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Objective Previous studies have reported inverse associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and lung function, but less is known about whether pulmonary function is affected by SES changes. We aimed to describe the relationship of changes of SES between childhood and adulthood with pulmonary function. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants The study sample included 4104 men and women, aged 45–69 years, residents of Krakow, participating in the Polish part of the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial Factors in Eastern Europe Project. Main outcome Forced expiratory volume (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were assessed by the standardised spirometry procedure. Participants were classified into three categories of SES (low, moderate or high) based on information on parent’s education, housing standard during childhood, own education, employment status, household amenities and financial status. Results The adjusted difference in mean FVC between persons with low and high adulthood SES was 100 mL (p=0.005) in men and 100 mL (p

Background: The highest priority in preventive cardiology was given to patients with estab­lished coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of the study was to assess the implementation of guidelines for secondary prevention in everyday clinical practice by evaluating control of the main risk factors and the cardioprotective medication prescription rates for patients, following their hospitalization for CAD. Methods: Five hospitals with cardiology departments serving the city and its surround­ing districts in southern part of Poland participated in the study. Consecutive patients aged ≤ 80 years, hospitalized from January 1 2010 to April 31 2012 due to an acute coronary syndrome or for a myocardial revascularization procedure were recruited and interviewed 6–18 months after hospitalization. Results: The medical records of 595 patients (mean age: 62.8 ± 9.0 years, 397 men and 198 women) were reviewed and included in the analyses. Proportions of medical records with available information on risk factors were high with the exception of total cholesterol levels as well as weight and height measurements, which were available in less than 80% of the hospital records. The prescription rate at discharge for antiplatelets was 99%, beta-blockers (BB) — 85%, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or sartans — 85%, and lipid-lowering drugs — 94%. Patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting were significantly less often prescribed BB, ACEI or sartans, and lipid-lowering drugs. The proportion of patients with high blood pressure (≥ 140/90 mm Hg) 6–18 months after hospitalization was 47%, with high LDL cholesterol level (≥ 1.8 mmol/L) 73%, and with a high HbA 1c level (≥ 7.0%) 14%, whereas 20% of participants were smokers and 80% were overweight. The proportion of patients taking an antiplatelet agent 6–18 months after hospitalization was 90%, BB — 82%, ACEI — or sartan 78%, and lipid-lowering drug — 82%. Overall, 33.9% of the study participants declared that they had been advised to participate in a rehabilitation/secondary prevention program following their hospitalization and 30.5% participated in a rehabilitation/secondary prevention program. However, only 28.2% took part in at least half of the planned sessions. Using a multivariate analysis we showed that, in general, risk factors control and the prescription rates of cardioprotective medications were related to the patients’ age, education, and participation in a rehabilitation/secondary prevention program following their hospitalization due to CAD. Conclusions: Our data provide evidence that there is a considerable potential for further reduction of cardiovascular risk in CAD patients. Our results suggest that increasing patient participation rates in rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs may improve the imple­mentation of the secondary prevention.

