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Introduction and Purpose Endoscopic spine surgery (EOS) is a minimally invasive alternative to traditional surgery, with less tissue trauma and shorter hospital stay. Despite these advantages, these procedures are associated with the risk of complications. The aim of this article is to analyze the most common complications, identify risk factors, and discuss preventive strategies that can minimize the risk of their occurrence. Materials and Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the PubMed database, focusing on articles published up to the end of 2024. The search included the keywords “endoscopic”, “spine surgery”, “complications”, and “risk factors” in different combinations. Relevant studies were selected based on criteria such as complications after endoscopic spine procedures and risk factors that affect them, as well as methods for their prevention. Results The literature review indicates that the most common complications after EOS are dura tears, nerve injury, infection, bleeding, and adhesions. Risk factors include both patient-related aspects and surgical technique. Patient factors include age, comorbidities, and anatomical abnormalities of the spine. Procedural factors include operator inexperience, selection of an inappropriate surgical approach, and technical limitations of endoscopic equipment. Conclusions Prevention of complications after EOS requires a comprehensive approach that includes both careful patient qualification and optimization of surgical technique. Regular operator training can significantly improve patient outcomes. Strict control of risk factors and individualization of the surgical approach are also key. These measures can not only reduce the risk of complications but also improve the efficiency and safety of endoscopic spine surgery.

Introduction and Purpose This study investigates the effectiveness and clinical applicability of lung ultrasound (LUS) in diagnosing acute bronchiolitis. Bronchiolitis is challenging to diagnose due to symptom overlap with other respiratory infections and varying clinical presentations. While conventional diagnosis relies on patient history and physical examination, LUS has emerged as a promising, non-invasive tool that may improve diagnostic accuracy and provide valuable insights into disease severity without the radiation risks associated with X-rays. Material and Methods This review is based on articles from the PubMed database, covering the years 2012-2024, using keywords: bronchiolitis, LUS, lung ultrasound. Results The study found that LUS demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for identifying bronchiolitis-related lung abnormalities, including areas of consolidation and interstitial involvement. A strong association was observed between ultrasound scores and clinical severity, with elevated scores correlating with increased need for respiratory support. LUS was more effective than conventional chest X-rays for detecting consolidations over 1 cm and predicting oxygenation issues in critically ill patients. Conclusions LUS proves to be a valuable diagnostic tool for bronchiolitis, providing a safe, radiation-free alternative to traditional imaging and yielding reliable information on disease severity. Its ease of use, combined with its predictive value in identifying children at risk for respiratory complications, highlights LUS as a practical method for bedside assessment. Moreover, advancements in AI-supported LUS analysis hold potential for reducing operator dependency, enhancing diagnostic consistency, and improving workflow efficiency in emergency settings. Integrating LUS into routine practice could thus enhance care for pediatric bronchiolitis patients, supporting more accurate, timely diagnoses and targeted treatment interventions.

Introduction and Purpose Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon that arises following limb amputation, affecting a significant number of patients. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanisms of PLP, assess current treatment strategies, and evaluate the effectiveness of various therapeutic interventions, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. Material and Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the PubMed database, focusing on articles published up to the end of 2023. The search included the keywords: "amputation", "mirror therapy", "pain", "phantom limb", "amputation-induced pain", "chronic pain" in various combinations. Relevant studies were selected based on criteria such as the etiopathogenesis of phantom pain and its treatment methods. Results The findings indicate that PLP is associated with both peripheral and central nervous system changes, influenced by individual risk factors such as genetics and psychological state. Therapeutic interventions such as mirror therapy, graded motor imagery, and neuromodulation have shown promise in alleviating symptoms, although the evidence for their effectiveness remains variable. The implementation of a multidisciplinary approach significantly improves outcomes in managing PLP. Conclusions Effective management of phantom limb pain requires a comprehensive understanding of its etiology and a tailored treatment strategy that incorporates both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. Future research should focus on establishing robust clinical protocols and long-term efficacy studies to enhance the quality of life for individuals suffering from PLP.

Introduction and Purpose Brain tumors cause a variety of somatic and psychiatric symptoms, which vary depending on the age of the patient and the location and type of tumor. Symptomatology includes both physical symptoms, such as headache, nausea, seizures and weakness, and psychiatric symptoms, including mood, personality and cognitive dysfunction. In children, the clinical picture is more complex and includes specific developmental difficulties. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the various symptoms accompanying brain tumors in order to detect them early and enable faster diagnosis. Material and Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the PubMed database, focusing on articles published until the end of 2023.The search included the keywords: "brain tumors" "symptoms" "headache" and "psychiatric" in various combinations. Relevant studies were selected based on criteria such as somatic and psychiatric symptoms and early diagnosis of brain tumors. Results Accumulating data show the diversity of symptoms associated with brain tumors. Somatic symptoms such as headache, optic disc swelling, nausea, and seizures depend on intracranial pressure and tumor location. Psychiatric symptoms, including personality changes, mood disorders, and cognitive impairment, pose a significant diagnostic challenge in adult patients. In children, brain tumors can cause developmental delay and atypical neurological symptoms. Conclusions The symptoms of brain tumors are highly variable and difficult to diagnose, which significantly delays proper diagnosis of the disease. Its early detection is crucial as it improves the prognosis of patients, significantly improves their quality of life, and allows for the introduction of effective therapeutic interventions.

