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2. Economic Inequality Reduces Sense of Control and Increases the Acceptability of Self-Interested Unethical Behavior.

Author

To, Christopher, Wiwad, Dylan, and Kouchaki, Maryam

Abstract

Societies worldwide are witnessing higher levels of economic inequality. While prior work has examined ethical judgments toward inequality itself (e.g., "is inequality unethical?"), less is known about how inequality shapes judgments of unethical behavior (e.g., "is unethical behavior more acceptable?"). In two correlational studies, we find that higher objective (Study 1; n = 127,953) and subjective (Study 2; n = 806) inequality is associated with greater acceptability of self-interested unethical behavior. In Studies 3a-6b (total N = 4,851; preregistered), we manipulated perceived inequality and test several mediating pathways. Results point toward the importance of sense of control as a mechanism: Under conditions of high inequality, individuals report a lower sense of control, which increases the acceptability of self-interested unethical behaviors. As a supplement, we also explore associations regarding why high inequality reduces sense of control (reduced perceptions of social mobility) and why sense of control is associated with greater acceptability of unethical behavior (greater situational attributions). Overall, our results suggest inequality changes ethical standards by reducing one's sense of control, providing evidence for another pathway through which inequality harms societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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9. Data

Author

Wiwad, Dylan, Mercier, Brett, Robinson, Angela, Aknin, Lara, Shariff, Azim, and Piff, Paul

Published
2022
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18. A many-analysts approach to the relation between religiosity and well-being

