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Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common tumour of the canine urinary bladder. Recently, BRAF mutation testing emerged as a diagnostic option, but its prognostic significance is unknown. This study investigates the relationship between BRAF (variant V595E) mutation status and overall survival in UC-bearing dogs. Seventy-nine patients histologically diagnosed with UC of the bladder and/or urethra between 2006 and 2019 were included in this retrospective single-centre-study. Treatment consisted of meloxicam (n = 39, group 1 'Melox'), mitoxantrone and meloxicam (+/- followed by metronomic chlorambucil; n = 23, group 2 'Chemo') or partial cystectomy followed by meloxicam +/- mitoxantrone (n = 17, group 3 'Sx'). Survival was significantly influenced by treatment (p = .0002) and tumour location (p .001) in both uni- and multivariable analyses. BRAF mutation was identified in 51 tumours (=64.6%) and had no statistically significant influence on overall survival: MST for BRAF-negative patients 359 versus 214 days for BRAF-positive dogs (p = .055). However, in BRAF-positive dogs, survival depended significantly on type of treatment in univariable analysis: MSTs for groups 1-3 were 151, 244 and 853 days, respectively (p = .006); In BRAF-positive group 2 ('Chemo')-patients, adjuvant metronomic chlorambucil after mitoxantrone more than doubled MST compared to patients receiving mitoxantrone alone (588 vs. 216 days; p = .030). In contrast, MSTs were not significantly different in BRAF-negative patients among the three treatment groups (p = .069). Multivariate analysis of these data was not possible due to group size limitations. This study identified tumour location and treatment type, but not BRAF mutation status, as independent prognostic factors for overall survival.

Objective To describe and discuss ventromedial orbital lacrimal gland or duct cysts (dacryops) in dogs with extensive bone defects based on their symptoms, results of diagnostic imaging and histopathological examination, and therapy and discuss their potential origin based on the morphology. Animals studied Four dogs of different breeds, age, and sex were presented with a unilateral round, slow growing, indolent, and non-tender process ventromedial to the nasal canthus of the eye. Procedures Transverse computed tomography showed a low-density, non-contrast-enhancing cystic process ventromedial to the globe with extensive defects in the lacrimal and maxillary bones in all cases. The cystic character of the structure was confirmed by the aspiration of the brownish fluid without cellular and microbiological contents. For treatment, the cystic fluid was aspirated, and the sclerosing agent polidocanol was injected in three cases. Cystorhinostomy (nasal marsupialisation) was performed in one case as the first choice and in another case following failure of sclerotherapy. Histopathological examination of the cyst walls was performed in two cases and confirmed the diagnosis of dacryops. Results Follow-up between 2 and 18 months showed no recurrence and very good to excellent cosmetic results. Conclusions Aberrant lacrimal gland or duct tissue with secondary development of dacryops should be included in the differential diagnoses of ventromedial orbital cysts. Large cysts near the lacrimal drainage system with extensive bone defects in dogs should be treated by nasal marsupialization. Treatments such as evacuation of the cyst and inducing sclerosis (sclerotherapy) should be reserved for exceptional cases.

A 17 mo old female Jack Russell terrier was diagnosed with unilateral primary malignant nephroblastoma. The dog presented with polyuria and polydipsia. Laboratory tests revealed polycythemia and elevated serum erythropoietin levels. Diagnostic imaging (i.e., MRI) revealed a unilateral renal mass without spinal cord involvement. Nephrectomy was performed, and the histopathologic diagnosis was nephroblastoma. The dog did not receive any chemotherapy, and there was no evidence of recurrent disease or metastasis over 30 mo after nephrectomy. This is the first case report of a dog presenting with polyuria and polydipsia found to be a result of nephroblastoma. Furthermore, this is the longest survival reported for canine nephroblastoma treated with nephrectomy alone.

