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Groundwater temperature is one of the main factors that is considered when deciding on installation of a vapor compression refrigeration system with groundwater used for heat transfer. Groundwater temperature measurement is a necessity for the system installation. A total of 75 groundwater wells within the Chiang Mai Basin were selected for temperature monitoring stations. The temperature-depth profile of shallow groundwater showed that temperature had little change below 2 m depth from the water table. The temperature-depth profile of deep groundwater showed the separation of upper and lower temperature zones. Mostly, the temperature of the upper zone of deep groundwater has a positive slope. The temperature of the lower zone of deep groundwater is relatively constant. Both the shallow and deep groundwater temperatures are below the atmospheric temperature. The seasons, hydrogeologic units, and land use types have affected groundwater temperature of the Chiang Mai Basin only little. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal anomaly is one of the earthquake precursor in the earthquake preparatory phase. Remote sensing in thermal region has been employed based on the concept of stress accumulation in the active plate tectonics region, which may be transformed as temperature variation prior to earthquake. MODIS Land Surface Temperature has been commonly used to locate the thermal anomalies before the earthquake. Recently researches have been focusing on moderate or large magnitude earthquake events. In Thailand, small earthquake can severely damage the unprepared area. This study, the daily day- and nighttime data of MODIS MOD11A1 product for 30 days before and 15 days after the earthquake on April 22, 2007, in Wiang Pa Pao District, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand, were processed and analysed to locate possibility of thermal anomalies. Thermal anomalies before and after the earthquakes were detected using the comparative method. The result found that the thermal anomaly temperature could be high up to 4.1 - 10.9 C which occurred in 21 - 22 days prior to the earthquake. Therefore, it may conclude that small earthquake can also release energy as the detectable thermal anomaly. However, more study about the relationship between thermal precursor and earthquake is needed to continue.