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Aim(s): To understand the experiences of HIV nurses in the context of ambivalence between biomedical treatment advancements and the continuing burden for people living with HIV and negative representations of HIV. Design: An interpretative phenomenological study was conducted using in-depth interviews. Methods: Twenty-one interviews with nurses were conducted between November 2021 and March 2022. A thematic analysis was performed. Results: Six themes related to the nurses' experiences emerged. Despite effective treatment for most people with HIV, nurses identify patient populations that require additional care. Nurses are flexible in making extra appointments to accommodate complex issues in these patients. Nurses develop a unique relationship with their patients based on trust and empathy, linked to patient's experiences with stigma and discrimination for people with HIV. Nurses perceive their tasks as becoming increasingly complex. There is explicit awareness about the changes in HIV care from acute to chronic care and how this affects nurses' tasks. Nurses continue to differentiate HIV from other chronic conditions. Conclusion: Biomedical advancements change the organization of HIV care while public health concerns remain and patient population has particular needs due to negative social representations of HIV. Nurses navigate these issues in their everyday care. Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care: A potential re-evaluation of the role of nurses in providing chronic HIV care. Impact: Our study addresses the roles of HIV nurses as care is shifting towards chronic care models. The unique relationship between nurses and patients is key in understanding the importance of nurses in the care trajectory. These findings impact the institutional role of nurses in HIV treatment centres and the institutional organization of HIV care. Report Method: The COREQ guideline was used. Patient or Public Contribution: Amsterdam UMC (AMC) staff, the national organ

This study uses a qualitative content analysis to examine the integration of environmental justice principles into circular economy policies within the Netherlands. Nineteen policy documents from national, provincial, and municipal levels were analyzed to identify key themes and considerations. While policies mostly focus on labor, education, and knowledge sharing, there is a noticeable gap in addressing broader justice concerns, such as resource distribution and community empowerment and involvement of stakeholders from diverse backgrounds. The study emphasizes the need for inclusive stakeholder involvement and heightened attention to different environmental justice principles. By expanding the environmental justice framework to encompass circular economy principles, the gap between policy discourse and practical implementation can be bridged, providing insights for future policy development and academic research in the field.

Domestic and family violence is an urgent problem in Australia, with high prevalence rates amongst women and wide-reaching consequences for both individuals and society. While several governmental interventions have been set up to support victims, barriers to help-seeking exist. Moreover, different population groups of women are affected by domestic and family violence in different ways, and different service providers have different rates of women accessing support services. At the same time, limited research is available that analyses how barriers and facilitators to help-seeking differ between different population groups of women and service provider groups. This research therefore provides an overview of the literature about what is known about the barriers and facilitators that different population groups of women experience in engaging in help-seeking behavior at different service providers, to provide a solid starting ground for future research. The COM-B model was used to organize the factors found in literature in a systematic way, and to identify research gaps in the existing literature. A scoping review was conducted, for which the databases Scopus and PsycINFO were searched for English peer-reviewed literature published between 2011 and 2024. After having generated a total number of 344 studies, 15 studies were selected and analysed that met the inclusion criteria. Results showed that most studies have focused on certain population groups of women only and on formal services that were not further specified. The different COM-B factors have also not been equally studied across population and service provider groups. In addition, none of the included studies focused on physical capability-related factors, and psychological capability and automatic motivation-related factors were only researched to a limited extent. More research is therefore needed that focuses on diverse population groups of women, specific service providers, and that studies the differen

Increasing diversity in organisations may result in beneficial outcomes for individuals and organisation, however, inclusion is needed to leverage diversity into positive outcomes. Leaders are considered important in creating and fostering an inclusive environment. This study investigates the perspectives and attitudes of leaders in the context of creating diverse and inclusive work environments within the Facility Services department of the University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences (AUAS). Through a qualitative approach involving semi-structured in-depth interviews with 19 participants in a formal leadership position, this research explored leaders’ understanding of diversity and inclusion and their perspectives of their role in and responsibility to create diverse and inclusive work environments. The findings reveal three main themes considered crucial in creating an inclusive environment: decision-making, information-sharing networks, and social involvement. These main themes were deductively constructed, emerging from theoretical insights. Psychological and sociological theories such as Social Identity Theory (SIT), Optimal Distinctiveness Theory (ODT), and Self-Determination Theory (SDT) were used to clarify and explain the perceptions of participants. SIT and ODT highlights the dynamics of social categorisation processes and the balance between group belonging and uniqueness. SDT underscores the importance of creating an environment where employees feel relatedness, autonomy, and competence. A significant gap was identified between perceptions of hierarchical structures among managers and team leaders, which were evident in discussing struggles and approaches in decision-making processes. Additionally, barriers in information-sharing networks, such as language use and geographical distance, hinder effective communication and experiences of (social) involvement within the organisation. Lastly, experiences of social involvement v