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are short, single-stranded RNA molecules that regulate gene expression in a post-transcriptional manner. Their expression is proposed to be tissue-specific and alterations in miRNA expression have been detected in many diseases.To compare miRNA expression in the skin of healthy Labrador and golden retrievers, and those with allergic and nonallergic dermatitis.Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) skin specimens from seven healthy Labrador and golden retrievers, and seven dogs with allergic skin disease were collected. A further mixed nonallergic inflammation group consisted of samples from five dogs with fungal infection, demodicosis and mast cell tumours. Total RNA was extracted and miRNA primer assays for 18 target miRNAs (miR-142, miR-363, miR-18b, miR-451, miR-146a, miR-124, miR-409, miR-193b, miR-223, miR-215, miR-155, miR-423a, miR-143, miR-1839, miR-21, miR-34b, miR-146b and miR-202) were performed, with RNU6-2 and SNORD95 as miRNAs for normalisation. The selection of miRNAs for investigation was based on reported data and a pilot study evaluating miRNA extraction from FFPE tissue specimens.In the two dogs with mast cell tumours, miRNA expression was undetermined for most miRNAs, so both were excluded from analysis. Although there were differences in the miRNA expression between healthy and inflamed skin, allergic and nonallergic inflammation showed similar expression patterns.Although the number of included dogs was small, based on this study, none of the evaluated miRNAs allowed differentiation of allergic dermatitis from other inflammatory skin diseases in retriever dogs.Les microRNAs (miRNA) sont de courtes molécules d’ARN à un brin qui régulent l’expression des gènes d’une manière post-transcriptionnelle. Leur expression est supposée être spécifique du tissu et des altérations d’expression de miRNA ont été détectées dans de nombreuses maladies.Comparer l’expression de miRNA dans la peau de labrador et golden retrievers sains et ayant une dermatite allergique et non-allergique. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Les échantillons de peau FFPE (formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded) de sept labrador et golden retrievers sains et sept chiens avec dermatose allergique ont été collectés. Un autre groupe d’inflammations mixtes non allergiques consistaient en des échantillons de cinq chiens avec infection fongique, démodécie et mastocytomes. L’ARN total a été extrait et les amorces miRNA pour 18 miRNAS cibles (miR-142, miR-363, miR-18b, miR-451, miR-146a, miR-124, miR-409, miR-193b, miR-223, miR-215, miR-155, miR-423a, miR-143, miR-1839, miR-21, miR-34b, miR-146b et miR-202) ont été réalisées, avec RNU6-2 et SNORD95 comme miRNAs pour normalisation. La sélection de miRNAs pour investigation était basée sur les données rapportées et sur une étude pilote évaluant l’extraction de miRNA des tissus FFPE. RÉSULTATS: Pour les deux chiens avec mastocytomes, l’expression a été indéterminée pour la plupart des miRNAs, et ces deux cas ont donc été exclus des analyses. Bien qu’il y ai des différences d’expression de miRNA entre la peau saine et inflammée, l’inflammation allergique et non allergique a montré des patrons d’expression similaires.Bien que le nombre de chiens inclus soit faible, à partir de cette étude, aucun des miRNAs évalués ne permet de différenciation entre dermatites allergiques et d’autres dermatoses inflammatoires chez les retrievers.INTRODUCCIÓN: los microRNA (miRNA) son moléculas cortas de RNA monocatenario que regulan la expresión génica de forma postranscripcional. Se propone que su expresión es específica de tejido y se han detectado alteraciones en la expresión de miRNA en muchas enfermedades. OBJETIVO: comparar la expresión de miARN en la piel de perros de raza Labrador y Golden Retriever sanos, y de aquellos con dermatitis alérgica y no alérgica. MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: Se recolectaron muestras de piel fijadas con formalina e incluidas en parafina (FFPE) de siete Labrador y Golden Retriever sanos y siete perros con enfermedades alérgicas de la piel. Otro grupo mixto de inflamación no alérgica consistió en muestras de cinco perros con infección por hongos, demodicosis y mastoctiomas. Se extrajo el RNA total y se realizaron ensayos de cebadores de miRNA para 18 dianas de miRNA (miR-142, miR-363, miR-18b, miR-451, miR-146a, miR-124, miR-409, miR-193b, miR-223, miR -215, miR-155, miR-423a, miR-143, miR-1839, miR-21, miR-34b, miR-146b y miR-202), con RNU6-2 y SNORD95 como miRNA para la normalización. La selección de miRNA para la investigación se basó en datos reportados y un estudio piloto que evaluó la extracción de miRNA de muestras de tejido FFPE. RESULTADOS: en los dos perros con mastocitomas, la expresión de miRNA fue indeterminada para la mayoría de los miRNA, por lo que ambos fueron excluidos del análisis. Aunque hubo diferencias en la expresión de miRNA entre piel sana e inflamada, la inflamación alérgica y no alérgica mostró patrones de expresión similares. CONCLUSIÓN Y RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: aunque el número de perros incluidos fue pequeño, según este estudio, ninguno de los miRNA evaluados permitió diferenciar la dermatitis alérgica de otras enfermedades inflamatorias de la piel en perros Retriever.MicroRNAs (miRNAs) sind kurze, einzelsträngige RNA Moleküle, die die Genexprimierung post-transkriptional regulieren. Es wird vermutet, dass ihre Exprimierung Gewebe-spezifisch ist. Veränderungen der miRNA Exprimierung wurden bei verschiedenen Krankheiten beobachtet. ZIEL: Ein Vergleich der miRNA Exprimierung in der Haut gesunder Labrador und Golden Retriever, sowie jener mit allergischer und nicht allergischer Dermatitis.Formalin-fixierte und in Paraffin eingebettete (FFPE) Hautproben von sieben gesunden Labrador und Golden Retrievern sowie sieben Hunden mit allergischer Hauterkrankung wurden entnommen. Eine weitere gemischte Gruppe mit nicht allergischer Entzündung bestand aus Proben von fünf Hunden mit einer Pilzinfektion, Demodikose und Mastzelltumoren. Totale RNA wurde extrahiert und miRNA Primer Assays für 18 Target miRNAs (miR-142, miR-363, mi-R-18b, mi-R451, miR-146a, miR-124, miR-409, miR-193b, miR-223, miR-215, miR-155, miR-423a, miR-143, miR-1839, miR-21, miR-34b, miR-146b und miR-202) durchgeführt, wobei RNU6-2 und SNORAD95 als miRNAs zur Normalisierung verwendet wurden. Die Auswahl der miRNAs für die Untersuchung basierte auf den beschriebenen Daten und einer Pilotstudie, welche die miRNA Extraktion von FFPE Geweben evaluiert hatte.Bei den beiden Hunden mit Mastzelltumoren war die miRNA für die meisten miRNAs unbestimmt, daher wurden beide von der Analyse ausgeschlossen. Obwohl Unterschiede bei der miRNA Exprimierung zwischen der gesunden und der entzündeten Haut bestanden, zeigte die allergische und die nicht allergische Entzündung ein ähnliches Exprimierungsmuster.Obwohl die Anzahl der Hunde in der Studie klein war, erlaubte - basierend auf dieser Studie - keine der evaluierten miRNAs eine Differenzierung zwischen einer allergischen Dermatitis anderer entzündlicher Hauterkrankungen von Retrieverhunden.背景: マイクロRNA（miRNA）は、短い一本鎖RNA分子で、転写後に遺伝子の発現を制御する。その発現は組織特異的であることが提唱されており、多くの疾患でmiRNAの発現変化が検出されている。 目的: 本研究の目的は、アレルギー性皮膚炎の有無による、健常ラブラドールおよびゴールデンレトリーバーの皮膚におけるmiRNAの発現を比較することであった。 材料と方法: 健常ラブラドールおよびゴールデンレトリーバー7頭と、アレルギー性皮膚疾患の犬7頭から、ホルマリン固定・パラフィン包埋（FFPE）の皮膚標本を採取した。さらに混合した非アレルギー性炎症群は、真菌感染症、ニキビダニ症、肥満細胞腫の犬5頭のサンプルで構成された。総RNAを抽出し、正規化miRNAとしてRNU6-2およびSNORD95を用いて18種類の標的miRNA（miR-142、miR-363、miR-18b、miR-451、miR-146a、miR-124、miR-409、miR-193b、miR-223, miR-215, miR-155, miR-423a, miR-143, miR-1839, miR-21, miR-34b, miR-146b, miR-202）に対するmiRNAプライマーアッセイ法を実施した。調査するmiRNAの選択は、報告されたデータおよびFFPE組織標本からのmiRNA抽出を評価したパイロットスタディに基づいて行った。 結果: 肥満細胞腫を有する2頭の犬では、ほとんどのmiRNAの発現が不確定であったため、両者は解析から除外された。健常皮膚と炎症を起こした皮膚ではmiRNAの発現に違いがあったが、アレルギー性炎症および非アレルギー性炎症は同様の発現パターンを示した。 結論と臨床的妥当性: 対象とした犬の数は少なかったが、本研究に基づいて、評価したmiRNAのいずれも、レトリーバー犬におけるアレルギー性皮膚炎と他の炎症性皮膚疾患との鑑別を可能にするものではなかった。.背景: 微小RNA(miRNA)是一种短的单链RNA分子，以后转录方式调节基因表达。它们的表达被认为具有组织特异性，miRNA表达的改变已在许多疾病中被检测到。 目的: 比较健康拉布拉多和金毛巡回犬，以及过敏性和非过敏性皮炎犬皮肤中miRNA的表达。 方法和材料: 收集7只健康拉布拉多和金毛巡回犬、7只过敏性皮肤病患犬的福尔马林固定和石蜡包埋(FFPE)皮肤样本。另一个混合性非过敏性炎症组包括患有真菌感染、蠕形螨病和肥大细胞瘤的5只犬的样本。提取总RNA，对18个靶miRNA（miR-142、miR-363、miR-18b、miR-451、miR-146a、miR-124、miR-409、miR-193b、miR-223、miR-215、miR-155、miR-423a、miR-143、miR-1839、miR-21、miR-34b、miR-146b和miR-202）进行miRNA引物检测，以RNU6-2和SNORD95作为miRNA进行标准化。用于研究的miRNA的选择是基于已报道的数据和一项评价从FFPE组织标本中提取miRNA的初步研究。 结果: 在两只肥大细胞瘤患犬中，大多数miRNA的miRNA表达是未确定的，因此将这两只犬排除在分析之外。尽管健康皮肤和发炎皮肤的miRNA表达存在差异，但过敏性和非过敏性炎症表现出相似的表达模式。 结论和临床相关性: 尽管纳入的犬数量较少，但基于本研究，评价的miRNA均不能区分巡回犬过敏性皮炎和其他炎性皮肤病。.MicroRNAs (miRNA) são moléculas curtas de RNA de fita simples que regulam a expressão gênica de uma maneira pós-transcricional. Sugere-se que a sua expressão seja específica para tecidos e alterações na expressão de miRNAs foram detectadas em muitas doenças.Comparar a expressão de miRNA na pele de Labradores saudáveis ​​e golden retrievers, e naqueles com dermatite alérgica e não alérgica. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: Amostras de pele fixadas em formalina e embebidas em parafina (FFPE) de sete Labradores e golden retrievers saudáveis ​​e sete cães com doença alérgica cutânea foram coletadas. Um outro grupo de inflamação não alérgica mista consistia em amostras de cinco cães com infecção fúngica, demodiciose e mastocitomas. O RNA total foi extraído e os ensaios de primer de miRNA para 18 miRNAs alvo (miR-142, miR-363, miR-18b, miR-451, miR-146a, miR-124, miR-409, miR-193b, miR-223, miR -215, miR-155, miR-423a, miR-143, miR-1839, miR-21, miR-34b, miR-146b e miR-202) foram realizados, com RNU6-2 e SNORD95 como miRNAs para normalização. A seleção de miRNAs para investigação foi baseada em dados relatados e um estudo piloto avaliando a extração de miRNA de espécimes de tecido FFPE.Nos dois cães com mastocitoma, a expressão de miRNA foi indeterminada para a maioria dos miRNAs, portanto, ambos foram excluídos da análise. Embora houvesse diferenças na expressão de miRNA entre pele saudável e inflamada, a inflamação alérgica e não alérgica apresentou padrões de expressão semelhantes. CONCLUSÃO E RELEVÂNCIA CLÍNICA: Embora o número de cães incluídos tenha sido pequeno, com base neste estudo, nenhum dos miRNAs avaliados permitiu a diferenciação da dermatite alérgica de outras doenças inflamatórias da pele em cães retriever.

