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Quality of sleep directly impacts quality of life, whilst lifestyle significantly impacts night rest. Cigarette smoking is a serious threat to overall health, including sleep. Nicotine in cigarettes affects the nervous system, whilst the respiratory system is impacted by carcinogenic substances, such as dusts and tarred substances, inhaled with smoke. Cigarettes are assumed to be a risk factor in sleep disorders, including breathing sleep disorders.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the usefulness of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the assessment of the relationship between the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) and bone crest of the anterior mandibular cortex. The study population comprised 39 males and 61 females, aged 18–71. A GENDEX GXCB-500 machine, i-CAT Vision and CorelDraw 9 software were used. The distances between the CEJ and bone crest at buccal and lingual sides of six anterior mandibular teeth were measured. Descriptive statistical methods, Student’s t-test and ANOVA were used. The mean distance between the bone crest and CEJ was 2.32 mm ± 0.78 mm at the buccal and 2.52 mm ± 0.85 mm at the lingual side. It was found that in males aged over 50 years, the mean distance at the buccal side was 2.84 mm ± 0.79 mm and was significantly higher than in males aged 49 and less – 2.08 mm ± 0.41 mm. The mean distance at the lingual side was 3.28 mm ± 1.08 mm and was significantly lower in the age group of 49 years and less – 2.10 mm ± 0.41 mm. CBCT allows determining the distance between the CEJ and crestal bone margin at buccal and lingual sides. The data provide crucial information for planning orthodontic treatment, implant placement and periodontal therapy.

Root resorption is a process that results in the loss of dental hard tissues as a result of odontoclastic action. One of the types of external resorption is external cervical resorption, which usually manifests itself in the cervical aspect of the teeth. Clinically, external root resorption is usually asymptomatic. When external cervical resorption occurs, cervical cavitation, gingival contour irregularity, or pink discoloration of the overlying enamel can often be observed. This case report describes the clinical and radiologic diagnosis (cone beam computed tomography) and treatment of external cervical resorption according to the current guidelines of the European Society of Endodontology. After 4 years, the tooth remained functional and the esthetic effect was satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During archaeological excavations in burial sites, sometimes stoned organic objects are found, in addition to human remains. Those objects might be of a different origin, depending on various factors influencing members of a community (i.e. diseases, trauma), which provides information about their living conditions. The St. Nicholas Church archaeological site (Libkovice, Czechia) in the 18th century horizon of the cemetery, yielded a maturus-senilis female skeleton with a stone object in the left iliac fossa. This object was an oviform cyst-like rough structure, measuring 54 mm in length, 35 mm in maximum diameter and 0.2–0.7 mm shell thickness. Within the object there were small fetal bones (long bones, i.e. femur and two tibias, two scapulas, three ribs, vertebrae and other tiny bone fragments). Methods utilized to analyze the outer and inner surface morphology of the cyst and its inside, included: X-ray, CT imaging, SEM, histological staining and EDS. The EDS analysis revealed the presence of primarily oxygen, calcium and phosphorus in bone samples, and oxygen and silicon, in stone shell. Based on the length of the femur (20.2 mm) and tibia (16 mm) shafts, the fetal age was determined as being in the 15–18 week of pregnancy. The differential diagnosis was conducted, including for the three most probable cases: fetiform teratoma (FT), fetus-in-fetu (FIF) and lithopedion. The possibility of fetiform teratoma was discounted due to the presence of an anatomically correct spine, long bones and the proportions of the find. Although the low calcium content in the shell (2.3% atom mass), the lack of skull bones and the better developed lower limbs indicate fetus-in-fetu rather than lithopedion, the analyses results are unable to conclusively identify the object under one of these two categories since there are insufficient such cases in excavation material with which to draw comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato late blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, significantly hampers potato production. Recently, a new Resistance to Phytophthora infestans (Rpi) gene, Rpi‐amr1, was cloned from a wild Solanum species, Solanum americanum. Identification of the corresponding recognized effector (Avirulence or Avr) genes from P. infestans is key to elucidating their naturally occurring sequence variation, which in turn informs the potential durability of the cognate late blight resistance. To identify the P. infestans effector recognized by Rpi‐amr1, we screened available RXLR effector libraries and used long read and cDNA pathogen‐enrichment sequencing (PenSeq) on four P. infestans isolates to explore the untested effectors. Using single‐molecule real‐time sequencing (SMRT) and cDNA PenSeq, we identified 47 highly expressed effectors from P. infestans, including PITG_07569, which triggers a highly specific cell death response when transiently coexpressed with Rpi‐amr1 in Nicotiana benthamiana, suggesting that PITG_07569 is Avramr1. Here we demonstrate that long read and cDNA PenSeq enables the identification of full‐length RXLR effector families and their expression profile. This study has revealed key insights into the evolution and polymorphism of a complex RXLR effector family that is associated with the recognition by Rpi‐amr1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Potato virus Y (PVY) is a major potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) pathogen that causes severe annual crop losses worth billions of dollars worldwide. PVY is transmitted by aphids, and successful control of virus transmission requires the extensive use of environmentally damaging insecticides to reduce vector populations. Rysto, from the wild relative S. stoloniferum, confers extreme resistance (ER) to PVY and related viruses and is a valuable trait that is widely employed in potato resistance breeding programmes. Rysto was previously mapped to a region of potato chromosome XII, but the specific gene has not been identified to date. In this study, we isolated Rysto using resistance gene enrichment sequencing (RenSeq) and PacBio SMRT (Pacific Biosciences single‐molecule real‐time sequencing). Rysto was found to encode a nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich repeat (NLR) protein with an N‐terminal TIR domain and was sufficient for PVY perception and ER in transgenic potato plants. Rysto‐dependent extreme resistance was temperature‐independent and requires EDS1 and NRG1 proteins. Rysto may prove valuable for creating PVY‐resistant cultivars of potato and other Solanaceae crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Despite the continuing prevention and oral health educational programs, the incidence of caries in Poland among developmental age population remains high and shows an increasing trend in older age groups. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was the assessment of dental status and oral hygiene in children aged 6-7 and 11-12 from urban areas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The aim of the study was the assessment of dental status and oral hygiene in children aged 6-7 and 11-12 from urban areas. The study groups comprised of 313 children aged 6-7 (171 girls and 142 boys) and 292 children aged 11-12 (133 girls and 159 boys). We evaluated the number of permanent and deciduous teeth with caries (P, p), the number of teeth extracted due to caries (U, u), and the number of teeth with fillings due to caries (W, w). The results allowed for calculation of average PUW/puw number for permanent and deciduous teeth, and the frequency of caries. The study also provides the assessment of oral hygiene status using the approximal plaque index (API). RESULTS: The present study found that the frequency of caries with respect to deciduous teeth in children aged 6-7 was 76%, and in the group of children aged 11-12 (permanent teeth) it was 52%. The differences regarding sex in both age groups were not statistically significant, and amounted to 76% for boys and 75% for girls in the 6-7 age group, and 50% for boys and 58% for girls in the 11-12 age group. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of data obtained in our study shows a high frequency of caries in the 6-7 and 11-12 age groups. Oral hygiene status identified for both groups remains unsatisfactory. Therefore, it seems necessary to implement dental prophylaxis actions and promote health education among school-age children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the St. Nicholas Church archaeological site (Libkovice, Czechia; the 18th century cemetery) a female skeleton with a stone object in the left iliac fossa was found. It was a cyst-like structure. The measures of it were 54 mm in length and 35 mm in maximum diameter. Within the object fetal bones (long bones, i.e. femur and two tibias, two scapulas, three ribs, vertebrae and other tiny bone fragments) were revealed. The methods used for the analysis were intended to describe the external and internal morphology of the object and its content: X-ray, CT imaging, SEM, histological staining and EDS. The EDS analysis revealed the presence of primarily oxygen, calcium and phosphorus in bone samples, and oxygen and silicon, in stone shell. The measurements of the femur (20.2 mm) and tibia (16 mm) shafts allowed to estimate the fetal age as the 15-18 week of pregnancy. During the differential diagnosis three most likely cases were taken into account: fetiform teratoma (FT), fetus-in-fetu (FIF) and lithopedion. FT was excluded due to the presence of long bones and their proportions, and due to the presence of an anatomically correct spine. Of the other two possible variants, fetus-in-fetu is more likely than lithopedion, due to the lack of a skull, better development of lower limbs, and low calcium content in the shell. The results