70 years in Hong Kong, Macau, Sydney, and San Francisco, 23-36% of Chinese in Hong Kong with premature coronary artery disease, and 29% of a nonselective series of coronary subjects in Hong Kong. Evidence is accumulating that documents its associations with atherosclerosis disease in both case-control observations and prospective cohort studies, in vitro experiments, and in vivo experimental models in both animals and human subjects, as well as the successful improvement by homocysteine-lowering of endothelial function as surrogate atherosclerosis endpoints in asymptomatic human and coronary patients (secondary prevention). A number of large scale homocysteine-lowering trials are currently underway for stroke and heart attacks prevention. Collectively these trials will include more than 65,000 patients at high-risk for cardiovascular and stroke events, and should provide a reliable evidence-base for prevention.

Published
2002

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources
See catalog results