This article describes a case of multiple, recurrent, cutaneous inverted papillomas (CIPs) in a German shepherd dog, combined with a retrospective follow-up assessment of eight cases.A 3-year-old, black, female German shepherd dog presented with four rapidly growing, alopecic, domed, hyperpigmented, shiny nodules, compatible with CIP. The dog was managed for pruritus, associated with atopic dermatitis, with long-term prednisolone therapy and this therapy was continued after the surgical excision. Twelve months after the initial presentation the dog was represented for two new CIP lesions, coinciding with an increased dosage of prednisolone during an allergic flare-up period.Histopathological evaluation was conducted on both the original and subsequent lesions from the case with recurrence. Eight cases of CIP, based on histopathological findings, were identified retrospectively from the authors' diagnostic pathology service over the previous two years. All nine cases had lesions that exhibited varying degrees of inverted epithelial hyperplasia, multiple, endophytic, papillary epidermal projections, a cup-shaped base with central hyperkeratosis and active viral pathological findings (koilocytes). The submitting veterinarians were contacted and follow-up regarding recurrence and concurrent medications was obtained.CIP is uncommonly reported, typically as a single lesion with no previous reports of recurrence, although one group of dogs with severe combined immunodeficiency developed invasive malignancies. In seven of eight retrospective cases no recurrence of CIP was recorded. The authors speculate that the recurrence in the German shepherd dog may have been associated with chronic (although low-dose) glucocorticoid administration.Cet article décrit un cas de papillomes inversés cutanés, récidivants, multiples (CIPs) chez un berger allemand, associé à une série rétrospective de huit cas. MÉTHODES: Une femelle berger allemand de 3 ans, noire présentée pour quatre nodules brillants alopéciques, hyperpigmentés, bombés à croissance rapide compatibles avec CIP. Le chien était géré pour prurit, associé à une dermatite atopique, avec un traitement à la prednisolone au long cours et ce traitement a été poursuivi après exérèse chirurgicale. Douze mois après la présentation initiale le chien a été de nouveau présenté pour deux nouvelles lésions de type CIP, coïncidant avec l’augmentation de dose de prednisolone administrée au cours d’une poussée allergique. RÉSULTATS: Une évaluation histopathologique a été réalisée sur la lésion initiale et la lésion récidivante. Huit cas de CIP, basés sur les données histopathologiques, ont été identifiés rétrospectivement dans le service de pathologie des auteurs sur une période de deux ans. Tous les neufs cas avaient des lésions qui présentaient des degrés variables d’hyperplasie épithéliale inversée, multiple, endophytique, projections épidermiques papillaires, une base en forme de coupe avec hyperkératose centrale et des signes d’atteinte virale active (koïlocytes). Les vétérinaires ont été contactés et un suivi concernant les récidives et les traitements en cours a été obtenu.Le CIP est rapporté rarement, typiquement comme une lésion unique sans antécédent de récidive, bien qu’un groupe de chiens avec immunodéficience sévère associée ai développé des lésions malignes invasives. Dans sept des huit cas rétrospectifs aucune récidive de CIP n’a été notée. Les auteurs supposent que la récidive chez le berger allemand pourrait être associée à l’administration chronique (bien qu’à faible dose) de corticoïdes.INTRODUCCIÓN: este artículo describe un caso de papilomas invertidos cutáneos (CIPs) múltiples y recurrentes en un perro pastor alemán, combinado con una evaluación de seguimiento retrospectiva de ocho casos. MÉTODOS: Una perra pastor alemán negra de 3 años presentó cuatro nódulos alopécicos, abovedados, hiperpigmentados y brillantes de rápido crecimiento, compatibles con CIPs. El perro estaba siendo tratado por prurito, asociado con dermatitis atópica, con prednisolona de larga duración y esta terapia se continuó después de la escisión quirúrgica. Doce meses después de la presentación inicial, el perro estuvo se presentó por dos nuevas lesiones de CIP, coincidiendo con un aumento de la dosis de prednisolona durante un período de exacerbación alérgica. RESULTADOS: se realizó una evaluación histopatológica tanto de las lesiones originales como de las posteriores recidivas. Se identificaron retrospectivamente ocho casos de CIPs, basados ​​en hallazgos histopatológicos, del servicio de patología diagnóstica de los autores durante los dos años anteriores. Los nueve casos tenían lesiones que presentaban diversos grados de hiperplasia epitelial invertida, múltiples proyecciones epidérmicas papilares endofíticas, una base en forma de copa con hiperqueratosis central y hallazgos patológicos virales activos (coilocitos). Se contactó con los veterinarios remitentes y se realizó un seguimiento con respecto a la recurrencia y la medicación administrada. CONCLUSIONES E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: los CIPs se observan con poca frecuencia, por lo general como una sola lesión sin recidivas, aunque un grupo de perros con inmunodeficiencia combinada grave desarrolló neoplasias malignas invasivas. En siete de ocho casos retrospectivos no se observó recidiva de CIPs. Los autores especulan que la recidiva en el perro pastor alemán puede haber estado asociada con la administración crónica (aunque en dosis bajas) de glucocorticoides.In diesem Artikel wird der Fall eines multiplen, wiederkehrenden, kutan invertierten Papilloms (CIPs) bei einem Deutschen Schäferhund zusammen mit einer retrospektiven Follow-Up Analyse von acht Fällen beschrieben.Eine drei Jahre alte schwarze Deutsche Schäferhündin wurde mit vier rasch wachsenden, haarlosen, kuppelartigen, hyperpigmentierten, glänzenden Knoten, die mit CIP vergleichbar waren, vorgestellt. Der Hund wurde wegen Juckreiz im Zusammenhang mit atopischer Dermatitis mit einer Langzeit Prednisolon Therapie gemanagt und nach der chirurgischen Exzision wurde diese Therapie fortgesetzt. Zwölf Monate nach der Erstvorstellung wurde der Hund mit zwei neuen CIP Veränderungen vorgestellt, was mit einer Erhöhung der Prednisolon Dosis während einem allergischen Schub zusammenfiel.Eine histopathologische Evaluierung wurde sowohl von der Erstveränderung wie auch von der nachfolgenden Veränderung während des Wiederauftretens durchgeführt. Acht Fälle von CIP wurden - basierend auf den Ergebnissen der histopathologischen Untersuchung - retrospektiv aus dem diagnostischen Pathologie Service des Autors über den Zeitraum der vorherigen zwei Jahre identifiziert. Alle neun Fälle wiesen Veränderungen auf, die ein unterschiedliches Ausmaß an invertierter epithelialer Hyperplasie, multiple, endophytische, papilläre epidermale Projektionen, eine Tassen-förmige Basis mit einer zentralen Hyperkeratose und aktive virale pathologische Befunde (Koilozyten) zeigten. Die überweisenden TierärztInnen wurden kontaktiert und ein Follow-Up bezüglich eines Wiederauftretens und der Verabreichung begleitender Medikation wurde festgehalten.CIP wird selten beschrieben, typischerweise als einzelne Veränderung ohne einen Vorbericht eines Wiederauftretens, obwohl eine Gruppe von Hunden mit schwerer Immundefizienz invasive Malignitäten entwickelt hatte. In sieben von acht retrospektiven Fällen wurde nicht von einem Wiederauftreten der CIP berichtet. Die Autoren spekulieren, dass das Wiederauftreten bei diesem Deutschen Schäferhund im Zusammenhang mit der chronischen (wenn auch niedrig-dosierten) Glukokortikoidbehandlung gestanden haben dürfte.背景: 本論文は、ジャーマン・シェパード・ドッグに発生した多発性、再発性反転性乳頭腫 (CIP) の1例を、8例の回顧的追跡調査と合わせて報告する。 方法: 3歳、黒色、ジャーマン・シェパード・ドッグの雌犬が、CIPと思われる急速に成長する脱毛したドーム状の色素沈着した光沢のある4つの小結節を呈した。本症例はアトピー性皮膚炎に伴う掻痒のためプレドニゾロンの長期投与を受けており、外科的切除後もプレドニゾロン治療を継続した。初診時から12ヶ月後、本症例は2つの新しいCIP病変のために来院したが、これはアレルギーの再燃期間中にプレドニゾロンの投与量を増やしたことと一致していた。 結果: 症例の初期病変およびその後の再発病変の両方について、病理組織学的評価を実施した。病理組織学的所見に基づいて、過去2年間に著者の診断病理サービスから遡って8例のCIPを同定した。9例すべての病変は、程度の差こそあれ、反転した上皮過形成、複数の、内生した、乳頭状の表皮突起、中央に過角化を伴うカップ状の底部、活発なウイルスの病理学的所見 (koilocytes) を示していた。提出した獣医師に連絡を取り、再発や併用薬に関するフォローアップを受けた。 結論と臨床上の重要性: CIPはまれにしか報告されず、典型的には単一の病変として報告され、過去に再発の報告はないが、重度の複合免疫不全症の犬の1グループは浸潤性の悪性腫瘍を発症した。回顧的調査を実施した8症例のうち7症例では、CIPの再発は記録されていない。著者らは、ジャーマン・シェパード・ドッグのCIP再発は、慢性的な (低用量ではあるが) グルココルチコイド投与と関連しているのではないかと推測している。.背景: 本文描述了一例德国牧羊犬多发性、复发性皮肤内翻性乳头状瘤(CIPs), 并结合8个病例的回顾性随访评估。 方法: 一只3岁黑色雌性德国牧羊犬出现了4个快速生长、脱毛、圆顶、色素沉着、有光泽的结节, 与CIP一致。该犬长期进行泼尼松龙治疗以管理特应性皮炎的瘙痒, 并在手术切除后继续该治疗。初次就诊后12个月, 犬出现2处新的CIP病变, 与过敏发作期间泼尼松龙剂量增加同步发生。 结果: 对复发病例的原发和后续病灶进行组织病理学评价。回顾两年来的组织病理学结果, 据此确定了8例CIP, 这些结果来自作者所在的病理学诊断服务机构。9例均存在不同程度的内翻性上皮增生、多发性、内生性、乳头状表皮突起、杯状底伴中央角化过度和活动性病毒病理表现(koilocytes)的病变。联系了送检兽医, 并获得了关于复发和同时用药的随访。 结论和临床重要性: CIP不常被报告, 通常为单一病变, 之前未报告复发, 尽管一组并发联合免疫缺陷的患犬发生了侵袭性恶性肿瘤。在8个回顾性病例的7例中, 无CIP复发记录。作者推测, 德国牧羊犬的复发可能与长期 (尽管剂量低) 给予糖皮质激素相关。.Este artigo descreve um caso de papilomas cutâneos invertidos (PCIs) múltiplos e recorrentes em um cão pastor alemão, combinado com uma avaliação de acompanhamento retrospectivo de oito casos. MÉTODOS: Uma cadela pastor alemão de 3 anos de idade, preta, apresentou quatro nódulos alopécicos, abaulados, hiperpigmentados e brilhantes de crescimento rápido, compatíveis com PCI. O cão foi tratado para prurido associado a dermatite atópica com prednisolona a longo prazo e esta terapia foi continuada após a excisão cirúrgica. Doze meses após a apresentação inicial, o cão foi apresentado por duas novas lesões PCI, coincidindo com um aumento da dosagem de prednisolona durante um período de crise alérgica.A avaliação histopatológica foi realizada nas lesões originais e subsequentes do caso com recidiva. Oito casos de PCI foram identificados retrospectivamente com base em achados histopatológicos do serviço de patologia diagnóstica dos autores nos últimos dois anos. Todos os nove casos tinham lesões que exibiam vários graus de hiperplasia epitelial invertida, múltiplas projeções epidérmicas papilares endofíticas, uma base em forma de copo com hiperceratose central e achados patológicos virais ativos (coilócitos). Os veterinários foram contatados e o acompanhamento com relação à recorrência e medicamentos simultâneos foi obtido. CONCLUSÕES E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: A PCI é raramente relatada, geralmente como uma lesão única sem relatos anteriores de recorrência, embora um grupo de cães com imunodeficiência combinada grave tenha desenvolvido malignidades invasivas. Em sete dos oito casos retrospectivos, nenhuma recorrência de PCI foi registrada. Os autores especulam que a recorrência no cão pastor alemão pode ter sido associada à administração crônica (embora em baixa dosagem) de glicocorticoides.

