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Bacıyan-ı Rum (Anatolian Sisters Organization) is known as the world's first women's organization in history, but very few pieces of literature exist about this medieval organization. Thus, the aim was to reach up to all available historical documents about the topic and systematically analyze the nature and function of such an organization in the medieval era. Preliminary findings show that no written documents existed in English nor other languages except the Turkish language. It was also observed that this topic has emerged as an exciting area for many disciplines in recent times, leading to a sudden development of recent write-ups on such a topic. Therefore, this paper aims to introduce and explore the historical antecedent and functions of Bacıyan-ı Rum Organization to readers and other professionals interested in history, ethics, women, and gender studies. Kinds of literature were reviewed across history, economics, politics, travelogues, art, sociology, and anthropology to provide an extensive and detailed understanding of such a remarkable phenomenal women organization that existed in the Islamic world of the Medieval Era in Anatolia, Turkey. Bacıyan-ı Rum (Organisasi Suster Anatolia) dikenal sebagai organisasi wanita pertama di dunia dalam sejarah, tetapi sangat sedikit literatur tentang organisasi abad pertengahan ini. Jadi, tujuannya adalah untuk menjangkau semua dokumen sejarah yang tersedia tentang topik tersebut dan secara sistematis menganalisis sifat dan fungsi organisasi semacam itu di era abad pertengahan. Temuan awal menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada dokumen tertulis dalam bahasa Inggris atau bahasa lain kecuali bahasa Turki. Juga diamati bahwa topik ini telah muncul sebagai bidang yang menarik bagi banyak disiplin ilmu belakangan ini, yang mengarah pada perkembangan mendadak dari tulisan baru-baru ini tentang topik semacam itu. Oleh karena itu, artikel ini bertujuan untuk memperkenalkan dan mengeksplorasi anteseden sejarah dan fungsi Organisasi Bacıyan-ı Rum kepada pembaca dan profesional lain yang tertarik dalam studi sejarah, etika, wanita, dan gender. Berbagai literatur ditinjau dari segi sejarah, ekonomi, politik, catatan perjalanan, seni, sosiologi, dan antropologi untuk memberikan pemahaman yang luas dan terperinci tentang organisasi wanita fenomenal yang luar biasa yang ada di dunia Islam pada Abad Pertengahan di Anatolia, Turki.

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Commerce at Strathmore University Women entrepreneurship in the society is critical towards the economic development. However, women still encounter a lot of challenges in their quest to start or expand their businesses through acquisition of credit from formal financial institutions. As a result, most women have resorted to table banking groups as they are able to access affordable credit and other services that are crucial for the sustenance of their businesses. On that basis this study sought to determine the role of table banking on the empowerment of women in Kenya with specific focus on Nairobi, Uasin Gishu and Nandi. The researcher identified four constructs that can be used to conceptualize the role of table banking. These are table banking financing, membership power, organizational learning and networking power. These constructs were examined to understand the extent to which they affected empowerment of women. The study utilized three theories namely: social capital theory, social cognitive theory and empowerment theory. Social capital theory was the major theory that informed the study. This is because it is central to the core functions of community coalitions which involve building and creating collaborative and community capacity. It asserts that community coalitions empower their member organizations to collaborate effectively and their communities to build the social capital necessary to address emerging issues. Data was collected by use of questionnaires with the target population of 400 members of SHGs within Joyful Women Organization (JOYWO). The questionnaire incorporated a 5 point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics correlation analysis and multiple correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. Finding from the study revealed that there was a positive relationship between table banking and empowerment of women. Moreover, the findings revealed that all the constructs were significant in influencing empowerment of women. The study concluded that table banking was critical in the empowerment of women. The study recommends that the government should observe a culture that encourages adoption of table banking among other SHGs that do not utilize the table banking concept. The study limitations were that it only considered one table banking association, which is JOYWO. This research suggested that future research could extend to other table banking associations.

Dusun Tegal Domban is one of the highest Salak Pondoh produce in Sleman District. However there is a problemfaced by salak farmers due to the overproduction and overripe which mightcause waste. Implementation of Biotechnology should be one of the alternativesolutions to overcome this problem. The aims of the program were to utilize the salak fruits wasteto produce Natade Salaccausing biological agents, such as Acetobacter xylinum, and to implement the education for sustainability development which subjected toa women organization PKK Dusun Tegal Domban who accompanyed by the team from Biotechnology Master Program UGM in order to learn how to produce Nata de Salacca. This program was initiated with the laboratory experiments to find the fine composotion of nata substrates to get the optimal nata product. The following action was to acompany the women who aplicate the nata production process. Results from the laboratory experiment showed that the best composition of substrat and water ratiowas 1:4, and the nata thickness was 0.62 cm, while the nata weight was 542.22 g. Those parameters were used for nata standard indicators.Results from the activities of nata production by women groups PKK Dusun Tegal Domban were showed the similar results with the nata standard for thickness, however nata weight was slightly lower than the nata standard.