Author

Hoogeveen, Suzanne, primary, Sarafoglou, Alexandra, additional, Aczel, Balazs, additional, Aditya, Yonathan, additional, Alayan, Alexandra J., additional, Allen, Peter J., additional, Altay, Sacha, additional, Alzahawi, Shilaan, additional, Amir, Yulmaida, additional, Anthony, Francis-Vincent, additional, Kwame Appiah, Obed, additional, Atkinson, Quentin D., additional, Baimel, Adam, additional, Balkaya-Ince, Merve, additional, Balsamo, Michela, additional, Banker, Sachin, additional, Bartoš, František, additional, Becerra, Mario, additional, Beffara, Bertrand, additional, Beitner, Julia, additional, Bendixen, Theiss, additional, Berkessel, Jana B., additional, Berniūnas, Renatas, additional, Billet, Matthew I., additional, Billingsley, Joseph, additional, Bortolini, Tiago, additional, Breitsohl, Heiko, additional, Bret, Amélie, additional, Brown, Faith L., additional, Brown, Jennifer, additional, Brumbaugh, Claudia C., additional, Buczny, Jacek, additional, Bulbulia, Joseph, additional, Caballero, Saúl, additional, Carlucci, Leonardo, additional, Carmichael, Cheryl L., additional, Cattaneo, Marco E. G. V., additional, Charles, Sarah J., additional, Claessens, Scott, additional, Panagopoulos, Maxinne C., additional, Costa, Angelo Brandelli, additional, Crone, Damien L., additional, Czoschke, Stefan, additional, Czymara, Christian, additional, D'Urso, E. Damiano, additional, Dahlström, Örjan, additional, Rosa, Anna Dalla, additional, Danielsson, Henrik, additional, De Ron, Jill, additional, de Vries, Ymkje Anna, additional, Dean, Kristy K., additional, Dik, Bryan J., additional, Disabato, David J., additional, Doherty, Jaclyn K., additional, Draws, Tim, additional, Drouhot, Lucas, additional, Dujmovic, Marin, additional, Dunham, Yarrow, additional, Ebert, Tobias, additional, Edelsbrunner, Peter A., additional, Eerland, Anita, additional, Elbaek, Christian T., additional, Farahmand, Shole, additional, Farahmand, Hooman, additional, Farias, Miguel, additional, Feliccia, Abrey A., additional, Fischer, Kyle, additional, Fischer, Ronald, additional, Fisher-Thompson, Donna, additional, Francis, Zoë, additional, Frick, Susanne, additional, Frisch, Lisa K., additional, Geraldes, Diogo, additional, Gerdin, Emily, additional, Geven, Linda, additional, Ghasemi, Omid, additional, Gielens, Erwin, additional, Gligorić, Vukašin, additional, Hagel, Kristin, additional, Hajdu, Nandor, additional, Hamilton, Hannah R., additional, Hamzah, Imaduddin, additional, Hanel, Paul H. P., additional, Hawk, Christopher E., additional, K. Himawan, Karel, additional, Holding, Benjamin C., additional, Homman, Lina E., additional, Ingendahl, Moritz, additional, Inkilä, Hilla, additional, Inman, Mary L., additional, Islam, Chris-Gabriel, additional, Isler, Ozan, additional, Izydorczyk, David, additional, Jaeger, Bastian, additional, Johnson, Kathryn A., additional, Jong, Jonathan, additional, Karl, Johannes A., additional, Kaszubowski, Erikson, additional, Katz, Benjamin A., additional, Keefer, Lucas A., additional, Kelchtermans, Stijn, additional, Kelly, John M., additional, Klein, Richard A., additional, Kleinberg, Bennett, additional, Knowles, Megan L., additional, Kołczyńska, Marta, additional, Koller, Dave, additional, Krasko, Julia, additional, Kritzler, Sarah, additional, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, additional, Kyritsis, Thanos, additional, L. Landes, Todd, additional, Laukenmann, Ruben, additional, Forsyth, Guy A. Lavender, additional, Lazar, Aryeh, additional, Lehman, Barbara J., additional, Levy, Neil, additional, Lo, Ronda F., additional, Lodder, Paul, additional, Lorenz, Jennifer, additional, Łowicki, Paweł, additional, Ly, Albert L., additional, Maassen, Esther, additional, Magyar-Russell, Gina M., additional, Maier, Maximilian, additional, Marsh, Dylan R., additional, Martinez, Nuria, additional, Martinie, Marcellin, additional, Martoyo, Ihan, additional, Mason, Susan