SummaryObjective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of cytology of endoscopically obtained biopsies in cats presented for chronic gastrointestinal complaints with emphasis on the diagnosis of low-grade alimentary lymphoma (LGAL). Materials and methods: Data of endoscopically obtained duodenal biopsies from 137 cats were evaluated retrospectively. Cytology was performed using the squash smear technique with subsequent Diff Quick® staining. Pathological findings were categorized according to type and grade of the inflammatory infiltrate. Moreover, reports were reviewed with regard to diagnosis of LGAL. Histopathology reports were analysed correspondingly and compared to cytology results. Histopathological samples were further evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) if a diagnosis of LGAL had been expressed. Results: Squash smear preparation of intestinal biopsies was adequate for cytological examination in > 97% of cases. Using histopathology as gold standard, with cytology, a sensitivity and specificity for detection of a pathologic process in feline intestinal biopsies of 68.1% and 70.6% were calculated, respectively. Regarding the detection of lymphoplasmacytic (LPE) and eosinophilic enteritis a statistically significant correlation with histopathology (p < 0.05) was observed. With regard to grade of the inflammatory infiltrate, a weak correlation was calculated (r = 0.482). Of 21 cats diagnosed or suspected with LGAL by cytology, IHC confirmed nine cases whereas 11 cases were reclassified as LPE. None of the confirmed LGAL had been missed with histopathology. A sensitivity of 60.0% and specificity of 90.6% for cytological detection of feline LGAL was obtained. Conclusion and clinical relevance: The sensitivity of cytology to diagnose LGAL is low and it has no additional significance to histological biopsies.