Small, and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are one of the main actors for national development process. This research is intending to explore the phenomenon or symptom of socio-economic problems in those SMEs. That done by observing women entrepreneur, especially social entrepreneurship subject in Micro and Small Enterprises, that become the member of economic program BUEKA. Therefore, this is a qualitative research with phenomenology approach. Data seeking is directly involved observation or Participating Observation in some of the entrepreneurship events that held by ‘Aisyiyah Movement, and thereafter record it in detail. Collecting data is done with interview about: 1) SMEs relation pattern with the companion institutions, 2) Comprehensive illustration about women empowerment in SMEs entrepreneur, 3) Activities that have been done by those women entrepreneurs are categorized as social entrepreneurship. And then, this research is completed thorough indepht interview for discovering data that is started from the key informant. The result from this research is ‘Aisyiyah is a women organization that driven to improve the life quality of women and family, with social entrepreneurship.

The main goal of this text is to enlighten the role of self-help women organizations in Guinea Bissau, emphasizing on the access of women and their families to health care. The economic instability caused by the economic liberalization process contributed to the increase of poverty and the reinforcement of the gender inequality in Guinea Bissau. The liberalization process was conducted in an uncontrolled way, without the State’s development of public policies capable to protect the human resources involved in this process, being the women the most affected. Inequality of opportunities, social inequality and discrimination against women undertake the development of the whole social, due to the women’s weight at all social levels. To Iman (1997)1 the study of women in general and African women in particular has contributed to broaden and deepen the knowledge about African realities. A more detailed knowledge of health care options for women and their choices in this sector is essential for the implementation of an effective health strategy coordinating both public health planning and the heterogeneous non-public sector.Deriving from the collected depositions in Guinea Bissau, the purpose of this article is, in the context of the economic liberalization process, to find an interpretation of the behaviours and survival strategies development by the women in the Mandjuandadi groups (leisure groups) and Abota groups (savings groups) to facilitate their access and their family access to the health services. As well as the aforementioned purpose, this text also intends to analyse these groups as a social and resilient space. The Abota, formed and managed by the women themselves, has revealed to be one of the most significant methods of mutual aid. These groups operate as an informal instrument of social protection, since the savings made by the group are regularly used to pay for domestic expenses, when they are unable to work due to medical reasons. It can also be used to buy medicines, pay for doctor’s consultations, and meet the expenses of children’s school tuitions and school gear. The Mandjuandadi groups are originally formed under the colonial rule as a form to resist to the cultural politics of the Portuguese. These groups was a free space to continue to sing, dance and play according to the Guinean manner (Semedo, 2010). We argue the practices utilized by the women in that groups are the principal way to guarantee their and their family access to the health services.

Peace researchers aim to reduce violence “by analyzing different types of violence and its causes, predicting in order to prevent, and acting preventively and curatively”(Galtung 1996:50). This thesis addresses the issue of physical violence against women in contemporary Iraqi Kurdistan. Violence against women in Iraqi Kurdistan can be defined as structural violence, cultural violence and direct violence. The project introduces and discusses the strategies and measures implemented to combat the violence against women. In particular, I discuss the work done by local women’s organizations and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and analyze their roles in improving the status of women and in ending violence against women. A central issue to discuss is the role of women’s agency in a society characterized by patriarchal structures, in which the social roles of women submit to customary codified tribal systems that naturalize the idea that women are inferior. Through concepts developed in social theory, I will discuss different challenges and solutions to violence against women in Iraqi Kurdistan. How can women’s organizations contribute to free women from structural violence? What are their aims and objectives? What do they perceive as challenges? With whom do they collaborate? Which factors inhibit female victims in seeking help? In addition to women’s organizations, the government is involved in combating violence against women. What are the challenges facing the government in ending the violence? What is impeding government success? The outcomes of this work are encouraging, despite strong socio-cultural barriers. The theories and practices that may alleviate women’s suffering and lead to their empowerment have come to the fore. Women’s organizations have achieved important progress, and they have the potential for more. The findings suggest that local women’s organizations and international NGOs know that combating violence against women presupposes “conscientization”. This “critical consciousness” cannot be imposed on people, and it does not come from outside. But it can be developed through dialectical interaction and start within citizens who are in “limit-situation” which, according to Pinto, are the boundaries where all possibilities begin (Vieira Pinto in Freire 2003:99).