E., additional, Mauritsen, Anne Lundahl, additional, McAleer, Phil, additional, McCauley, Thomas, additional, McCullough, Michael, additional, McKay, Ryan, additional, McMahon, Camilla M., additional, McNamara, Amelia A., additional, Means, Kira K., additional, Mercier, Brett, additional, Mitkidis, Panagiotis, additional, Monin, Benoît, additional, Moon, Jordan W., additional, Moreau, David, additional, Morgan, Jonathan, additional, Murphy, James, additional, Muscatt, George, additional, Nägel, Christof, additional, Nagy, Tamás, additional, Nalborczyk, Ladislas, additional, Nilsonne, Gustav, additional, Noack, Pamina, additional, Norenzayan, Ara, additional, Nuijten, Michèle B., additional, Olsson-Collentine, Anton, additional, Oviedo, Lluis, additional, Pavlov, Yuri G., additional, Pawelski, James O., additional, Pearson, Hannah I., additional, Pedder, Hugo, additional, Peetz, Hannah K., additional, Pinus, Michael, additional, Pirutinsky, Steven, additional, Polito, Vince, additional, Porubanova, Michaela, additional, Poulin, Michael J., additional, Prenoveau, Jason M., additional, Prince, Mark A., additional, Protzko, John, additional, Pryor, Campbell, additional, Purzycki, Benjamin G., additional, Qiu, Lin, additional, Pütter, Julian Quevedo, additional, Rabelo, André, additional, Radell, Milen L., additional, Ramsay, Jonathan E., additional, Reid, Graham, additional, J. Roberts, Andrew, additional, Luna, Lindsey M. Root, additional, Ross, Robert M., additional, Roszak, Piotr, additional, Roy, Nirmal, additional, Saarelainen, Suvi-Maria K., additional, Sasaki, Joni Y., additional, Schaumans, Catherine, additional, Schivinski, Bruno, additional, Schmitt, Marcel C., additional, Schnitker, Sarah A., additional, Schnuerch, Martin, additional, Schreiner, Marcel R., additional, Schüttengruber, Victoria, additional, Sebben, Simone, additional, Segerstrom, Suzanne C., additional, Seryczyńska, Berenika, additional, Shjoedt, Uffe, additional, Simsek, Müge, additional, Sleegers, Willem W. A., additional, Smith, Eliot R., additional, Sowden, Walter J., additional, Späth, Marion, additional, Spörlein, Christoph, additional, Stedden, William, additional, Stoevenbelt, Andrea H., additional, Stuber, Simon, additional, Sulik, Justin, additional, Suwartono, Christiany, additional, Syropoulos, Stylianos, additional, Szaszi, Barnabas, additional, Szecsi, Peter, additional, Tappin, Ben M., additional, Tay, Louis, additional, Thibault, Robert T., additional, Thompson, Burt, additional, Thurn, Christian M., additional, Torralba, Josefa, additional, Tuthill, Shelby D., additional, Ullein, Ann-Marie, additional, Van Aert, Robbie C. M., additional, van Assen, Marcel A. L. M., additional, Van Cappellen, Patty, additional, van den Akker, Olmo R., additional, Van der Cruyssen, Ine, additional, Van der Noll, Jolanda, additional, van Dongen, Noah N. N., additional, Van Lissa, Caspar J., additional, van Mulukom, Valerie, additional, van Ravenzwaaij, Don, additional, van Zyl, Casper J. J., additional, Ann Vaughn, Leigh, additional, Većkalov, Bojana, additional, Verschuere, Bruno, additional, Vianello, Michelangelo, additional, Vilanova, Felipe, additional, Vishkin, Allon, additional, Vogel, Vera, additional, Vogelsmeier, Leonie V. D. E., additional, Watanabe, Shoko, additional, White, Cindel J. M., additional, Wiebels, Kristina, additional, Wiechert, Sera, additional, Willett, Zachary Z., additional, Witkowiak, Maciej, additional, Witvliet, Charlotte V. O., additional, Wiwad, Dylan, additional, Wuyts, Robin, additional, Xygalatas, Dimitris, additional, Yang, Xin, additional, Yeo, Darren J., additional, Yilmaz, Onurcan, additional, Zarzeczna, Natalia, additional, Zhao, Yitong, additional, Zijlmans, Josjan, additional, van Elk, Michiel, additional, and Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan, additional