In a retrospective study, we investigated 52 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from cats with histologically confirmed cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses to determine if the pathogens could be identified by molecular methods. Aim of the study was to obtain a deep understanding of the spectrum of infectious agents, which, as we hypothesized, was not available by histopathology alone. Detection of feline and fungal DNA was achieved in 92.3% and 94.2% of the samples, respectively. Most of the subcutaneous infections in cats were caused by Alternaria spp. (63.5%), followed by Cryptococcus neoformans (7.7%), Histoplasma capsulatum (5.8%), Sporothrix spp. (3.8%), Aspergillus vitricola, Aureobasidium pullulans, Exophiala attenuata, Fusarium oxysporum, Lecythophora cateniformis, Microsporum canis, and Phialophora sp. (1.9% each). The results from molecular identification indicate that correct identifications of the fungal pathogens by histology alone were rarely possible. The spectrum of fungal pathogens identified after DNA extraction from FFPE samples was much broader than that expected by classical histopathology. This was especially noted in alternariosis in that the micromorphological pattern in tissue was misleading and could be confused with that of cryptococcosis. Due to different susceptibilities to antifungal agents, it is important to arrive at a definitive diagnosis, which might be possible by examination of the fungus recovered in culture and/or molecular methods, in addition to the histopathologic techniques.

Background: Mast cell tumors (MCT) represent the most common malignant skin tumor in the dog. Diagnosis of an MCT can be achieved through cytologic examination of a fine-needle aspirate. However, the grade of the tumor is an important prognostic marker and currently requires histologic assessment. Recently a 2-tier histologic grading system based on nuclear features including number of mitoses, multinucleated cells, bizarre nuclei, and karyomegaly was proposed. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess if the cytomorphologic criteria proposed in the 2-tier histologic grading system are applicable to cytology specimens. Methods: A total of 141 MCT specimens reported as grade I, II, or III according to the Patnaik system with both histologic specimens and fine-needle aspirates available were histologically and cytologically reevaluated in a retrospective study. Results: According to the 2-tier grading system, 38 cases were diagnosed histologically as high-grade and 103 as low-grade MCT. Cytologic grading resulted in 36 high-grade and 105 low-grade tumors. Agreement between histologic and cytologic grading based on the 2-tier grading system was achieved in 133 cases (sensitivity 86.8%, specificity 97.1%, kappa value 0.853), but 5 high-grade tumors on histology were classified as low-grade on cytology. Conclusion: Cytologic grading of MCT in the dog is helpful for initial assessment. However, the reliability of cytology using the 2-tier grading system is considered inadequate at this point. Prospective studies including clinical outcome should be pursued to further determine diagnostic accuracy of cytologic mast cell grading.

