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The domestic violence in community and at individual levels is outlined.

The silent tolerance of battered and abused women, the problems faced in seeking assistance and protection from the law are documented in the article.

There has long existed a conflict over the role and needs of poor women and children in the field of social welfare. The balance between what clients want and think they need and what policy makers think they need or ought to want is precarious. This article presents a study that gave voice to welfare recipients' perceptions of their needs and wants as they faced the uncertainties of life during welfare reform. Five focus groups were used to collect qualitative data from 33 women. Seven themes related to women's roles and desires in this era of welfare reform were generated. Keywords: felt needs; welfare reform; women and work

The implementation of an anti-oppression approach in feminist agencies must deal with contradictory tensions within the model. Feminists imagine anti-oppression as a model of practice that deals with all structures of oppression. At the same time, feminist members of marginalized communities perceive that their particular form of oppression is not attended to in the model. The authors contend that one must understand anti-oppression practice within the historical and social conditions that create inequity and offer implications for practice. Keywords: anti-oppression; anti-oppressive practice; feminist organizations; organizational change

This case study of women's influence on international environmental health policy making examines the development and implementation of the May 2004 Stockholm Convention for Persistent Organic Pollutants. The role of women's non-governmental organizations and theoretical concepts of empowerment are analyzed. Specific 'gender' strategies are identified as part of advocacy by women in negotiations leading to the Convention. Findings from a 2004 survey of governments are presented outlining national activities with respect to clauses of the agreement relevant for women and children. doi: 10.1300/J013v44n03_03 KEYWORDS. Women's non-governmental organizations, empowerment, persistent organic pollutants, environmental health policy, Stockholm convention

Because of the success of woman suffrage and concerns about World War I, women activists became involved in promoting peace. The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) was a prominent organization in this movement, taking an active part in both national and international political processes. Issues of interest to the WILPF during the 1930s included international disarmament, investigation of the munitions industry, and racial justice. Red-baiting, along with the unpopularity of pacifism prior to World War II, lessened the influence of the WILPF. However, today's social workers can learn much from the WILPF's efforts of 70 years ago. Keywords: activism; peace; politics

This study examines the presidential addresses of the 21 women presidents of the National Conference of Social Work. Although content analysis is difficult because the speeches cross seven decades, three components stood out: The women presidents primarily used their expertise as power, used partisan leadership techniques with a conservative slant, and avoided discussing women or women's issues. The authors argue that these three stylistic components reflect the common desire of the women presidents to advance the professional status of social work, under conditions of subdominant professional and gendered status, despite the span of years. Keywords: leadership styles; National Conference of Social Work; social work history; women leaders

Cet article decrit les activites d'un centre de femmes et ses efforts pour offrir des services et de l'information aux femmes anglophones du Quebec, installees en l'Estrie. A travers le [...]

On n'entend plus les agricultrices canadiennes depuis l'erosion des programmes qui les aidaient. L'auteure parle de ceux qui ont existe et ceux qui furent elimines dans les annees 1970-2000. et [...]

The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which are aimed at eradicating extreme poverty, include achieving universal primary education; promoting gender equality and empowering women; reducing child mortality; improving maternal [...]

This article focuses on the framing of women's health services in the context of restructuring dictated by health system regionalization. By examining the archives of a local newspaper and the minutes and documents of one of the key organizations involved in restructuring after regionalization, it was possible to examine the public discourse of the time and subsequently the journalists' and the readerships' understandings of women's health. The evidence suggests that the Salvation Army was instrumental in setting the tone that was taken by the media in framing the issues around the closure and move of its Grace Women's Health Centre. While the Calgary Health Region was successful in bringing the Grace under its mandate and organizational control, it was the Salvation Army, with its highly visible and powerful fundraising arm and its advocacy for holistic women's health, that caught the public's attention. The internal discourse tracked some of the emerging issues, known only to those involved at managerial levels within the health system, but the public discourse kept women centered in decisions regarding the partnership. Women from many constituencies must continue to participate in the public policy realm to ensure that women's health remains an issue in health reform. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Deliver3, Serviice: 1-800-HAWORTH. E-mail address: Website: KEYWORDS. Women's health, public participation, media, discourse, policy, health reform

In Belgium, as in most other Western countries, the inter-war years were a period that saw new ideas about housing being introduced among various sections of the population. Acting as [...]

Six-month outcomes are evaluated from a 9-site quasi-experimental study of women with mental health and substance use disorders who have experienced physical or sexual abuse who enrolled in either comprehensive, integrated, trauma-informed, and consumer/survivor/recovering person-involved services (N = 1023) or usual care (N = 983). Mental health, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and substance use outcomes are assessed with multilevel regression models, controlling for program and personal characteristics. Person-level variables predict outcomes independent of intervention condition and, to a small extent, moderate intervention and program effects. In sites where the intervention condition provided more integrated counseling than the comparison condition, there are increased effects on mental health and substance use outcomes; these effects are partially mediated by person-level variables. These results encourage further research to identify the longer-term effects of integrated counseling for women with co-occurring disorders and trauma histories. Keywords: Women; Co-occurring disorders; Trauma; Intervention outcomes; Multi-level models