Published
2022
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21. A many-analysts approach to the relation between religiosity and well-being

Author

Hoogeveen, Suzanne, Sarafoglou, Alexandra, Aczel, Balazs, Aditya, Yonathan, Alayan, Alexandra J., Allen, Peter J., Altay, Sacha, Alzahawi, Shilaan, Amir, Yulmaida, Anthony, Francis-Vincent, Kwame Appiah, Obed, Atkinson, Quentin D., Baimel, Adam, Balkaya-Ince, Merve, Balsamo, Michela, Banker, Sachin, Bartoš, František, Becerra, Mario, Beffara, Bertrand, Beitner, Julia, Bendixen, Theiss, Berkessel, Jana B., Berniūnas, Renatas, Billet, Matthew I., Billingsley, Joseph, Bortolini, Tiago, Breitsohl, Heiko, Bret, Amélie, Brown, Faith L., Brown, Jennifer, Brumbaugh, Claudia C., Buczny, Jacek, Bulbulia, Joseph, Caballero, Saúl, Carlucci, Leonardo, Carmichael, Cheryl L., Cattaneo, Marco E. G. V., Charles, Sarah J., Claessens, Scott, Panagopoulos, Maxinne C., Costa, Angelo Brandelli, Crone, Damien L., Czoschke, Stefan, Czymara, Christian, D'Urso, E. Damiano, Dahlström, Örjan, Rosa, Anna Dalla, Danielsson, Henrik, De Ron, Jill, de Vries, Ymkje Anna, Dean, Kristy K., Dik, Bryan J., Disabato, David J., Doherty, Jaclyn K., Draws, Tim, Drouhot, Lucas, Dujmovic, Marin, Dunham, Yarrow, Ebert, Tobias, Edelsbrunner, Peter A., Eerland, Anita, Elbaek, Christian T., Farahmand, Shole, Farahmand, Hooman, Farias, Miguel, Feliccia, Abrey A., Fischer, Kyle, Fischer, Ronald, Fisher-Thompson, Donna, Francis, Zoë, Frick, Susanne, Frisch, Lisa K., Geraldes, Diogo, Gerdin, Emily, Geven, Linda, Ghasemi, Omid, Gielens, Erwin, Gligorić, Vukašin, Hagel, Kristin, Hajdu, Nandor, Hamilton, Hannah R., Hamzah, Imaduddin, Hanel, Paul H. P., Hawk, Christopher E., K. Himawan, Karel, Holding, Benjamin C., Homman, Lina E., Ingendahl, Moritz, Inkilä, Hilla, Inman, Mary L., Islam, Chris-Gabriel, Isler, Ozan, Izydorczyk, David, Jaeger, Bastian, Johnson, Kathryn A., Jong, Jonathan, Karl, Johannes A., Kaszubowski, Erikson, Katz, Benjamin A., Keefer, Lucas A., Kelchtermans, Stijn, Kelly, John M., Klein, Richard A., Kleinberg, Bennett, Knowles, Megan L., Kołczyńska, Marta, Koller, Dave, Krasko, Julia, Kritzler, Sarah, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, Kyritsis, Thanos, L. Landes, Todd, Laukenmann, Ruben, Forsyth, Guy A. Lavender, Lazar, Aryeh, Lehman, Barbara J., Levy, Neil, Lo, Ronda F., Lodder, Paul, Lorenz, Jennifer, Łowicki, Paweł, Ly, Albert L., Maassen, Esther, Magyar-Russell, Gina M., Maier, Maximilian, Marsh, Dylan R., Martinez, Nuria, Martinie, Marcellin, Martoyo, Ihan, Mason, Susan E., Mauritsen, Anne Lundahl, McAleer, Phil, McCauley, Thomas, McCullough, Michael, McKay, Ryan, McMahon, Camilla M., McNamara, Amelia A., Means, Kira K., Mercier, Brett, Mitkidis, Panagiotis, Monin, Benoît, Moon, Jordan W., Moreau, David, Morgan, Jonathan, Murphy, James, Muscatt, George, Nägel, Christof, Nagy, Tamás, Nalborczyk, Ladislas, Nilsonne, Gustav, Noack, Pamina, Norenzayan, Ara, Nuijten, Michèle B., Olsson-Collentine, Anton, Oviedo, Lluis, Pavlov, Yuri G., Pawelski, James O., Pearson, Hannah I., Pedder, Hugo, Peetz, Hannah K., Pinus, Michael, Pirutinsky, Steven, Polito, Vince, Porubanova, Michaela, Poulin, Michael J., Prenoveau, Jason M., Prince, Mark A., Protzko, John, Pryor, Campbell, Purzycki, Benjamin G., Qiu, Lin, Pütter, Julian Quevedo, Rabelo, André, Radell, Milen L., Ramsay, Jonathan E., Reid, Graham, J. Roberts, Andrew, Luna, Lindsey M. Root, Ross, Robert M., Roszak, Piotr, Roy, Nirmal, Saarelainen, Suvi-Maria K., Sasaki, Joni Y., Schaumans, Catherine, Schivinski, Bruno, Schmitt, Marcel C., Schnitker, Sarah A., Schnuerch, Martin, Schreiner, Marcel R., Schüttengruber, Victoria, Sebben, Simone, Segerstrom, Suzanne C., Seryczyńska, Berenika, Shjoedt, Uffe, Simsek, Müge, Sleegers, Willem W. A., Smith, Eliot R., Sowden, Walter J., Späth, Marion, Spörlein, Christoph, Stedden, William, Stoevenbelt, Andrea H., Stuber, Simon, Sulik, Justin, Suwartono, Christiany, Syropoulos, Stylianos, Szaszi, Barnabas, Szecsi, Peter, Tappin, Ben M., Tay, Louis, Thibault, Robert T., Thompson, Burt, Thurn, Christian M., Torralba, Josefa, Tuthill, Shelby D., Ullein, Ann-Marie, Van Aert, Robbie C. M., van Assen, Marcel A. L. M., Van Cappellen, Patty, van den Akker, Olmo R., Van der Cruyssen, Ine, Van der Noll, Jolanda, van Dongen, Noah N. N., Van Lissa, Caspar J., van Mulukom, Valerie, van Ravenzwaaij, Don, van Zyl, Casper J. J., Ann Vaughn, Leigh, Većkalov, Bojana, Verschuere, Bruno, Vianello, Michelangelo, Vilanova, Felipe, Vishkin, Allon, Vogel, Vera, Vogelsmeier, Leonie V. D. E., Watanabe, Shoko, White, Cindel J. M., Wiebels, Kristina, Wiechert, Sera, Willett, Zachary Z., Witkowiak, Maciej, Witvliet, Charlotte V. O., Wiwad, Dylan, Wuyts, Robin, Xygalatas, Dimitris, Yang, Xin, Yeo, Darren J., Yilmaz, Onurcan, Zarzeczna, Natalia, Zhao, Yitong, Zijlmans, Josjan, van Elk, Michiel, and Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan

Abstract

ABSTRACTThe relation between religiosity and well-being is one of the most researched topics in the psychology of religion, yet the directionality and robustness of the effect remains debated. Here, we adopted a many-analysts approach to assess the robustness of this relation based on a new cross-cultural dataset (participants from 24 countries). We recruited 120 analysis teams to investigate (1) whether religious people self-report higher well-being, and (2) whether the relation between religiosity and self-reported well-being depends on perceived cultural norms of religion (i.e., whether it is considered normal and desirable to be religious in a given country). In a two-stage procedure, the teams first created an analysis plan and then executed their planned analysis on the data. For the first research question, all but 3 teams reported positive effect sizes with credible/confidence intervals excluding zero (median reported ). For the second research question, this was the case for 65% of the teams (median reported ). While most teams applied (multilevel) linear regression models, there was considerable variability in the choice of items used to construct the independent variables, the dependent variable, and the included covariates.

Published
2023
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22. Behavioral Ethics: Challenging Fundamental Assumptions and Insights in the Field

Author

Arkan, Öykü, primary, Chae, Rebecca, additional, Cohen, Taya R., additional, Cooper, Binyamin, additional, Fleeson, William, additional, Gaspar, Joseph P., additional, Huppert, Elizabeth, additional, Kim, Yong H., additional, Kouchaki, Maryam, additional, Lee Cunningham, Julia, additional, Levine, Emma, additional, Methasani, Redona, additional, Schweitzer, Maurice, additional, Skowronek, Samuel, additional, To, Christopher, additional, Warren, Danielle E., additional, and Wiwad, Dylan, additional

Published
2021
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29. The luck of the draw: How attributions for poverty shape support for economic inequality

Author

Wiwad, Dylan

Abstract

Despite growing economic inequality the American population remains relatively un-motivated to tackle this issue--why? In six studies (n = 34,198), I aimed to answer this question by exploring the link between both dispositional and situational attributions for poverty and support for economic inequality. In Study 1 I used cross-national data from 34 countries to examine the relationship between attributions for poverty and support for economic inequality. I found that people demonstrated less support for economic inequality in countries where the majority of respondents provided situational (as opposed to dispositional) attributions for poverty. In Study 2a I had participants complete an immersive online poverty simulation or play Monopoly. I found that relative to Monopoly, the poverty simulation led to an increase in situational attributions for poverty and turn diminished support for economic inequality and increased support for redistribution. In Study 2b I conducted a high-powered pre-registered replication and extension of these results. In Study 3a, I presented participants with evidence counter to the stereotype that the poor are lazy by having them interact with a low-status (versus average-status) status confederate. I found that the cross-status interaction led to a decrease in dispositional attributions for poverty which in turn decreased support for economic inequality. In Study 3b I conducted a high-powered pre-registered replication which strengthened the design of the previous study and largely replicated these results. Lastly, in Study 4, in order to determine the specificity of relationship between causal attributions and support for economic inequality I conducted a field quasi-experiment in undergraduates enrolled in various introductory psychology classes. I compared attributions for poverty and support for economic inequality over the course of a semester in students who were taking a class that explicitly highlights the situational causes of behaviour versus a series of classes without this explicit framing. I found that taking a course centred around demonstrating the impact situational factors have in influencing behaviour did not shift support for economic inequality relative to students in various control classes. Overall, this dissertation presents the first experiments showing how attributions for poverty can shape broader economic attitudes, such as support for economic inequality and how various simple and low-cost interventions can be leveraged to promote greater social equality.

