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We report the implementation of coordination complexes containing two types of cationic moieties, i. e. pyridinium and ammonium quaternary salt, as potential inhibitors of human cholinesterase enzymes. Utilization of ligands containing NNO-coordination site and binding zinc metal ion allowed mono- and tetra-nuclear complexes to be obtained with corner and grid structural type, respectively, thus affecting the overall charge of the compounds (from +1 to +8). We were able to examine for the first time the multivalency effect of metallosupramolecular species on their inhibitory abilities towards acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Importantly, resolution of the crystal structures of the obtained enzyme-substrate complexes provided a better understanding of the inhibition process at the molecular level.

In recent years, one of the key postulates in the European Union’s policy has become the development of renewable energy sources. In order to achieve the desired synergy effect, the idea of combining two selected sources of energy appeared. This article presents a technical and economic analysis of a hybrid connection of a ground source heat pump with a photovoltaic installation. Taking into account the heat demand of the building, a ground heat pump with a catalog nominal heating power of 25 kW was selected. This article presents the problem of the economic profitability of using a hybrid combination of a heat pump and photovoltaic panels in domestic hot water and central heating systems. The justification for the use of such heat sources in these installations is due to global trends and the gradual departure from conventional energy sources such as oil or gas boilers. This paper presents the economic and ecological results of using the pump heat connected together with photovoltaic panels. In the economic analysis, with the assumed installation costs related to the use of the considered heat pump and PV, two parameters commonly used in the investment analysis (static and dynamic) were used, namely, the simple payback period and the net present value of the investment. For the adopted assumptions, the usable area of the facility and the number of years of use were indicated, at which the investment in question is competitive with other alternative investment interest methods and will start to bring tangible benefits. The performed analysis also has measurable environmental benefits in the form of a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions at the level of 2893 kg/year into the atmosphere. The presented solution will help future investors understand the investment profitability mechanism for their households.

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to present selected results of a survey on the prospects for the development of electromobility in the context of Industry 4.0. A particular emphasis has been put on a precise analysis of consumer demand and social trends influenced by the IT and technological advancement. Approach/Methodology/Design: The survey used CAWI techniques and was implemented in a period of June-December 2020. The sample included 500 respondents from selected EU member states, including Poland, and the survey concentrated on the demand side. Findings: The importance of modern forms of mobility is expected to grow in the future. However, further promotion and development of electromobility in the context of Industry 4.0 remains an open issue. In the article, the authors point to the power generation technology which should prevail according to opinions expressed by representatives of the demand side and support the development of electromobility that will revolutionize individual transport. Practical implications: According to the survey, apart from the growing number of electric vehicles on the market, equally important is the development of charging infrastructure, since it is an indispensable component of electromobility. This is particularly important in the light of EU plans to develop electromobility based on Industry 4.0. Originality/Value: The study attempts to fill the gap in the literature. The experimental research approach can help to understand links between electromobility and its development prospects in the context of Industry 4.0. At the same time, it is the first attempt to indicate the energy technology which should be used in electric vehicles as a basis for the future mobility in the European Union.

Here we report the simultaneous formation of doubly and triply dynamic libraries as a result of exchange reactions between functionalized organic building blocks. A combination of three different reversible covalent linkages involving a boronate ester transesterification along with an imine and disulfide exchange was employed to generate a new type of fully organic triply dynamic molecular assembly.

PURPOSE: The article presents selected research results concerning the Polish path of electromobility development. The subject of the research was to gain extensive knowledge about contemporary consumer attitudes. This goal was achieved by trying to identify the most important factors determining the choice of electric vehicles by the demand side in the Polish automotive market., APPROACH/METHODOLOGY/DESIGN: CAWI techniques were used in the study. The study was conducted at the turn of 2020 and 2020. The research sample included 1,000 respondents - current owners of conventional fuel vehicles., CONCLUSIONS: Increasing the share in the electric vehicle market is one of the pillars of the electromobility development program in Poland. The authors emphasize the essence of the relationship between consumers' attitudes towards electric vehicles and the willingness to buy them and continue to use them., PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The study shows that the knowledge of consumer attitudes plays an important role in the development program electromobility in Poland. By verifying opinions about electric vehicles among their potential buyers., ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The survey attempts to fill a gap in the literature on the subject. An experimental research approach may clarify the essence of the relationship between the development of electromobility and the attitude of consumers., peer-reviewed