The evidence concerning the quality of secondary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD) in Poland in recent years is scarce.To compare the implementation of secondary prevention guidelines into everyday clinical practice between 2006-2007 and 2011-2012 in patients after hospitalisation due to CAD.Five hospitals with departments of cardiology serving a city and its surrounding districts in the southern part of Poland participated in the study. Consecutive patients aged ≤ 80 years, hospitalised from April 1, 2005 to July 31, 2006 (first survey) and from April 1, 2010 to June 30, 2011 (second survey) due to acute coronary syndrome or for a myocardial revascularisation procedure were recruited and interviewed 6-18 months after hospitalisation.Medical records of 640 patients were reviewed and included in the first survey and 466 in the second survey. The proportion of medical records with available information on smoking did not differ between the surveys, whereas the proportion of medical records with available information on blood pressure and total cholesterol was lower in patients hospitalised in 2010-2011. The prescription rate of β-blockers at discharge decreased from 90% to 84% (p0.05), whereas the prescription rates at discharge of other drug classes did not change significantly. The proportion of patients with high blood pressure (≥ 140/90 mm Hg) one year after hospitalisation decreased in 2011-2012 compared to 2006-2007 (from 48% to 35%, p0.05), whereas the proportion of subjects with high LDL cholesterol, high fasting glucose, and obesity did not change significantly. We did not note a significant difference in the smoking rate. The proportions of patients taking an antiplatelet agent (90% vs. 91%), a β-blocker (87% vs. 79%), an ACE inhibitor or a sartan (79% vs. 76%), a calcium antagonist (22% vs. 25%), a diuretic (35%vs. 45%), and a lipid-lowering drug (86% vs. 87%) one year after discharge did not change significantly (all p0.05).We noted a modest improvement in the implementation of CAD secondary prevention guidelines in everyday clinical practice: blood pressure was better controlled, although the control of all other main risk factors did not change significantly. Our data provides evidence that there is a considerable potential for further reduction of cardiovascular risk in CAD patients.

Background: Well designed cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention programmes appear to be generally applicable and effective in reducing exposure to risk factors and the incidence of disease. However, introducing them broadly into clinical practice would have a significant impact on the healthcare budget, and requires careful consideration. Aim: The purpose of this health economic analysis was to assess the potential cost-effectiveness of the model nurse-led, comprehensive CVD primary prevention programme which was prepared and introduced in the EUROACTION project, in high-risk patients in Poland. Methods: A Markov model was developed to assess the long-term costs of preventive intervention. The health states modelled were: event-free (all patients at the beginning of observation), stable angina first year, acute myocardial infarction, stable angina subsequent year, myocardial infarction subsequent year, CVD death, and other causes of death. Health benefits from the reduction in risk factors were estimated based on Framingham risk function assuming the probability of defined health states according to British registers. The time horizon of the analysis was ten years, and one Markov cycle length was one year. The analysis was prepared from the healthcare payer’s perspective. A willingness to pay threshold of three gross domestic product (GDP) per capita / quality-adjusted life years (QALY) was used. Univariate sensitivity analysis was conducted. Results were presented as an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) expressed as an incremental cost per QALY. Results: In Poland, EUROACTION intervention resulted mainly in reductions in the prevalence of smoking (by 14%) and high blood pressure (by 7%). Intervention on other risk factors, including blood lipids, was found to be less effective. Estimated ICERs were 19,524 PLN for men and 82,262 PLN for women. The programme was even more cost-effective in smokers i.e. estimated ICERs were 12,377 PLN in men and 53,471 PLN in women. The results were most sensitive to variations in health states utilities and cost value range as well as the duration of treatment effect. Conclusions: The model nurse-led, comprehensive CVD primary prevention programme developed in the EUROACTION project appears to be potentially highly cost-effective for high-risk male patients in Poland (below 1 GDP per capita per QALY). For women, the cost-effectiveness was less but still below the acceptable threshold (below three GDP per capita per QALY), although the sensitivity analysis showed that results were a subject of some uncertainty.

INTRODUCTION Patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD) are at high risk of recurrent cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to identify factors related to control of hypercholesterolemia in patients after hospitalization for CAD. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included consecutive patients from 5 hospitals with cardiology departments serving one city in southern Poland. Patients were hospitalized for an acute coronary syndrome or for a myocardial revascularization procedure. Interviews and examinations were conducted 6 to 18 months after hospitalization. RESULTS Overall, 83.6% of the patients were taking statins; 2.1%, fibrates; and 0.5%, ezetimibe. A statin at a high dose (≥40 mg of atorvastatin or ≥20 mg of rosuvastatin) was taken by 36.1% of the participants. Younger age and index hospitalization in a teaching hospital were significantly associated with a higher probability of taking a statin. Overall, 28.1% of the patients had good control of hypercholesterolemia (low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol levels