Published
2019

30. Not all Gifts are Good: The Potential Practical Costs of Motivated Gifts

Author

Girme, Yuthika, Wiwad , Dylan, Aknin, Lara, and Aknin , Lara

Subjects
PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Prosocial Behavior, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Well-being, Social Psychology, 05 social sciences, Helping behavior, 050109 social psychology, Gift giving, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Social Well-being, 050105 experimental psychology, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences, Prosocial behavior, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Social Psychology, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Personality and Social Contexts, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology, Psychology, Social psychology, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Motivational Behavior
Abstract

People rely on support from others to accomplish mundane and momentous tasks. When asking for assistance, is it beneficial to incentivize a helper by offering a motivated gift (i.e. a gift with the hope of getting support in return)? Six studies (N>2,500) examine the frequency and potential costs of motivated gifts. In Study 1, a third of Americans indicated that they had given a motivated gift at least once, while nearly two-thirds believed they had received one. In Studies 2a-d, most participants who imagined receiving a motivated gift before a favor request reported lower willingness to help and anticipated satisfaction from helping than participants who imagined simply being asked for a favor. Finally, Study 3 replicates these findings with actual help provided among friends in a laboratory setting. Findings suggest that motivated gifts are relatively common but may sometimes undermine the assistance that people hope to receive.

Published
2018

31. Support for Economic Inequality Scale: Development and Adjudication

Author

Wiwad, Dylan, Mercier, Brett, Shariff, Azim, aknin, Lara, and Robinson, Angela

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, Social Psychology, Psychology, Quantitative Psychology, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Abstract

Economic inequality is a defining issue of the 21st century. Past research has documented myriad pernicious psychological effects of high inequality, and prompted interest into how people perceive, evaluate, and react to economic inequality. Here we propose, refine, and validate the Support for Economic Inequality Scale (SEIS) – a novel measure of attitudes towards economic inequality. In Study 1, we distill eighteen items down to five, providing evidence for unidimensionality and reliability. In Study 2, we replicate the scale’s unidimensionality and reliability and demonstrate its validity. In Study 3, we evaluate a United States version of the SEIS. Finally, in Study 4, we show predictive validity by relating the SEIS to behavioral support for an inequality reducing social policy. The SEIS is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing perceptions of and reactions to economic inequality, and provides a useful tool for researchers investigating the psychological underpinnings of economic inequality.

Published
2018

34. Support for Economic Inequality Scale

Author

Wiwad, Dylan, primary, Mercier, Brett, additional, Maraun, Michael D., additional, Robinson, Angela R., additional, Piff, Paul K., additional, Aknin, Lara B., additional, and Sharif, Azim F., additional

Published
2019
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38. The Rags-to-Riches Story of Income Mobility and Its Impact on Emotional Well-Being

Author

Wiwad, Dylan

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology, Thesis Commons|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Social Psychology, Social Psychology, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences, Psychology, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Social Psychology, Thesis Commons|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Thesis Commons|Social and Behavioral Sciences
Abstract

Recent research has demonstrated that people believe they are more likely to climb the income ladder than they actually are. However, no one has explored the downstream psychological consequences of these unrealistically optimistic perceptions, particularly their impact on emotional well-being. Across four studies I explored the correlational and causal relationship between perceptions of one’s own income mobility and emotional well-being. In Studies 1 and 2, I measure and assess the relationship between perceptions of income mobility and emotional well-being. I found that most participants see themselves as having high income mobility, and these perceptions of upward mobility are related to higher levels of happiness. In Study 3, I randomly assigned participants to read an article depicting income mobility as high, moderate, or low. Participants led to believe income mobility is high reported higher happiness relative to those led to believe income mobility is low. Lastly, in Study 4, utilizing a more diverse and generalizable sample from a National Panel Survey, I replicated the findings of Study 3. In sum, the present research demonstrates that people tend to be optimistic about their own chances of climbing the income ladder, and this sustained optimism translates into positive downstream emotional consequences.

Published
2017

39. Self-focused Motives Undermine the Emotional Rewards of Recalled Prosocial Behavior

Author

Wiwad, Dylan and aknin, Lara

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, Social Psychology, Psychology, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Abstract

Past research has demonstrated that engaging in and reflecting upon past instances of prosocial behavior promote happiness. Yet, people provide help for a myriad of reasons. Do the motives for giving impact its emotional consequences? In three experiments (N > 680), we compared the emotional outcomes of recalling a past instance of prosocial behavior motivated by self-focused and other-focused concerns. Using both between and within subjects designs, we find that recalling an instance of other-focused helping leads to higher positive affect than recalling an instance of self-focused helping. This finding was mediated by feelings of morality. The present work suggests that not all acts of kindness offer equivalent well-being benefits and that selfish motives may undermine the emotional rewards that typically follow prosocial behavior.

