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The aim of the study was to present the principles of the “damage control resuscitation” strategy based on a case report of a patient with multi-organ trauma at the pre-hospital and in-hospital settings. In addition to the fastest possible implementation of care at the pre-hospital level, a very important factor influencing the effectiveness of actions is the decision of the head of the emergency medical team to choose the place of transport of the patient (the nearest poviat Emergency Department or a remote Trauma Center). This should be conditioned not only by anatomical injuries and physiological parameters of the victim, but also other elements, depending on local possibilities.

In a recent study, myotonometry revealed adverse alterations in the mechanical properties of ankle periarticular muscles in soldiers reporting previous lateral ankle sprain (LAS) incidents. This knowledge, if confirmed in athletes with developed chronic ankle instability (CAI), may have important diagnostic and therapeutic implications in sports medicine and rehabilitation. Consequently, the purpose of the study was to explore mechanical properties of the peroneus longus (PL), tibialis anterior (TA), and the lateral and medial gastrocnemius (LG and MG, respectively) muscles in athletes suffering CAI. Fourteen adult male athletes with developed CAI (International Ankle Consortium selection criteria) and 15 healthy male athletes without any LAS incidence as the control group (CO) participated in the study. The CAI and CO groups were characterized by similar anthropometric parameters and weekly training volume. In both the groups of athletes, we performed resting state (controlled with electromyographic recordings) myotonometric measurements (using a MyotonPRO® device) in the PL, TA, LG and MG muscles and calculated the following five myotonometric parameters: frequency (F-MYO), stiffness (S-MYO), decrement (d-MYO), relaxation time (R-MYO) and creep (C-MYO). Athletes from the CAI group (compared to the CO group) exhibited significantly higher values of F-MYO and S-MYO as well as lower values of R-MYO and C-MYO in the PL and TA muscles. No significant inter-group differences were found in the remaining myotonometric parameters. Using myotonometry, our study is the first to reveal that athletes with developed CAI are characterized by heightened tone and stiffness with concurrent lowered elasticity of the PL and TA muscles.

A novel approach to thermoporometry is proposed. Thermal transformations in a confined liquid were investigated using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). The SBA-3 silicas with a regular pores with sizes of about 2 nm or 3 nm wetted with n-hexane were used in experiments as model solid/liquid systems. The information obtained from in situ monitoring by PALS allows to infer about the evolution of the amount of n-hexane remaining in the pores as well as empty pore space. Moreover, the changes in the coverage of silica by alkane and the degree of pore opening are simultaneously detected. The investigations provided a deeper insight into the mechanism of thermal evacuation of the condensate from the pores. The most important finding is that during thermodesorption, liquid n-hexane filling the pores splits into plugs separated by empty volumes rather than being removed layer-by-layer from the surface. The pore size distributions derived from the PALS results obtained at the saturated vapor pressure of n-hexane and the results of thermogravimetry at atmospheric pressure are consistent with each other. However, comparing them with the results of low-temperature nitrogen adsorption suggests that using the Kelvin equation is not suitable for n-hexane in such small pores.

Highly porous polymer–silica nanocomposites and silica gels were prepared using cross-linked copolymer resins of various chemical character as organic templates. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was successfully introduced into the template by the swelling of the preformed polymer particles. The silica source introduced into the resins was transferred into the silica gel by the means of the sol–gel method. After the organic component had been removed during a high temperature treatment of the polymer–silica nanocomposites, the spherically shaped silica particles were obtained. The pore structure of nanocomposites and calcined pellets was investigated through the conventional adsorption method so as to study the evolution of the porosity in the polymer templates of various character. The analysis of the porosity parameters characterizing the investigated materials within micro- and mesopores indicates a varying extent of the penetration of silica component into polymer templates, depending on their geometrical structure and hydrophobicity.