Several aspects of costs related to health care and other service use at 6-month follow-up are presented for women with co-occurring mental health and substance abuse disorders with histories of physical and/or sexual abuse receiving comprehensive, integrated, trauma-informed and consumer/survivor/recovering person-involved interventions (n = 1023) or usual care (n = 983) in a nine-site quasi-experimental study. Results show that, controlling for pre-baseline use, there are no significant differences in total costs between participants in the intervention condition and those in the usual care comparison condition, either from a governmental (avg. $13,500) or Medicaid reimbursement perspectives (avg. just over $10,000). When combined with clinical outcomes analyzed in other works in this issue by Cocozza et al. (2005) and Morrissey et al. (2005), which favored the intervention sites, these cost findings indicate that the treatment intervention services are cost-effective as compared with the usual care received by women at the comparison sites. Keywords: Cost analysis; Cost-effectiveness; Trauma; Mental health; Substance abuse

This paper summarizes the results of a women's community-based marine protected area that has been successful in sustaining invertebrate biological resources and in promoting strong community support. We outline the project and the associated biological results, describe the processes involved in attaining a committed level of community participation, and review the lessons learned during the project's implementation. We attribute the project's preliminary success--improved shellfish biomass, enhanced local environmental awareness, and the reinvigoration of cultural management practices--to the following factors: 1) the high level of participatory involvement and community leadership; 2) the local perception that shell beds have recovered rapidly and the role that scientific evaluation has played in reinforcing this notion; 3) a research program that is cross-fertilizing indigenous and scientific ecological knowledge; 4) the unique marine tenure system that allows for the project's development and the area's policing; and 5) the tangible economic incentives created by the development project, which ultimately empowers local women. We hope that the project s findings can be generalized to other regions of the world with operational sea-tenure regimes and that it can help to make the establishing of community-based marine protected areas (CBMPAs) across the Pacific region more effective. Key words: women, marine protected areas, scientific evaluation, participatory management, marine invertebrates, Solomon Islands

In this paper, we offer an overview of feminist contributions to the reframing and redefinition of rape over the last century. Topics of discussion include empirical research on rape prevalence that shows a consistent 15% prevalence rate despite continuing rape prevention and education efforts. The effects of sociocultural interventions focusing on legal reforms and psychosocial interventions focusing on rape prevention and education efforts are reviewed. The paper concludes with suggestions for refocusing intervention efforts to include rape prevention training for men, rape resistance training for women, and community-based legal interventions.

The author examines the informational resources available on the Internet to victims of domestic violence. Topics include web site reviews, community education, and advocacy groups.

Residential programs that provide safe environments and child care can attract perinatal women into treatment. Other factors, however, may prevent some women from benefiting from these programs. Attachment theory suggests that one's early history determines the effectiveness with which one can utilize available social supports. Lower levels of program retention were predicted for women who had been sexually abused and for those who had poor early bonding. Eighty-four women in residential substance abuse treatment programs were studied. Clients who reported sexual abuse also reported lower parental care. Parental care and overprotection were inversely related, and related, in predicted directions, to perceptions of social supports. Sexual abuse alone was associated with time in treatment and the likelihood of graduation. Implications for developing effective counseling programs for women in substance abuse treatment are discussed. Keywords - substance abuse; sexual abuse; social support; bonding; women.

The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University conducted a comprehensive study among focus groups in three states concerning welfare recipients undergoing substance abuse treatment and developed a survey on employers' attitudes regarding mothers on welfare. Results show that factors which cause substance-dependent welfare recipients' unemployment include histories of physical or sexual abuse and lack of work skills. FamilyWorks, CASA's research demonstration project, was developed to meet the special needs of low-income and chemically-dependent mothers., The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University is developing an intervention strategy tailored to meet the needs of substance-abusing mothers receiving cash assistance. The author would [...]

Adding care for women with HIV or AIDS to a family planning clinic's other services can cause internal stress that is manageable with foresight. Points of disruption include adding personnel, changing individual roles and lines of authority, and fear or anxiety over the illness itself. Training, counseling, and workshops can help counter this stress, as can a consistent commitment by leadership to the new services. Women, especially women of color, are among the most underserved and at-risk of all AIDS populations.

In this article we present women's care in the Netherlands as a case study of the effects of a government's policy favoring integration. Women's care has expanded considerably over the past fifteen years, both inside and outside of the institutional framework. Most of these initiatives started without substantial governmental support. In the 1980s the Dutch government subsidized five national women's care projects. The government assigned an experimental status to them and expected these experiments to serve as a national example for further development of women's care in the Netherlands. After 1986 experiments were expected to develop a system of women's care which could be integrated into the official health care network. While our research shows this policy has significantly furthered the growth of women's care, there is a danger that integration may coincide with depoliticization. Integration is often limited to those aspects of women's care that fit into the institution's existing structure and culture. Women's care is then stripped of its political aspect. The demand that women's care must involve social change is set aside. This tendency is reinforced by the wish of the women's care providers for professionalization of treatment.

Informal elder care is typically a women's issue. Eldercare problems frequently lead to burnout because of increasing longevity, advanced medical technology, changes in family life, gender role expectations and nature of formal caregiving services available (difficult to access, limited and expensive). Ultimately caregiver burn-out is a result of culture lag, a lack of fit between changes in the material culture and conditions of life, and the nonmaterial aspects of culture (values, norms, etc.). To assist family caregivers both government and business must change family care and health care policies.

Working women issues such as dependent care, maternity leave and work conditions are analyzed. An agenda for addressing these issues is also presented. The inequalities that working women face at home and in the workplace are numerous. Comprehensive government policies such as affordable childcare, improved maternity leave benefits and equitable wages with men would address these inequalities.

Khalda Perveen ventures where trained doctors rarely dare to go. She is among more than 90 000 Lady Health Workers who are working to increase health awareness and improve child [...]

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