Published
2017
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44. The rags-to-riches story of income mobility and its impact on emotional well-being

Author

Wiwad, Dylan Clifford McCavour

Abstract

Recent research has demonstrated that people believe they are more likely to climb the income ladder than they actually are. However, no one has explored the downstream psychological consequences of these unrealistically optimistic perceptions, particularly their impact on emotional well-being. Across four studies I explored the correlational and causal relationship between perceptions of one’s own income mobility and emotional well-being. In Studies 1 and 2, I measure and assess the relationship between perceptions of income mobility and emotional well-being. I found that most participants see themselves as having high income mobility, and these perceptions of upward mobility are related to higher levels of happiness. In Study 3, I randomly assigned participants to read an article depicting income mobility as high, moderate, or low. Participants led to believe income mobility is high reported higher happiness relative to those led to believe income mobility is low. Lastly, in Study 4, utilizing a more diverse and generalizable sample from a National Panel Survey, I replicated the findings of Study 3. In sum, the present research demonstrates that people tend to be optimistic about their own chances of climbing the income ladder, and this sustained optimism translates into positive downstream emotional consequences.

Published
2015

45. Not all gifts are good: The potential practical costs of motivated gifts.

Author

Aknin, Lara B., Wiwad, Dylan, and Girme, Yuthika U.

Subjects
*GIFTS, *MOTIVATION (Psychology), *SOCIAL support, *HELP-seeking behavior, *INTERPERSONAL relations, *MATERIALISM, *SATISFACTION
Abstract

People rely on support from others to accomplish mundane and momentous tasks. When asking for assistance, is it beneficial to incentivize a helper by offering a motivated gift (i.e., a gift with the hope of getting support in return)? Six studies (N > 2,500) examine the frequency and potential costs of motivated gifts. In Study 1, a third of Americans indicated that they had given a motivated gift at least once, while nearly two‐thirds believed they had received one. In Studies 2a–d, most participants who imagined receiving a motivated gift before a favor request reported lower willingness to help and anticipated satisfaction from helping than participants who imagined simply being asked for a favor. Finally, Study 3 replicates these findings with actual help provided among friends in a laboratory setting. Findings suggest that motivated gifts are relatively common but may sometimes undermine the assistance that people hope to receive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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47. Behavioral Ethics: Challenging Fundamental Assumptions and Insights in the Field.

Author

Gaspar, Joseph P., Warren, Danielle E., Smith-Crowe, Kristin, Arkan, Öykü, Chae, Rebecca, Cohen, Taya R., Cooper, Binyamin, Fleeson, William, Huppert, Elizabeth, Kim, Yong H., Kouchaki, Maryam, Lee Cunningham, Julia, Levine, Emma, Methasani, Redona, Schweitzer, Maurice, Skowronek, Samuel, To, Christopher, and Wiwad, Dylan

Abstract

Business ethics has emerged as one of the most critical issues confronting society, and a substantial literature in behavioral ethics provides important insights into ethical decision making in organizations. In this symposium, we challenge some of the fundamental assumptions and insights in this literature. In a series of papers, we demonstrate that though prior research provides important insights into ethical perceptions, ethical decision making, and unethical behavior in organizations, many characteristics and relationships remain uncertain. In all, our symposium pushes the boundaries of the field of behavioral ethics, raises important theoretical, empirical, and methodological questions, and prompts the need for more research on ethical decision making and unethical behavior in organizations. The Link Between Effort and Dishonesty. Presenter: Samuel Skowronek; The Wharton School, U. of Pennsylvania. Presenter: Maurice Schweitzer; U. of Pennsylvania. Honesty in Organizations. Presenter: Binyamin Cooper; Carnegie Mellon U. Presenter: Taya R. Cohen; Carnegie Mellon U. - Tepper School of Business. Presenter: Elizabeth Huppert; U. Of Chicago. Presenter: Emma Levine; U. Of Chicago. Presenter: William Fleeson; Wake Forest U. How to Reduce Unethical Behavior & Increase Voice: The Role of Moral Ownership & Perspective-Taking. Presenter: Danielle E. Warren; Rutgers U. Presenter: Öykü Arkan; Rutgers Business School. Tainted by Affiliation: How Cognitive Style Shapes Spillover Effects. Presenter: Rebecca Chae; Leavey School of Business, Santa Clara U. Presenter: Yong H. Kim; Texas A&M U. Presenter: Julia Lee Cunningham; U. of Michigan. Economic Inequality Increases the Acceptability of Others' Unethical Behavior. Presenter: Christopher To; Northwestern Kellogg School of Management. Presenter: Dylan Wiwad; Northwestern Kellogg School of Management. Presenter: Maryam Kouchaki; Northwestern Kellogg School of Management. Strategic Moral Advice Seeking and Taking: A Theoretical Model and Propositions. Presenter: Joseph P. Gaspar; Quinnipiac U. Presenter: Redona Methasani; U. of Connecticut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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48. Perceptual Bases of Inequality in Organizations.