We have investigated pore systems in several crosslinked polymers in the presence of poly (methylphenyl dimethyl) siloxane. Structural modifications of the polymers during swelling were studied through the nitrogen adsorption. The commercial acrylic resins Amberlite XAD7 HP and styrene divinylbenzene Amberlite XAD4 were used as model porous polymers. Nitrogen adsorption experiment was applied to determine a free pore space at different stages of swelling and polymer network deformation. Distribution of a nonvolatile siloxane as an effective swelling agent within the pore structure of a crosslinked polymer was studied on the basis of pore size distributions estimated from the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. Application of nonvolatile blocking and swelling agent enables an unique possibility to follow changes in the pore system of polymers during swelling and provide information on penetration of the swelling agent into polymer network. The textural properties and morphology of polymers under study were additionally elucidated with the use of high resolution SEM. Siloxane oil phase used in the experiments allows for the first time, according to our knowledge, to observe some details concerning the mechanism of pore filling with use of the conventional nitrogen adsorption method. Changes of the pore volume in the swollen particles may be monitored thanks to the non-volatility of silicone oil, which is, however, a perfect swelling agent. Considering the relation of the pore volume changes in the real swelling samples and the model non-swelling case, it is possible to separate the initial “internal” swelling and the total swelling of the particle.

Swelling of a commercial polymer in a binary mixture of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and polyphenylmethyldimethyl siloxane (DC 550) has been studied. The distribution of the solvents, varying significantly in molecular weight, within the polymer structure was inferred from the obtained results. Namely, the uptake of each component depends non linearly on the ratio of their concentrations. The positron annihilation lifetime study of the microstructure of polymer-solvent complexes shows that a significant volume of the swollen polymer beads is occupied by solvent condensed in pores, which are completely filled with it. Due to a considerable difference in the volatility of TEOS and DC 550, the in situ study of the solvent removal under vacuum provides a lot of information about the structure of the polymer-solvent system. Especially interesting is the opening of pores, which occurs only at a large concentration of TEOS, as it indicates the presence of weakly bonded TEOS, which is confirmed by the thermogravimetric experiment.

The porosity of porous copolymer 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone-divinylbenzene has been studied by nitrogen adsorption, temperature programmed desorption, and positronium annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. It was shown that the pore structure characteristics depends on the swelling of the polymer material in various solvents. The structural features of polymeric materials restructured under different conditions are described and the structural changes are discussed. The applicability of PALS technique in structural investigations is presented.

Mesoporous materials MCM-41 with the hexagonal arrangement of pores were obtained using dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide and octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide as templating surfactants. Adsorption of toluene and propan-1-ol on the as-synthesized MCM-41 silica samples was investigated using the TG-DTG, DTA and DSC techniques. The sorption mechanism of used adsorptives is discussed in terms of hydrophobicity of pore interior filled with template as well as pore dimensions.

Mesoporous silica material of MCM-41 type was synthesized by co-condensation of highly concentrated octyltriethoxysilane (OTEOS), octadecyltriethoxysilane (ODTEOS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The obtained hybrid materials were characterized using XRD, TG-DSC and low temperature adsorption/desorption of nitrogen. It was shown that the applied method of synthesis allows to obtain silica of MCM-41 type with a high degree of hydrocarbon saturation.

Thermogravimetric analysis was applied to the characterization of the porosity of silica gel. Thermal desorption of liquids from silicas for column chromatography was measured. Benzene, n-hexane and carbon tetrachloride were used as liquid adsorbates. Pore size distributions for silica gels of differentiated porosity were determined on the basis of thermogravimetric curves using the Kelvin equation. Pore dimensions were corrected in respect to the surface film thickness estimated from adsorption isotherms of the same adsorbates measured above their boiling point. The resulting pore size distributions and total pore volumes were compared with those obtained from the nitrogen method.

Thermogravimetric analysis was applied to the characterisation of the porosity of silica gel. Thermal desorption of liquids from silicas for column chromatography was measured. Water and n-hexane were used as liquid adsorbates. Pore size distribution curves of silica gels were determined on the basis of thermogravimetric curves using Kelvin equation. The resulting distributions and total pore volumes were compared with those obtained from the nitrogen method. The influence of polarity of adsorptives on the porosity parameters of silica gels and on the shape of pore size distribution curves is discussed.

Thermogravimetric analysis was applied to the characterization of the porosity of silica gel. Experimentally obtained curves representing weight loss of adsorbate against temperature were converted into plots of the volume loss versus pore radius. The transformation was performed using the Kelvin equation. By differentiation of these curves, the pore size distributions for silica gel at different desorption conditions were calculated. Taking into account the amount of the liquid adsorbate desorbed above its normal boiling temperature, the total pore volume of the silica was estimated. The results from the thermogravimetric method are compared with those obtained from nitrogen method. The consistency of the parameters characterizing the porous structure of silica gel obtained by two different methods is satisfactory. From the desorption curves for non-porous silica gel, the surface film thickness of liquid adsorbate was estimated.