do not allow to clearly answer the question which of these two cases is the object due to the insufficient number of similar discoveries in the excavation material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Preserving natural and healthy dentition till the end of life is strongly connected with regular control visits at the dentist's surgery and following therapeutic procedures that may be found necessary. Today's society develops an awareness of the necessity to preserve good health of the oral cavity. Therefore, dentists attempt to provide medical care to the patients of all ages, including menopausal women. Women at the perimenopausal or post-menopausal age often experience a decrease in estrogenic hormone concentration due to discontinued endocrinological activity of the ovaries. This leads to a number of systemic implications, including the negative effect on salivary glands and oral mucosa. It is important to keep in mind that such patients may suffer from oral diseases specific to their age. This paper presents most common oral diseases that occur in women at the menopausal or perimenopausal age. While the systemic aspects of menopause are well documented, the awareness of oral discomfort as a part of menopausal complaints is still low. The authors present the current state of knowledge on how deficiency or supplementation of estrogens can affect salivary glands and oral mucosa in perimenopausal and post-menopausal women. Particular attention is paid to symptoms resulting from abnormal lubrication of oral mucosa or burning mouth syndrome, the latter quite common among menopausal women. Also, the authors describe some therapeutic methods that may be used to treat the diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato virus Y (PVY) is a major potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) pathogen that causes severe annual crop losses worth billions of dollars worldwide. PVY is transmitted by aphids, and successful control of virus transmission requires the extensive use of environmentally damaging insecticides to reduce vector populations. Ry sto , from the wild relative S. stoloniferum, confers extreme resistance (ER) to PVY and related viruses and is a valuable trait that is widely employed in potato resistance breeding programmes. Ry sto was previously mapped to a region of potato chromosome XII, but the specific gene has not been identified to date. In this study, we isolated Ry sto using resistance gene enrichment sequencing (RenSeq) and PacBio SMRT (Pacific Biosciences single-molecule real-time sequencing). Ry sto was found to encode a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein with an N-terminal TIR domain and was sufficient for PVY perception and ER in transgenic potato plants. Ry sto -dependent extreme resistance was temperature-independent and requires EDS1 and NRG1 proteins. Ry sto may prove valuable for creating PVY-resistant cultivars of potato and other Solanaceae crops., (© 2019 The Authors. Plant Biotechnology Journal published by Society for Experimental Biology and The Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Clinical diagnosis of enteroviral infections of the central nervous system are performed by virus isolation in sensitive cell lines and RT-PCR assay. The aim of the study was evaluation these techniques for fast diagnosis meningitis caused by enteroviruses. 69 samples (cerebrospinal fluid, CSF) were collected and analised by RT-PCR reaction. 39 samples were positive (56.5%). 20 positive sample were selected and simultaneously 20 stool samples from the same patients were collected for virus isolation in sensitive cell line. Positive isolation was observed only in one CSF (5.3%) and in 9 stool samples (45%).

Enteroviruses are important etiologic agents of many human diseases such as diarrhea, self-limiting gastroenteritis, respiratory infections, conjunctivitis, hepatitis, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and paralysis. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the frequency of enteroviral infections in Poland in 2008-2009. Out of 178 clinical materials tested for the presence of enteroviruses, 24 samples (13,5%) were positive. In the case of 153 samples from patients suffering from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), positive results were obtained for 6 samples (4%). Moreover, 25 samples coming from patients with clinical symptoms caused by nonpoliomyelitic enteroviruses were analyzed, giving 18 positive results (72%). The most frequently isolated enterovirus serotypes were Coxsackie B (25%), ECHO30 (25%) i ECHO6 (21%).

The availability of sensitive cell lines and molecular methods have allowed for epidemiological surveillance of nonpoliomyelitic enteroviruses in Poland in 2004-2008. The aim of the study was evaluation ofenterovirus diagnosis based on RT-PCR reaction. Available data collected in 2004-2008 indicated that 116 isolation of enteroviruses were performed. The most frequently isolated enterovirus serotype was Coxsackievirus B (30.17%). Other enteroviruses serotypes isolated during study period were Coxsackievirus A (8.62%), ECHO3 (1.72%), ECHO6 (7.76%), ECHO7 (4.31%), ECHO25 (0.86%), ECHO30 (18.97%), poliovirus (0.86%).