Cowpox virus (CPXV) infections are a sporadic cause of localized or disseminated skin disease in domestic animals and humans in Europe. Rodents are considered the primary reservoir host for CPXV. Cats can become infected by close contact with rodents and are the most important source of human infections. Recently, public awareness has also been drawn to CPXV infections by an outbreak of rat to human infections in central Europe. In dogs, CPXV infections are rare. Here we report a case of a 5-month-old Rottweiler with a focal nodule on the muzzle. The lesion was fully excised, and recovery was uneventful. The preliminary diagnosis of a CPXV infection was established by the characteristic inclusion bodies on histopathological examination. The diagnosis was confirmed by electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequencing of the PCR product led to a 231 bp sequence of the orthopoxvirus HA gene that was identical to a CPXV strain previously isolated from a cat. This is the third documented case of a canine CPXV infection. Resume Les infections du virus Cowpox (CPXV) sont une cause sporadique de dermatose localisee ou disseminee chez les animaux domestiques et l’homme en Europe. Les rongeurs sont consideres comme le reservoir principal de CPXV. Les chats peuvent s’infecter par contact rapproche avec les rongeurs et sont la source majeure d’infections humaines. Recemment, l’attention du public a ete attiree sur les infections a CPXV par une poussee de contamination du rat a l’homme en Europe centrale. Chez le chien, les infections a CPXV sont rares. Nous rapportons ici un cas de dermatose nodulaire focale de la face d’un Rottweiler de 5 mois. Une exerese complete de la lesion a ete realisee suivie d’une guerison sans evenement indesirable. Le diagnostic preliminaire de poxvirose a eteetabli par les corps d’inclusion caracteristiques de l’examen histopathologique. Le diagnostic a ete confirme par microscopie electronique et PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Le sequencage du produit de la PCR a permis d’obtenir une sequence de 231 pdb du gene de l’orthopoxvirus HA identique a la souche de CPXV precedemment isolee a partir d’un chat. Ceci est le troisieme cas de poxvirose canine rapporte. Resumen Las infecciones por el poxvirus vacuno (CPXV) son una causa esporadica de enfermedad localizada o diseminada de la piel de animales domesticos y de seres humanos en Europa. Se considera que el principal reservorio de CPXV son roedores. Los gatos pueden infectarse tras entrar en contacto con roedores y son la fuente mas importante de infecciones humanas. Recientemente, la opinion publica ha sido atraida por un caso de CPXV de ratas a humanos en Europa Central. En perros las infecciones por CPXV son raras. En este articulo describimos un caso de un Rottweiler de cinco meses de edad con un nodulo en el hocico. La lesion fue extirpada por completo y la recuperacion se produjo sin complicaciones. El diagnostico preliminar de infeccion por CPXV se establecio tras observar los cuerpos de inclusion caracteristicos en el examen histopatologico. El diagnostico se confirmo mediante microscopia electronica y reaccion de polimerasa en cadena (PCR). La secuenciacion del producto amplificado dio una secuencia de 231 bp del gen HA de ortopoxvirus identica a CPXV previamente aislado de un gato. Este es el tercer caso documentado de infeccion por CPXV en perros. Zusammenfassung Cowpoxvirus-Infekionen (CPXV) stellen eine sporadische Ursache fur eine lokalisierte oder disseminierte Hauterkrankung bei Haustieren und bei Menschen in Europa dar. Nager werden als Primarreservoir fur CPXV angesehen. Katzen konnen durch engen Nagerkontakt infiziert werden und sind die wichtigste Quelle fur Infektionen beim Menschen. Unlangst wurde das Bewusstsein der Bevolkerung auf CPXV Infektionen durch einen Ausbruch von Ratteninfektionen in Zentraleuropa, die auf Menschen ubertragen wurden, gescharft. Hier handelt es sich um den Fallbericht eines funf Monate alten Rottweilers mit einem lokalen Knoten auf der Schnauze. Die Veranderung wurde vollstandig herausgeschnitten und heilte problemlos ab. Die Verdachtsdiagnose einer CPXV Infektion wurde durch die charakteristischen Einschlusskorperchen im Rahmen der histopathologischen Untersuchung bestatigt. Die Diagnose wurde mittels Elektronenmikroskop und Polymerasekettenreaktion (PCR) bestatigt. Die Sequenzierung des PCR Produktes fuhrte zu einer Sequenz von 231 Basenpaaren des Orthopoxvirus HA Gens, welches mit einem CPXV Stamm identisch war, der schon fruher von einer Katze isoliert worden war. Es handelt sich hierbei um den dritten dokumentierten Fall einer caninen CPXV Infektion.

Recent cowpox virus (CPXV) infections of humans in Europe transmitted from cats and pet rats have risen public awareness of this rare zoonosis. Based on serosurveys wild rodents are regarded as primary reservoir hosts. Cats can become infected while hunting and could therefore serve as a sentinel for CPXV strains circulating in wild rodents. In a retrospective study we analysed 73 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded skin samples from cats with a histologically proven CPXV infection. Specimens had been collected in different parts of Germany during 2000-2008. Following DNA extraction part of the hemagglutinin gene was amplified and sequenced from 72 samples. A phylogenetic analysis was inferred resulting in a total of 21 different CPXV genetic variants. The geographic distribution was imposed on a map.