The energy sector is a specific area of ​​the economy. The power industry is related to the entire process chain: fuel, generation, transmission, energy trading as well as corporate and retail customer service. Ensuring the reliability of electricity supply, servicing many customers, the need to meet technical requirements in the production and transmission of electricity is combined with activities consisting in process monitoring and settlements. Complex management processes require the use of effective and specialized IT solutions ensuring, among other things, the possibility of managing the enterprise, as well as for transmission and increasing data security. The energy industry is struggling with the process of constant Change. In these changes, the most important issues are of a technical and economic nature. Technical changes are related to the process of modernization and expansion of infrastructure in terms of increasing efficiency and improving operational safety. Economic changes are generally related to the dynamics of the company’s economic environment, which forces the organization itself to use solutions that take into account the process of functioning in a dynamic environment. Along with the development of an energy company, it is necessary to develop IT systems to improve the functioning of the energy company. The aim of the article is to present the benefits of implementing IT systems in the Polish electricity distribution system operator based on dedicated projects.

Disruption of a tautomeric equilibrium by coordination self-assembly depends upon a delicate interplay between supramolecular interactions but has not been studied for supramolecular polymers in two dimensions at the solid–liquid interface. Presented herein is the description of a functionalized molecular module which in DMSO solution generates a highly compact dynamic aggregate in its lactam (amide) form that undergoes reaction with Zn(II) ion to give a ML2-type complex in which one lactam unit on each ligand has been converted to its iminol form, enabling bidentate binding also involving pyrimidine-N. These solution measurements, as well as a study by scanning tunneling microscopy at the liquid/graphite interface, corroborated by density functional studies, have revealed how the tautomeric equilibrium can be modulated by the addition of a metal salt.

The study is dedicated to analysis of sustainable regional energy planning challenge's in order to reach carbon‐free economy in 2050. The case study of hydropower development in selected region of Poland provides good example how to deal practically with identified sustainable regional energy planning problems to address restrictions of environmental requirements and natural conditions on the least costs hydropower generation planning in a given region. The aim of the article is to develop a model for optimizing hydropower production and to apply this model for selected region. The West Pomeranian region was selected for this case study, and the time range for planning is from 2019 to 2030. The selected region is particularly predestined for the production of renewable energy sources. Constructed model and obtained results for optimization of hydropower development in selected region is useful for fostering usage of renewable energy sources in Poland and moving forward towards carbon‐free economy target set by European Union for 2050.

Generation of well-defined organic-inorganic hybrid materials with controllable size and morphology is challenging and an active area of modern research in view of their unique properties and thus multifunctional applications. Specifically polyoxometalates (POMs) were recognized as a very promising group for the construction of those systems, nonetheless there are domains where the profound understanding of hierarchical mutual interactions and assembly are lacking. We present an efficient approach towards the synthesis of a novel group of POM-based nanocomposites that we name Complex-Decorated Surfactant Encapsulated-Clusters (CD-SECs). In the investigated system the organic surfactant may behave as a metal-coordinating agent, thus allowing for derivatization of the synthesized SECs via utilization of the non-covalent interactions. We demonstrate possibilities and limitations of three types of hybrid systems (H1-H3) generated via seven distinct constructing approaches (routes A-G). These systems have the potential to exhibit multiresponsive functions depending on the nature of their building blocks and could find many potential applications in biology or materials science.