Introduction Central and peripheral blood pressure (BP) and periodontal disease (PD) are considered to be related to the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, there is scarce evidence on the association between chronic PD and BP. Objectives The aim of the study was to assess the relation between chronic PD, antibodies against Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.) gingipains and central and peripheral BP in high-risk patients with previous myocardial infarction. Patients and methods We examined 99 patients (71 men and 28 women) 6 to 18 months after myocardial infarction. The periodontal status was assessed using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). BP was measured noninvasively using the Mobil-O-Graph device. Antibody titers against P.g. gingipains were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The association between CPI and BP was assessed using logistic regression models. Results The mean age of participants was 60.5 ±8.7 years. After the adjustment for age, sex, smoking, diabetes, number of antihypertensive drugs, hypercholesterolemia, body mass index, and left ventricular ejection fraction, an association was found between central and peripheral BP and the CPI. Patients from the CPI 3 + 4 group were found to have almost 3 times higher odds of central BP of 130/90 mmHg or higher and more than 3 times higher odds of peripheral BP of 140/90 mmHg or higher compared with patients from the CPI 1 + 2 group. Conclusions The severity of PD was associated with increased central and peripheral BP. The association between BP and PD may partially explain the cardiovascular risk related to chronic PD. Proteolytic activity of P.g. gingipains was not associated with BP.

Aims Passive smoking is the inhalation of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and is a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). We aimed to describe the frequency of passive smoking among patients with CHD and to investigate the association between ETS exposure and smoking cessation. Methods and results The EUROASPIRE III survey was conducted in 2006–07 among CHD patients up to 80 years of age from 22 European regions. Patients were interviewed and examined on average 15 months after hospital admission for CHD. Information was obtained on smoking prior to hospital admission, smoking at interview, and ETS exposure at home, at work, and at other locations. Breath carbon monoxide was measured to validate self-reported non-smoking. Among 8729 patients, 6060 (69.4%) were non-smokers prior to hospital admission, of whom 10.3% reported ETS exposure at home, 7.2% at work, and 13.8% at other locations. Overall, 24.2% of non-smokers were exposed to ETS at any place. Among the 2669 patients who were smoking prior to hospital admission, the likelihood of cessation at interview was lower in those with ETS exposure at home than in those without [25.3 vs. 58.1%; adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20–0.33]. This finding applied also to ETS exposure at work (32.2 vs. 52.7%; adjusted OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.42–0.76) and at other locations (38.0 vs. 52.8%; adjusted OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.48–0.84). Conclusion A noteworthy proportion of non-smokers with CHD are exposed to ETS. Passive smoking may jeopardize smoking cessation among CHD patients.

Background: Smoking is one of the most important risk factors. Persisting smoking after an coronary event is related to significantly higher risk of the future cardiovascular complications. Studies performed in late nineties showed that a considerable percentage of patients continue with smoking after an coronary event. The aim of the present paper was to compare smoking rates in coronary patients in the post-discharge period in Krakow in 1997/1998, 1999/2000 and 2006/2007. Methods: Consecutive patients hospitalized from July 1, 1996 to September 31, 1997 (first survey), from March 1, 1998 to March 30, 1999 (second survey), and from April 1, 2005 to July 31, 2006 (third survey) due to acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina or for myocardial revascularization procedures, below the age of < 71 years were identified and then followed up, interviewed and examined 6–18 months after discharge. Self-reported smoking and breath carbon monoxide was analysed. Results: The number of patients who participated in the follow-up examinations were: 418 (78.0%) in the first survey, 427 (82.9%) in the second and 427 (79.1%) in the third survey. There was no significant change in smoking (self-reported) rates (16% vs 16% vs 19%; p = NS). When breath carbon monoxide was also analysed once again the difference did not reach significance (18% in 1999–2000 and 23% in 2006– 2007; p = NS). Nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion or varenicline were also not used (0% vs 0.2% vs 0.5%; p = NS). Conclusion: The smoking rate in coronary patients over the decade from 1997/1998 to 2006/2007 did not changed significantly. The pharmacotherapy for smoking is almost not used in coronary patients.