ObjectiveTo describe a case of feline sebaceous adenitis and mural folliculitis, and its successful treatment with topical fatty acids. AnimalA 5-year-old, male castrated Norwegian Forest cat was presented with a progressive seborrhoeic dermatitis. MethodsClinical examination and histopathological examination of skin biopsies. ResultsThere was severe, multifocal, lymphocytic mural folliculitis and perifollicular dermatitis, moderate hyperkeratosis and sebaceous adenitis on histopathology. Sebaceous glands were either absent or almost completely effaced by a dense lymphocytic infiltrate. Clinical signs began in spring on the face and neck and progressed over an 18 month period to involve the legs. Initially, topical and systemic antibacterial therapy for a mild bacterial overgrowth resulted in partial clinical response. There was no improvement with oral omega 6 fatty acids and surface cleaning. Treatment with a spot-on product containing essential oils, smoothing agents and vitamin E as the sole therapy was associated with a good - but incomplete - clinical response over a 6 month period, with hair regrowth and a marked decrease in seborrhoeic dermatitis. This improvement was sustained until 12months later when a severe deep pyoderma with associated anorexia and depression occurred. This was symptomatically treated and the cat remained clinically stable for a further 18months. Periocular and perinasal seborrhoea was a persistent feature. Conclusion and clinical importanceTopical essential fatty acid therapy may offer a viable alternative to ciclosporin, which has been reported for the successful treatment of this rare disease in cats. Resume ObjectifsDecrire un cas d'adenite sebacee et de folliculite murale chez un chat et l'efficacite de son traitement a l'aide d'acides gras topiques. SujetUn chat Norvegien male castre de 5 ans est presente en consultation pour dermatite seborrheique progressive. MethodesUn examen Clinique et histopathologique de biopsies cutanees. ResultatsL'examen histopathologique a revele une severe folliculite murale lymphocytaire multifocale et une dermatite perifolliculaire, une hyperkeratose moderee et une adenite sebacee. Les glandes sebacees etaient soit absentes, soit completement effacees par un infiltrat lymphocytaire dense. Les signes cliniques ont debute au printemps sur la face et le cou et ont progresse pendant 18 mois jusqu'aux membres. Initialement, le traitement topique et systemique antibacterien pour une surpopulation bacterienne a permis une amelioration clinique partielle. Il n'y a eu aucune reponse a une supplementation orale d'acides gras omega 6 et un nettoyage de surface. Un traitement avec un spot on contenant des huiles essentielles, des agents adoucissants et de la vitamine E a permis une bonne mais incomplete reponse clinique sur une periode de 6 mois avec une repousse pilaire et une diminution marquee de la dermatite seborrheique. Cette amelioration s'est maintenue pendant 12 mois jusqu'a ce qu'au developpement d'une severe pyodermite profonde associee a une anorexie et une depression. Un traitement symptomatique a permis de stabiliser les lesions cliniques pendant 18 mois. Une seborrhee peri-oculaire et peri-nasale etait persistante. Conclusion et importance cliniqueUn traitement topique d'acides gras essentiels peut etre une alternative valable a la ciclosporine, rapportee efficace dans le traitement de cette maladie rare du chat. Resumen Objetivodescribir un caso de adenitis sebacea felina con foliculitis mural, y su tratamiento exitoso utilizando acidos grasos topicos. Animalun gato macho castrado de cinco anos de raza bosque noruego se presento con una dermatitis progresiva seborreica. Metodosexamen clinico y examen histopatologico de las muestras de biopsia Resultadosse observo una foliculitis mural multifocal linfocitica severa y dermatitis perifolicular moderada con hiperqueratosis y adenitis sebacea en histopatologia. Las glandulas sebaceas estaban ausentes o casi completamente destruidas por un infiltrado linfocitico denso. Los signos clinicos empezaron en primavera en la cara y cuello y progresaron a largo de 18 meses para llegar a afectar las extremidades. Inicialmente la terapia antibacteriana topica y sistemica para tratar un ligero sobrecrecimiento bacteriano resulto en una respuesta parcial clinica. No hubo mejora con tratamiento a base de acidos grasos omega 6 por via oral y limpieza superficial. El tratamiento con un producto topico de aceites esenciales, agentes suavizantes y vitamina E como unica terapia produjo una respuesta buena-aunque incompleta-, durante un periodo de 6 meses, con crecimiento del pelo y marcada disminucion de la dermatitis seborreica. Esta mejora se mantuvo durante 12 meses posteriores momento en el que se produjo una pioderma severa y profunda asociada con anorexia y depresion. Esta fue tratada sintomaticamente y el gato permanecio clinicamente estable durante 18 meses mas. La seborrea periocular y perinasal fue una caracteristica clinica persistente. Conclusion e importancia clinicala terapia con acidos grasos esenciales topicos puede ofrecer una alternativa viable a ciclosporina, que ha sido descrita como una terapia exitosa en esta enfermedad rara en gatos. Zusammenfassung ZielEin Fallbericht, der eine Sebadenitis und murale Follikulitis bei einer Katze beschreibt, sowie die erfolgreiche Behandlung mit essentiellen Fettsauren. TiereEin funf Jahre alter, kastrierter Norwegischer Waldkater, der mit zunehmender Seborrhoe prasentiert wurde. MethodenKlinische Untersuchung und eine histopathologische Untersuchung von Hautbiopsien. ErgebnisseHistopathologisch wurde eine hochgradige, multifokale, lymphozytare murale Follikulitis und perifollikulare Dermatitis, sowie moderate Hyperkeratose und Sebadenitis festgestellt. Die Talgdrusen fehlten entweder oder waren fast zur Ganze von dichten Lymphozyteninfiltraten umgeben. Die klinischen Veranderungen begannen im Fruhling im Gesicht und am Hals und schritten im Verlauf von 18 Monaten weiter voran, wobei sie dann auch die Beine betrafen. Anfangs bewirkte eine topische und systemische Therapie gegen eine milde bakterielle uberwucherung teilweise eine klinische Verbesserung. Es bestand keine Verbesserung mit essentiellen Omega 6 Fettsauren per os und Oberflachenreinigung. Die alleinige Behandlung mit einem Spot-On Produkt, welches essentielle ole, Weichmacher und Vitamin E enthielt, ergab eine gute, jedoch nicht vollstandige, klinische Verbesserung uber einen Zeitraum von 6 Monaten, mit Nachwachsen der Haare und einer deutlichen Verminderung der Sebadentitis. Diese Verbesserung konnte weitere 12 Monate aufrechterhalten werden, bis eine hochgradige, tiefe Pyodermie, begleitet von Anorexie und Apathie auftrat. Diese wurde symptomatisch behandelt und die Katze blieb fur weitere 18 Monate klinisch stabil. Periokular und perinasal lag stets eine Seborrhoe vor. Schlussfolgerung und klinische BedeutungTopische Therapie mit essentiellen Fettsauren konnte eine sinnvolle Alternative zu Ciclosporin darstellen, was bisher zur Behandlung der Sebadentitis bei Katzen beschrieben wurde.