Electromobility is a growing technology for land transport, constituting an important element of the concept of sustainable economic development. The article presents selected research results concerning one of the segments of this market-vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells. The subject of the research was to gain extensive knowledge on the economic factors influencing the future purchasing decisions of the demand side in relation to this category of vehicles. The research was based on a numerical experiment. For this purpose, a comparative analysis of purchase prices in relation to the TCO of the vehicle after 3–5 years of use was performed. The research included selected models that are powered by both conventional and alternative fuels. The use of this method will allow to assess the real costs associated with the hydrogen vehicle. The authors emphasize the important role of economic factors in the form of the TCO index for the development of this market. The experimental approach may be helpful in understanding the essence of economic relations that affect the development of the electro-mobility market and the market demand for hydrogen fuel cell-powered vehicles in Poland.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the motorization market of electric vehicles powered by hydrogen cells in Poland. European conditions of such technology were indicated, as well as original proposals on amendments to the law to increase the development pace of electromobility based on hydrogen cells. There were also presented economic aspects of this economic phenomenon. Moreover, survey research was conducted to examine the preferences of hydrogen and electric vehicle users in 5 primary Polish cities. In this way, the level of social acceptance for the technological revolution based on hydrogen cells and taking place in the motorization sector was determined.

The article discusses the development of electromobility in Poland. The first part of the article highlights the significance of electromobility for the national transport and energy policy. The second part of the article describes issues related to the development of charging infrastructure. The article also presents plans for the expansion of charging stations and barriers related to it. The article discusses market segments in which electric cars are actually used. Finally, the article describes stages of electromobility development in Poland and indicates its benefits for Poland. Being a new rapidly developing industry, electromobility can be an opportunity for Polish businesses and a stimulating factor for the entire national economy. The article is concluded with a summary.

Cyber-physical power systems integrate the various devices, which provide ancillary system services. In this paper, the design and implementation of a fully controllable cyber-physical system are presented. This system simulates the behavior of the real power systems and additionally assures controllable repeatable testing conditions, enabling investigations of energy storage systems. Ancillary system services provided by energy storages are especially crucial in the context of renewable energy sources and electromobility sector development. Credible tests of control strategies, realizing system services, require controllability of test parameters. Such investigations are impossible in a real power system, due to its inherent variability. The novel approach presented in this paper enables the management of power system resources supplied by various producers and ensures flexibility in the realization of assumed scenarios of power system operation. Such an controllable cyber-physical power system constitutes a suitable environment for tests of the effectiveness of ancillary services provided by energy storage systems because the system is independent of inherent variability of the real power system and enables flexible realization of the control algorithms developed for all of the system components (power source, loads, and energy storages). The voltage profile improvement in low-voltage grids has been shown in a case study confirming the applicability of the proposed approach.

Nowadays, while cities are often subject to research in terms of their development, especially smart development, studies on rural areas are rare. However, the development of the latter is very important. It is important that rural areas develop economically and socially. Smart villages are a challenge for the modern energy sector. The authors of the article try to answer the question: What are the challenges for the modern energy sector in the context of rural development? The aim of this article is to identify challenges for the modern power industry in the concept of smart countryside development. The article begins with the presentation of the essence of smart villages and the essence of energy policy. The research facilitated the identification of basic challenges that prevent or slow down the development of the smart villages in terms of modern energy solutions, as perceived by experts and residents, and farmers and entrepreneurs operating in rural areas. The article identifies a number of energy challenges in the context of a smart village. They include, among others, a lack of awareness regarding the impact of energy on the environment, a low level of public knowledge about new energy solutions, and a lack of social trust in modern energy solutions in rural areas. The research was conducted in rural areas in the north-western part of Poland. At the end, the article presents a model of rural development in the context of the modern energy sector. The research also allowed the creation of a smart village development model that focuses on smart economy, intelligent environment, intelligent people, and intelligent governance. Since these are universal solutions, they can be used as a proposition for other countries.

Summary In this article, we seek to analyze the regional energy policy in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, with a particular focus on the potential for developing renewable energy from biomass. The article aims to build a mathematical model of the regional energy system, related to the strategy of sustainable development in the region. Taking into account the potential for biomass development and the sustainability criteria, this paper presents a case study of sustainable regional energy planning and implementation in the selected region in Poland. An example of optimizing biomass for renewable use at the municipal level is valuable, as the use of biomass energy requires knowledge of landscapes, energy options, and different stakeholder perspectives. Thus, “energyscapes,” a complex spatial and temporary combination of energy supply, demand, and infrastructure within the landscape, can be very useful in this context. Ongoing research contributes to the development of knowledge on promoting renewable energy sources at the local level and supporting a fair transition to low-carbon energy through energy citizenship and the development of sustainable low-carbon communities at the regional level.