Introduction and Purpose Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a prevalent health issue caused primarily by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) and other pathogens, affecting millions annually. These infections encompass lower (cystitis) and upper (pyelonephritis) tract manifestations, presenting with symptoms ranging from dysuria to severe complications like sepsis. Traditional antibiotic treatments, while effective, are increasingly challenged by resistance and adverse effects, necessitating exploration of alternative therapies. Cranberry-derived compounds, particularly proanthocyanidins (PACs), are known for their ability to inhibit bacterial adhesion to uroepithelial cells, a critical step in UTI pathogenesis. Clinical studies suggest that cranberry products may reduce UTI incidence, especially in vulnerable populations such as women and catheterized patients. Probiotics, specifically lactobacilli, contribute to urogenital health by competing with uropathogens for epithelial cell binding sites and producing antimicrobial substances. Emerging research highlights the potential synergistic benefits of combining cranberry extracts with probiotics in UTI prevention strategies. Material and Methods This review is based on articles from the PubMed database, covering the years 2004-2023, using keywords: urinary tract infections, cranberry, probiotics, E. Coli, antibiotics Conclusions Cranberry products and probiotics offer promising non-antibiotic approaches for UTI prevention, targeting fundamental aspects of bacterial pathogenesis. While preliminary studies indicate promising outcomes, rigorous clinical trials are essential to validate these combinations and optimize therapeutic protocols. Further research is warranted to identify specific bioactive compounds within cranberries, standardize probiotic formulations, and establish comprehensive guidelines for their clinical use in UTI management.

Introduction and Purpose This review explores several factors exacerbating acne, including the supplementation of vitamins B6 and B12, the impact of red ginseng oil, dairy and whey product consumption, iodine association, anabolic-androgenic steroids, alcohol abuse, and the influence of progestin contraceptives. Material and methods This review is based on articles from the PubMed database, covering the years 2018-2023, using keywords: acne vulgaris, acne vulgaris aggravation, substances aggravating acne vulgaris. Results High doses of B6 and B12 have been reported to worsen acne, potentially linked to their prolonged use. Red ginseng oil, believed to have numerous health benefits, may exacerbate acne symptoms by increasing inflammatory biomarkers. Dairy consumption, specifically casein and whey proteins, is associated with increased insulin-like growth factor 1, contributing to acne aggravation. Iodine has been extensively linked to acneiform eruptions, and its correlation with dairy consumption is hypothesized. Anabolic-androgenic steroids, found in muscle-building supplements, elevate sebum production and may cause acne fulminans. Alcohol abuse further intensifies acne symptoms by impacting testosterone levels, promoting proinflammatory cytokine production, and altering the skin microbiome. Progestin contraceptives, particularly levonorgestrel and etonorgestrel, exhibit androgenic properties that may increase sebum production and potentially aggravate acne. Conclusions Understanding and identifying these exacerbating factors are crucial for healthcare providers to enhance anti-acne therapy outcomes, emphasizing the importance of not only treating but also preventing the escalation of acne manifestations in patients.

Introduction and Purpose Migraine is a widespread neurological disorder characterized by severe, pulsating headaches often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and hypersensitivity to light and sound. Although its exact cause is still under investigation, recent studies suggest that vitamin D deficiency may play a role in migraine occurrence and severity. Vitamin D, known primarily for its role in bone health, also affects the nervous and immune systems, and may influence inflammatory processes involved in migraine pathogenesis. This literature review aims to explore the relationship between vitamin D supplementation and the frequency and intensity of migraines, and whether supplementation could support migraine treatment. Material and Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the PubMed database, focusing on articles published until the end of 2023. The search included the keywords: "vitamin D," "migraine," "headache," and "supplementation" in various combinations. Relevant studies were selected based on criteria such as monitoring vitamin D levels and the use of supplementation as an intervention in migraine patients. Results The results of the review suggest that vitamin D deficiency may be associated with an increased frequency of migraines. Supplementation with vitamin D was linked to a reduction in both the frequency and severity of migraines. While not all studies were consistent, the majority indicated that supplementation had a positive impact, particularly in individuals with vitamin D deficiency. Conclusions The findings suggest that vitamin D deficiency could be a risk factor for migraines, and that supplementation with vitamin D may help reduce the severity and frequency of migraine attacks. Although further research is required to establish optimal dosages and treatment protocols, vitamin D supplementation shows promise as a supportive therapy in migraine management.