The thermal desorption of benzene from rigid and swelling materials was investigated by means of a thermogravimetric technique. Pore volumes and pore size distributions were calculated from the isobars of desorption.The results are compared with those derived from nitrogen adsorption data and mercury intrusion.

Thermal desorption of acetone and benzene from soil materials was investigated by using quasi-isothermal thermogravimetric technique. Experimentally obtained curves representing mass loss of adsorbate against temperature were converted into plots of adsorbent pore volume versus plate separation. The transformation was performed by applying the Kelvin equation. Calculated distributions and total pore volumes were consistent with the results obtained from nitrogen sorption and mercury intrusion measurements.

Thermal desorption of liquids was investigated for various types of porous solid. The correlation between results obtained using high resolution thermogravimetry and low temperature adsorption of nitrogen is discussed. Pore size distributions and total pore volumes were estimated for the investigated adsorbents.

Two mesoporous silica molecular sieves, one synthesized by cationic template method and another by neutral template route, were characterized for their pore-size distribution by a novel Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD) method and the widely used N2 desorption method. The pore-size distributions determined by the two methods agree quite well and are within experimental errors. For example, TPD method gave a pore size distribution (radius) centered at 14 A while N2 desorption method showed a peak centered at 13.3 A. for the mesoporous silica prepared by cationic template route. The new TPD method based on thermogravimetric analysis is a viable option for mesopore characterization of silica-based materials.

The pore dimensions are determined by using adsorption and thermogravimetry methods for unmodified silica gel Si-100 and silanized silica gel Lichrosorb RP-18. Thermal desorption measurements for various liquids were performed under quasi-isothermal conditions. Methanol, acetone, benzene and n-hexane were used as a wetting liquids. Pore size distributions and total pore volumes derived from thermal desorption compare reasonably well with results obtained from the analysis of adsorption isotherms of nitrogen. For different types of adsorbates the effects connected with the presence of the surface liquid film are discussed. The presence of long alkyl chains on the silica surface strongly influences the pore diameter calculated from thermogravimetric data.

Thermogravimetric analysis was applied to the characterization of the porosity of silica gels. Results from thermogravimetric method are compared with those obtained from the nitrogen method. The consistency of the parameters characterizing the porous structure of silica gels derived from the data of various methods is satisfactory.

Thermogravimetric analysis was applied to the characterization of the porosity of silica gel. The thermal desorption of benzene was investigated by using various heating programs. The influence of desorption conditions on the derived values of the structural parameters of silica gel is discussed. Results from the thermogravimetric method are compared with those obtained from nitrogen adsorption-desorption.

Thermal analysis was applied to the determination of the size of pores produced by heavy ions in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETP) foil. Pore radii and pore volumes were calculated for the desorption of benzene and acetone from the foil aged for different periods of time. The results of these investigations were compared with those from a small-angle neutron scattering experiment.

The thermal desorption of benzene has been measured using a thermal analyzer. Pore size distributions of active carbons and carbon blacks have been determined on the basis of thermogravimetric curves using the Kelvin equation. Calculated distributions and total pore volumes have been compared with those derived from adsorption/desorption isotherms of nitrogen and benzene vapour.

The present study focuses on the mechanism of swelling and evaluates interactions between solvents of different chemical characters (polar—ethanol, nonpolar—n-heptane) and commercially available porous Amberlite polymers (XAD4, XAD16, XAD7HP) by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). The first two polymers are the product of copolymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene. Despite having the same chemical composition, they differ in pore size and volume. The Amberlite XAD7HP is composed of an acrylic matrix and has lower pore volume and specific surface area than XAD16 and XAD4. All three resins have the ability to swell, though the per cent of polymeric network expansion during this process varies depending on the solvent used (e.g. in tetraethyl orthosilicate, XAD4 and XAD16 spherical particles increase in volume by 20–30%, while XAD7HP particles can expand by more than 120%). The TPD experiment was performed in dynamic linear and quasistatic heating mode. Based on thermogravimetric data, the desorption energy of selected liquids and pore size distribution in the swollen state were estimated. The obtained results are discussed in terms of both mathematical modelling and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption–desorption experiment.