An assessment of electromagnetic compatibility is important from a technical as well as legal point of view. The harmonized standards should provide detailed guidelines enabling assessment of electromagnetic compatibility for the typical application of devices in systems. This paper presents the specific issues accompanying measurements of conducted electromagnetic interference in multiconverter systems. The theoretical considerations have been confirmed by experimental results obtained in a laboratory and in a real 1 MW photovoltaic power plant. The presented theoretical and experimental results might constitute the recommendations for practitioners dealing with conducted interference measurements, while the proposed approach can be used as a basis for the elaboration of reliable standards for electromagnetic compatibility assessment in multiconverter systems within the scope of the studied interference frequency range.

We report the implementation of coordination chemistry onto the generation of new types of metallosupramolecular complexes with laterally appended cationic moieties for DNA binding in buffered aqueous media. Utilization of an N,N,O-type coordination pocket along with an octahedral zinc(II) metal ion allowed us to obtain mono- and tetranuclear complexes in both solution and solid state, as confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, respectively. By using isothermal titration calorimetry and gel electrophoresis, multiply charged cationic assemblies were observed to effectively bind to DNA through multivalent electrostatic interactions. Furthermore, we observed a correlation between the multivalency of the compounds employed and the effectiveness of DNA binding.

Plug-in hybrids (PHEV) have become popular due to zero-emission driving, e.g., in urban areas, and using an internal combustion engine on longer distances. Energy consumption by the PHEV depends on many factors which can be either dependent or independent of the driver. The article examines how the driver can use the vehicle’s capabilities to influence its wear. Determining the optimal driving technique, due to the adopted nature of the timetable, is the basic variable that determines the profitability of using a given drive system. Four driving techniques have been selected to determine which one can offer the largest advantages. A vehicle-dedicated application has recorded the drivetrain performance on a predetermined route through an urban area. The analysis of results has demonstrated which of the driving techniques provides measurable effects in terms of reduced energy consumption and the shortest travelling time. The study shows longitudinal acceleration and torque generated by the electric drive. The information included in the study can help any PHEV user reduce the operating cost by applying an appropriate driving technique. The proposed research introduces the possibilities of assessing the influence of the driving style on energy consumption. The innovative side of this research is the observation of stochastic phenomena that are difficult to detect when using approximation modelling.

The objective of this paper is to identify the determinants of decarbonization processes in Poland by urban and rural areas. It also presents directions for knowledge diffusion on decarbonization to develop a sustainable energy strategy for Poland, particularly for local governments and cities. Despite extensive research on the determinants of decarbonization and sustainable energy development, there is a lack of specific solutions in this area. The authors of this paper investigated which determinants, according to the respondents, would lead to better decarbonization solutions in cities and villages in terms of sustainability. The studied sample was purposefully selected and an online questionnaire was used with the use of the “snowball” method. The authors conducted surveys that allowed the concerned parties themselves (respondents) to indicate which factors they believe best influence decarbonization. Such measures are helpful in terms of the understanding public acceptance of decarbonization in terms of the energy transition. This is of particular importance in terms of green governance globally and in Europe. The results of the authors’ research indicate that despite the reduction in the share of coal in residential and domestic heating, coal remains the main source of electricity generation and that the potential for low-carbon policy to have an impact on solving urban challenges is underestimated. From the findings, it can be concluded that more in-depth research is needed on public acceptance of decarbonization in its broadest sense and its implications.

This review provides a general overview of the development of fluorescent chemosensors based on closed three-dimensional architectures and highlights selected examples from research groups which have made a significant contribution to this field. The basic principles and challenges involved in the design of cage-like fluorescence chemosensors for a variety of guest molecules are covered. Particular attention is paid to the use of molecular and supramolecular fluorescent architectures for the detection of explosives/hazardous substances, aromatics and biologically active compounds.