Introduction IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a progressive and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by immune system activation and tissue fibrosis, affecting various organs such as the pancreas, kidneys, and lungs. Initially recognized in 2003, it often presents as mass-like lesions, which can mimic tumors. Despite advancements in understanding its pathology, epidemiological data are limited, and many patients remain undiagnosed due to unfamiliarity with the disease. Aim of the study The aim of this article wast to summarize the latest knowledge on the diagnosis and clinical manifestations of IgG4-related disease. Materiał and methods This review is based on articles from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, covering the years 2007-2024, using the keywords: IgG4-related disease; autoimmune pancreatitis; retroperitoneal fibrosis; classification criteria. Results The disease's complex pathogenesis involves B and T cell activity, with genetic and environmental factors contributing. While effective treatments, like B cell depletion, exist, the disease's broad clinical manifestations and multi-organ involvement require a multidisciplinary approach for proper diagnosis and management. Conclusion Diagnosing IgG4-RD is challenging due to its varied symptoms, often mimicking other diseases. Key findings include high IgG4 levels and specific histopathological features. Further research is needed to understand its genetic factors, pathogenesis, and epidemiology.

Introduction and Purpose The gut microbiome is crucial to infant health and development. For premature infants, microbiome development differs from full-term babies, posing long-term health risks. Factors such as delivery method, feeding, antibiotic treatment, and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) environment significantly influence the microbiome of premature infants. Probiotics, especially Bifidobacterium strains, show promise in enhancing health and reducing risks of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and late-onset sepsis (LOS). Material and Methods This review is based on articles from the PubMed database, covering the years 2004-2023, using keywords: gut microbiome, premature infants, probiotic, microbiome development, and neonatal intensive care unit. Results Current research indicates probiotics, particularly Bifidobacterium strains, positively impact the gut microbiome of premature infants, improving immunity and metabolism, and providing protection against NEC and LOS. Multi-strain probiotic preparations combining Bifidobacterium and Lactobacilaceae strains appear promising, but further research is needed to fully understand their effects. Addressing food intolerance (FI) in premature infants is another potential application of microbiome-focused therapies. Conclusions While probiotics show promise in improving the microbiome of preterm infants, comprehensive research on single and multi-strain probiotics and their specific mechanisms of action is needed. Controversies persist regarding the safety, FDA regulation, and selection of specific probiotics and formulations. There is no consensus on the optimal timing for introducing probiotics. Further research is required to optimize probiotic selection and determine the best benefits. Enhanced standardization and oversight are essential to ensure safe and effective use of probiotics in neonatal healthcare.

Pediatric arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) and hemorrhagic stroke represent a relatively uncommon yet significant source of neurological challenges for neonates and children, resulting in outcomes such as hemiparesis, intellectual disabilities, and epilepsy. The etiology of pediatric strokes differs from the typical causes seen in adult stroke cases. Therefore, understanding the specific risk factors associated with strokes in children is crucial for facilitating early diagnosis, which regrettably remains frequently delayed. AIS incidence varies due to factors such as patient age, types of cerebral vascular diseases, other chronic conditions and geographic location. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the epidemiology, clinical manifestation and risk factors linked to arterial ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke in neonates and children.

Introduction and Purpose Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS), a severe type 2 diabetes complication, presents with profound hyperglycemia, hyperosmolality, and dehydration sans ketosis, posing distinct challenges in diagnosis and treatment compared to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). This article aims to enhance medical community awareness by examining HHS features, prevalence, and associated risk factors, contributing to improved clinical management. Emphasizing tailored treatment strategies for dehydration, coexisting illnesses, and metabolic decompensation, it ultimately seeks to enhance outcomes for type 2 diabetes individuals. Material and methods Conducting a systematic review of medical articles from 1972 to 2023 using PubMed, this study analyzed keywords such as hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, HHS, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, and dehydration. Inclusion of pertinent articles ensured a comprehensive exploration of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) literature during the specified timeframe. Brief description of the state of knowledge. Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS) predominantly affects elderly type 2 diabetes individuals, often triggered by infections like pneumonia or urinary tract infections. Clinical presentation includes fatigue, weakness, polydipsia, polyuria, nausea, and altered consciousness. Diagnosis relies on criteria such as elevated blood glucose levels and increased osmolality. HHS management involves a multidisciplinary approach, addressing fluid depletion, compromised cerebral perfusion, and achieving gradual normalization of osmolality and blood glucose levels to prevent complications. Summary Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS), a severe metabolic disorder linked to diabetes, extends beyond hyperglycemia, necessitating a comprehensive understanding. This review sheds light on HHS etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and treatment modalities, emphasizing its critical nature in diabetes care.

Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a group of the most common inherited connective tissue disorders. The main symptoms of this syndrome are excessive skin flexibility, joint hypermobility and blood vessels fragility. The diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, but to confirm the type of EDS, it is necessary to identify the collagen-encoding gene or protein interacting with it. The group of Ehlers and Danlos diseases include fourteen types, the most common are classic, vascular, hypermobile, arthrochalasis, kyphoscoliotic and dermatosparaxis. [15] Connective tissue plays a key role in the process of movement, constituting the main component of bones, joint cartilage, tendons, ligaments and intervertebral discs. In addition, connective tissue is a part of every internal organ including the intestines and parenchymal organs and the cardiovascular system.[19] For this reason, patients with EDS show symptoms of many diseases, including respiratory, muscular, skeletal and vascular. Women suffering from EDS often struggle with complications during their pregnancies. Psychological and emotional issues are also common.[6] However, the most noticeable and debilitating symptom of EDS is pain, which is often severe and chronic. The pain occurs in approximately 90% or more of EDS patients.[8] Successful pain management in patients with EDS is a major challenge for specialists. The treatment involves non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, opioids and physiotherapy. Also marijuana, traditional chinese treatments, herbal remedies are considered to reduce the severity of the symptoms. [9] During the creation of this article, the authors analyzed the clinically relevant knowledge of EDS treatment and management based on research published on Pubmed.

Giardia intestinalis infection is the most common parasitic infection in the world. The parasite's reservoir is mainly humans and many species of mammals. Giardiasis is a parasitic disease of the duodenum and small intestine. Infection spreads easily through the oral-fecal route. Its most frequent symptom is chronic diarrhea, but it can also be asymptomatic. This article analyzes atypical symptoms of Giardia Intestinalis infection based on available studies in the PubMed database. Observations have shown that giardiasis can manifest in various types of dermatoses such as urticaria, angioedema, atopic dermatitis, erythema nodosum, or Wells syndrome. A relationship between Giardia Intestinalis infection and various allergic syndromes, manifesting as chronic urticaria or angioedema, has also been observed, as well as an increased occurrence of food allergies due to increased exposure to antigens. Studies have also shown that giardiasis can cause polyneuropathy, avitaminosis, and malabsorption syndrome. Even years after infection, chronic fatigue syndrome can still be observed

Introduction: Worldwide, cannabis is the most widely used illegal psychoactive substance and the third most common drug, after alcohol and tobacco. Cannabis use disorder (CUD) affects approximately 10% of the 193 million cannabis users worldwide. In recent years, cannabinoids have become more and more popular. The CUD is becoming a growing social and health problem. The search for effective forms of pharmacotherapy is still ongoing, and an effective combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy may be crucial for the future of CUD treatment. Material and method: The article was based on a review and analysis of publications and discoveries in recent years, which were available in the PubMed and Google Scholar database. Results: 82 study participants attempted abstinence from cannabis use. In the final primary endpoint analysis, both 400 mg of CBD and 800 mg of CBD were more effective than placebo in reducing cannabis use. 50 people who were addicted to cannabis treated with gabapentin showed a significant reduction in cannabis use and cannabis withdrawal compared to placebo. Moreover, 70 men addicted to cannabis were randomized and those, who used FAAH inhibitors reported fewer cannabis withdrawal symptoms, less cannabis use and lower THC urine levels than placebo users. Conclusions: Gabapentin has been proven to show a reduction in CUD. The use of CBD, FAAH inhibitors and psychotherapy MET/CBT/CM also appear to be effective. In addition, the use of the principles of People-First Language, avoiding slang and idioms, using medical and curing vocabulary, respects the addicted person, and also positively influences the chances of abstinence.

Introduction: Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a common phenomenon. Its prevalence in society ranges from 1% to 60%. Yet, there are no specific diagnostic criteria or effective screening tests. Moreover, orthorexia does not appear in any of the available international psychiatric classifications such as the ICD (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems) and DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Due to this fact many people remain undiagnosed, which significantly affects their standard of living, and later puts a strain on the health care system. Material and method: The article is based on a study and analysis of available publications in the last few years, published in the PubMed database. Conclusions: It is crucial to create specific diagnostic criteria for orthorexia. This will enable efficient detection of patients at an early stage of the disorder, which will significantly shorten the diagnostic path. Moreover, specifying potential risk factors will help to reduce new cases.