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The recent qualitative study aims to investigate the crimes committed against women in tribal conflicts, the impacts of tribal conflicts on women, and causative factors responsible for inter-tribal conflicts and women victimization. The research is based on in-depth interviews with 20 students belonging to the conflict-affected areas of Sindh. It involves purposive sampling method to select the individuals. The data reveals that number of offences is committed against females such as forced marriages in conflict settlement, honor killing, domestic violence, gender bias and discrimination, infringement of property, economic and educational rights, and myriad of others. The prolonged victimization of women has painful impacts on their social life, psychological wellbeing and economic accessibility. In addition, this paper outlines certain recommendations that mean to address the victimization of women and the multitude issues women confront in their routine life. Having faced some constraints, suggestions for future research are given to explore more about the highly concerning issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important areas for the growth & development of crime & victimization is the separation of family & divorce. When the foundation of the family is shaken, the moral & social foundations of the whole social system are shaken and the society is led to various problems. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of divorce on women's victimization in Tabriz. Applied research is of descriptive-survey type. The statistical population of the study consists of all divorced women in Tabriz. The sample size was used by Cochran's formula for unlimited communities. Due to the discretion of the professor, the number of divorced women for sample size was approximately 170 randomly selected by the researcher, information was collected. To obtain the research results, SPSS software and one-sample parametric T-test were used to analyze the data according to the normal distribution of data and the univariate of the test. Results of the T test indicate that all tests were significant and the test results showed that the individual, economic & social effects of divorce on women's victimization in Tabriz have an effect due to the positive T & the significance level of less than 0.05. It is positive. Results of this study show that the occurrence of divorce & its individual, social & economic criminological consequences has a very direct effect on women’s victimization,with the increase of divorce, the rate of crime increases & with the decrease of divorce, this rate decreases.

This paper studies whether the toughening of the laws to regulate violence against women can adversely generate a retaliation effect that temporary increases female homicides. Using a panel of 2167 solved female homicides in Ecuador from 2010 to 2020, I first analyze the characteristics and trends of female gender-violence victims and I compare them with the evolution of other-violence victims. Second, I analyze the effects of a reform of the penal code introduced in 2014 that modified the consideration of gender violence and increased the penalty for femicides. I exploit the fact that women empowerment and the enforcement of the law was not homogeneous across municipalities to test whether these policies were associated with a backlash effect that temporarily increased female homicide rates. My analysis finds an increment in the gender-violence rates in municipalities that enforced the introduction of the new femicide penalty type, and in municipalities exhibiting an increased level of women empowerment. Specifically, I obtain that in municipalities that introduced the new femicide type and with an increased level of women empowerment, there was an increase of gender-violence rates of 1.49 points, relative to those that experienced gender-violence but not enforced the new femicide type. These results suggest evidence for an early formation of the retaliation effect hypothesis that consider that gender equality policies and legislation reforms to toughening the penalties for femicides can generate (at least temporarily) an increase of gender violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]