Author

Hart, Einav, Strom, Phoebe, Goya-Tocchetto, Daniela, Sa-kiera Hudson, Wiwad, Dylan, Avgar, Ariel, Cikara, Mina, Davidai, Shai, Jachimowicz, Jon Michael, Kay, Aaron, Payne, Keith, Sharma, Ishan, and Sidanius, Jim

Abstract

Despite growing workforce diversity, organizational attention, and social pressure (e.g, #MeToo), inequalities along axes of race, gender, class, sexual orientation, and ability remain a persistent challenge for most modern workplaces. Recent research has suggested that one key way these inequalities are perpetuated is through misperception, in which individuals fail to see, choose to ignore, misconstrue, or build narratives around them. However, though this work documents the importance of individuals' subjective understandings of inequality, how those understandings are formed--and thus how they might be altered--remains largely unclear. In the proposed symposium, we address this open question: We present a collection of novel empirical papers examining how the way people perceive aspects of organizational life (specifically, opportunity for upward mobility, meritocratic processes, relationships with other groups, and conflict) directly shapes their tolerance for and perpetuation of various types of inequality. Drawing from both experimental and field data and focusing on a range of different types of inequality (e.g., socioeconomic, racial) at work, these studies highlight that individuals' perceptions about inequality are (1) potentially malleable, (2) critical vehicles through which today's nuanced, relationally-enforced inequality is sustained, and (3) must be taken as seriously as the outcomes they foster. The Perceived Potential for Promotion: Upward Workplace Mobility and Acceptance of Pay Disparities. Presenter: Dylan Wiwad; Northwestern Kellogg School of Management. Presenter: Jon Michael Jachimowicz; Harvard Business School. Presenter: Shai Davidai; Columbia Business School. Bounded Meritocracy. Presenter: Daniela Goya-Tocchetto; Fuqua School of Business, Duke U. Presenter: Aaron Kay; Duke U. Presenter: Keith Payne; U. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The Connection between Preferences for Hierarchy and Empathic/Counter-Empathic Emotions. Presenter: Sa-kiera Hudson; Yale U. Presenter: Mina Cikara; Harvard U. Presenter: Jim Sidanius; Harvard U. Colored Lenses: Perceptions of Conflict & the Perpetuation of Workplace Racial Disparities. Presenter: Phoebe Strom; Cornell U. Presenter: Ishan Sharma; Cornell U. Presenter: Ariel Avgar; ILR at Cornell. Presenter: Einav Hart; George Mason U. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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49. Shifting Attributions for Poverty Motivates Opposition to Inequality and Enhances Egalitarianism.

Author

Wiwad, Dylan, Piff, Paul, Robinson, Angela, Mercier, Brett, Aknin, Lara, and Shariff, Azim

Abstract

Amidst rising economic inequality and mounting evidence of its pernicious social effects, what motivates people to oppose inequality? Five studies (N = 34,442) show that attributing poverty to situational forces is linked to greater concern about inequality, preference for egalitarian policies, and inequality-reducing behavior. In Study 1, situational attributions for poverty predicted reduced support for inequality across 34 countries. Study 2 replicated these findings with a nationally representative sample of Americans. Three experiments then tested whether situational attributions for poverty are malleable and motivate egalitarianism. Bolstering situational attributions for poverty through a brief writing exercise (Study 3) and a computer- based poverty simulation (Studies 4a-b) increased egalitarian action and reduced support for inequality immediately (Studies 3-4b), one day later, and 155 days post- intervention (Study 4b). Causal attributions for poverty offer one accessible means of shaping inequality-reducing attitudes and actions. Situational attributions may be a potent psychological lever for lessening societal inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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