Four Large Münsterländer cross-bred dogs affected with black hair follicular dysplasia (BHFD) and one unaffected control littermate were observed, and skin was sampled weekly over the first 19 weeks of life. Affected dogs were born with silvery grey hair, a consequence of melanin clumping in the hair shafts. Hair bulb melanocytes were densely pigmented, and contained abundant stage IV melanosomes but adjacent matrix keratinocytes lacked melanosomes. Melanin clumping was not prominent in epidermal melanocytes in the haired skin but occurred in the foot pads. Follicular changes progressed from bulbar clumping, clumping in the isthmus/infundibulum and finally to dysplastic hair shafts. Alopecia developed progressively in pigmented areas. Silver-grey hair, melanin clumping, accumulation of stage IV melanosomes within melanocytes and insufficient melanin transfer to adjacent keratinocytes are also classic features of human Griscelli syndrome. The underlying cause in Griscelli syndrome is a defect of melanocytic intracellular transport proteins leading to inadequate and disorganized melanosome transfer to keratinocytes with resultant melanin clumping. In view of the correlation in the phenotype, histology and ultrastructure between both disorders, a defect in intracellular melanosome transport is postulated as the pathogenic mechanism in BHFD.

Objective—To detect and characterize the full range of chlamydial infections in cats with ocular disease by use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, cytologic examination, immunohistochemical analysis, and evaluation of clinical information including status for feline herpesvirus-1 (FeHV-1). Sample Population—DNA extracted from 226 conjunctival samples obtained from cats with clinically diagnosed keratitis or conjunctivitis and 30 conjunctival samples from healthy cats. Procedure—PCR assays for the 16S rRNA gene specific for the order Chlamydiales and a new Chlamydophila felis (formerly Chlamydia psittaci) species-specific 23S rRNA gene were performed. Seventy-four conjunctival samples were prepared with Romanowsky-type stain, grouped on the basis of inflammatory pattern, and screened for chlamydial inclusions by use of immunohistochemical analysis. Clinical information and FeHV-1 status were recorded. Results—26 (12%) specimens had positive results for the only known feline chlamydial pathogen, C felis. Surprisingly, an additional 88 (39%) were positive for non-C felis chlamydial DNA. Identification of non- C felis chlamydial DNA by direct sequencing revealed 16S rRNA gene sequences that were 99% homologous to the sequence for Neochlamydia hartmannellae, an amebic endosymbiont. Chlamydial prevalence was significantly higher in cats with ocular disease. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Application of a broad-range detection method resulted in identification of a new agent associated with ocular disease in cats. Finding chlamydia-like agents such as N hartmannellae in coinfections with their obligate amebic host, Hartmannella vermiformis, raises questions about the potential role of these microorganisms in causation or exacerbation of ocular disease in cats. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:1421–1428)

Background Extraskeletal osteosarcomas (ESOSAs) are rare neoplasms in humans and animals. In cats, ESOSA has been reported to arise from orbital, ocular, intestinal, mammary and subcutaneous locations. Subcutaneous ESOSA occurs most commonly at sites used for vaccination including interscapular, dorsal lumbar or thigh areas. Previous reports of feline cases have not documented the use of advanced diagnostic imaging to exclude a primary bone tumour. Objective To describe the clinicopathological and advanced imaging findings of a subcutaneous ESOSA occurring in a metatarsal footpad of a cat and to report the one year follow-up status. Animal A 9-year-old neutered male domestic short hair cat. Methods Physical, abdominal ultrasonographic and computed tomographic examinations, and excisional biopsy for histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation. Results The cat presented with mild focal erythematous swelling of the left metatarsal pad. ESOSA was diagnosed through advanced diagnostic imaging and histopathological examinations. Histopathological findings were consistent with osteosarcoma. No primary bone disease was observed on computed tomography. The owners declined limb amputation. One year after diagnosis, the cat was alive without disease progression. Conclusions and clinical importance Extraskeletal osteosarcoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of soft tissue swelling in footpads in cats. Advanced diagnostic imaging is recommended to exclude primary bone tumours.

Clinical and epidemiological aspects of cats with cowpox in Germany from the years 2004 to 2010 are described and discussed. Questionnaires were sent to veterinarians and owners of affected cats identified with the help of a number of pathology laboratories. Of 69 mailed questionnaires, 45 veterinary and 26 owner questionnaires were returned and a total of 46 feline poxcases were evaluated. The cases were distributed all over Germany although there was an accumulation of cases in specific geographic areas. The clinical and epidemiological observations match those of other studies. The majority of cats were outdoor cats, came from a rural environment and developed clinical signs in late summer or autumn. All cats showed skin lesions which were predominantly localized on the anterior part of the body, 61% of the cats showed other clinical signs in addition to the skin lesions. Approximately half of the cats lived in a multi-pet household, but in only one case clinical signs typical for cowpox were observed in another cat of the household. In two cases a cat-to-human transmission was assumed. In addition, to evaluate the prevalence of pox virus infections in outdoor cats in areas with previous reports of such infections, 92 apparently unaffected outdoor cats were tested for orthopoxvirus antibodies using an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Sixteen (17%) of the tested serum samples were seropositive against orthopoxvirus (titre between 1:20 and 1:40).This is a higher serum prevalence than in previously published studies from Germany. A possible explanation is selection of a population of outdoor cats from regions with previous known clinical cases.

Cowpox virus (CPXV) infections are a sporadic cause of localized or disseminated skin disease in domestic animals and humans in Europe. Rodents are considered the primary reservoir host for CPXV. Cats can become infected by close contact with rodents and are the most important source of human infections. Recently, public awareness has also been drawn to CPXV infections by an outbreak of rat to human infections in central Europe. In dogs, CPXV infections are rare. Here we report a case of a 5-month-old Rottweiler with a focal nodule on the muzzle. The lesion was fully excised, and recovery was uneventful. The preliminary diagnosis of a CPXV infection was established by the characteristic inclusion bodies on histopathological examination. The diagnosis was confirmed by electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequencing of the PCR product led to a 231 bp sequence of the orthopoxvirus HA gene that was identical to a CPXV strain previously isolated from a cat. This is the third documented case of a canine CPXV infection.

The present report describes a novel etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in horses that, at least for some cases, sporadically appeared as autochthonous infections in geographically distant regions of Germany and Switzerland. The infection was initially diagnosed upon clinical and immunohistological findings. Subsequent comparative sequence analysis of diagnostic PCR products from the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of ssrRNA classified the respective isolates as neither Old World nor New World Leishmania species. However, four isolates subjected to molecular analyses all exhibited a close phylogenetic relationship to Leishmania sp. siamensis, an organism recently identified in a visceral leishmaniasis patient from Thailand. Future investigations will demonstrate if this form of leishmaniasis represents an emerging, and perhaps zoonotic, disease of European, or even global, importance.