Celem artykulu jest przedstawienie morskiej energetyki wiatrowej jako impulsu do rozwoju polskiej gospodarki morskiej. Silna gospodarka morska ma szanse stac sie kolem napedowym polskiej gospodarki, a jednym z jej filarow moze stac sie morska energetyka wiatrowa. Na potrzeby artykulu przeanalizowano aktualne informacje statystyczne oraz dostepne opracowania dotyczące badanej tematyki. Z uwagi na innowacyjnośc technologii i stosunkowo niedlugi okres jej rozwoju, wiekszośc dostepnych źrodel to opracowania eksperckie, udostepniane przez ośrodki badawcze. Na polskich obszarach morskich do tej pory nie wybudowano jeszcze zadnej morskiej farmy wiatrowej. Sektor w Polsce znajduje sie wciąz we wstepnej fazie rozwoju, a potencjalne korzyści z jego rozwoju mozna oszacowac na podstawie doświadczen innych krajow, zainteresowania inwestorow rynkiem polskim oraz oceny dojrzalości polskiego lancucha dostaw, ktory juz teraz z powodzeniem funkcjonuje na rynku zachodnim. Szacuje sie, ze rozwoj morskiej energetyki wiatrowej moze przynieśc korzyści w wysokości okolo 1% PKB średniorocznie w perspektywie do 2025 roku, a przychody dla polskich przedsiebiorstw i budzetu mogą wynieśc nawet 73,8 mld zl. Nalezy rowniez pamietac o korzyściach dla przemyslu i sektora portowego oraz regionow nadmorskich, co, z punktu widzenia autorow, czyni morską energetyke wiatrową istotnym elementem gospodarki morskiej w Polsce.

W tekście podjeto problem skuteczności dzialan edukacyjnych i promocyjnych wspierających wejście na rynek nowej kategorii produktow i jej uzaleznienie od sposobow komunikacji z nabywcą. Obok rozwazan teoretycznych ujete w nim zostaly takze wyniki badan przeprowadzonych przez jednego z autorow w ramach jego rozprawy doktorskiej poświeconej tej problematyce.

This work describes, for the first time, the application of combined pressure and temperature stimuli in disulfide metathesis reactions. In the system studied, above a pressure of 0.2 GPa, equimolar amounts of symmetric disulfides bis 4-chlorophenyl disulfide [(4-ClPhS)2 ] and bis 2-nitrophenyl disulfide [(2-NO2 PhS)2 ] react to give the heterodimeric product 4-Cl-PhSSPh-2-NO2 . In contrast to experiments conducted in solution at atmospheric pressure or in mechanochemical experiments under ball-mill grinding conditions, there is no necessity to use a base or thiolate anion as a catalyst for the exchange reaction under investigated conditions. Single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction revealed also that, despite the high-pressure conditions of this reaction, the heterodimeric-disulfide product unexpectedly crystallizes into the low-density polymorph A. This counterintuitive result contrasts with the high-pressure stability of the higher-density polymorph B, confirmed by its compression up to 2.8 GPa with no signs of a phase transition.

Cage compounds are very attractive structures for a wide range of applications and there is ongoing interest in finding effective ways to access such kinds of complex structures, particularly those possessing dynamic adaptive features. Here we report the accessible synthesis of new type of organic cage architectures, possessing two different dynamic bonds within one structure: hydrazones and disulfides. Implementation of three distinct functional groups (thiols, aldehydes and hydrazides) in the structure of two simple building blocks resulted in their spontaneous and selective self-assembly into aromatic cage-type architectures. These organic cages contain up to ten components linked together by twelve reversible covalent bonds. The advantage provided by the presented approach is that these cage structures can adaptively self-sort from a complex virtual mixture of polymers or macrocycles and that dynamic covalent chemistry enables their deliberate disassembly through controlled component exchange.

We describe here the generation of new donor-acceptor disulfide architectures obtained in aqueous solution at physiological pH. The application of a dynamic combinatorial chemistry approach allowed us to generate a large number of new disulfide macrocyclic architectures together with a new type of [2]catenanes consisting of four distinct components. Up to fifteen types of structurally-distinct dynamic architectures have been generated through one-pot disulfide exchange reactions between four thiol-functionalized aqueous components. The distribution of disulfide products formed was found to be strongly dependent on the structural features of the thiol components employed. This work not only constitutes a success in the synthesis of topologically- and morphologically-complex targets, but it may also open new horizons for the use of this methodology in the construction of molecular machines.