The way issues are portrayed in the media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion and policy decisions. This study conducted a comparative content analysis of 200 news articles from Dutch popular and quality newspapers to explore how media framing and tone of voice differ between the Syrian refugee crisis in 2015 and the Ukrainian refugee crisis in 2022. Adopting the five generic frames identified by Semetko and Valkenburg (2000) and assessing the tone of voice in headlines and body text, this study revealed significant differences in media coverage of the two crises. The Syrian refugee crisis was primarily framed in terms of responsibility, conflict, and economic consequences, while the Ukrainian refugee crisis was described in a generally positive tone. The type of newspaper had little effect on the framing and tone, suggesting that the nature of the crises themselves had a stronger influence on media portrayals. These results support the ongoing media debate on the perceived double standards in treatment of Syrian and Ukrainian refugees, emphasizing the need for further research and increased awareness among policymakers and journalists to promote balanced and fair representation of refugees.

The COVID-19 pandemic raises important challenges for solidarity and social justice. Not all social groups are equally affected by the COVID-19 virus, or the measures taken to curb its’ spread. In this chapter, we discuss how social groups differ in the risks they face during the pandemic and outline the most important factors that contribute to these inequalities. Notably, socio-economically disadvantaged groups run higher risks of contracting the virus and are, on average, more negatively impacted by COVID-19 counter measures. Subsequently, we introduce two important societal challenges posed by the pandemic – intergenerational and global solidarity respectively – and discuss the social justice questions these challenges evoke. How societies rise to these new challenges for solidarity and social justice will be crucial for our future.

The global outbreak of coronavirus from Wuhan, China in late 2019 has been a public health catastrophe on multiple levels. Aside from the biomedical impact and direct loss of life associated with the disease, the pandemic has led to widespread anti-Asian stigma in many western countries, including the Netherlands. Stigma of different types has been studied extensively throughout psychological and social science literature, but an academic understanding of this type of COVID-19 stigma is largely lacking. Accordingly, this study sought to examine the experience of people of East and South East Asian (ESEA) heritage by asking: among the target population, (how) is COVID-19 stigma experienced, interpreted and negotiated? Berjot & Gillet’s (2011) model of Appraising and Coping with Identity Relevant Situations frames this investigation and as such, the study also presents an opportunity to test the model’s contemporary applicability. To answer this question, qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted among people with an ESEA background who lived in the Netherlands. Findings paint a varied picture of experiences among participants and illustrates that interpretation of stigma differs strongly. Key insights include the fact that some participants located the blame for their own stigmatization within themselves and their communities, while others located the blame among the perpetrators. A particularly notable finding was that the face mask (worn to prevent spreading respiratory infection) significantly exacerbated participants existing experience of stigmatization in the early phase of the pandemic. Regarding the model, the antecedents phase provided a solid basis for examining participants prior experience of stigma, but the latter phases proved less helpful in understanding participants appraisal and coping methods. Overall, the present study offers unique insight into the experiences of a sample of ESEA individuals at the very beginning of the COVID-19 pande

One under-explored factor within women’s pay satisfaction is ‘cohabitation status’, referring to being single or in a cohabiting relationship. Existing literature suggests single women show relatively lower pay satisfaction compared to women in a cohabiting relationship. The social-ecological model is used as the theoretical framework in this research to study pay satisfaction in women from an interdisciplinary perspective. A moderator that might strengthen the relationship between pay satisfaction and cohabitation status, included in this research, is gender norms. Accordingly, the first research question is; “Is there a difference in pay satisfaction between women with different cohabitation statuses in the Netherlands?” and if so, the second research question is “Do gender norms strengthen the relation between pay satisfaction and cohabitation status for women in the Netherlands?”. Many relevant factors are correlated to cohabitation status and pay satisfaction. While women in relationships show on average a higher relative pay satisfaction when controlled for their income, the regression analysis with control variables do not show a significant effect of cohabitation status on pay satisfaction. Gender norms did significantly effect this relationship, meaning women in a cohabiting relationship are more influenced by gender norms, compared to single women. To conclude, only one of the two main hypotheses could be fully confirmed. Further research is needed to explain how gender norms influence pay satisfaction and why women in a relationship show relatively higher pay satisfaction compared to single women.

Aim. The aim of this research was to increase the knowledge of the effect of educational level on the differences between ethnic minority groups and native Dutch in labor market position. Discrimination could partially explain these differences, and the statistical discrimination theory indicates that the effect of educational level differs on the ground of ethnical background. This study examined the extent to which the differences in labor market position occur between ethnic minority groups in the Netherlands and native Dutch, examined whether educational level as an effect on this relation, and examined whether those differences decrease when educational level increases. Methods. Two binary logistic regression analyses with moderation were used to examine this effect. Labor market position is measured with probability of being unemployed and probability to have a temporary contract in comparison with a permanent contract. Results. Results show, as expected, that people with a Moroccan, Turkish, Surinamese or Antillean background are more likely to be unemployed. Besides, when employed, minority groups, with the exception of people with a Surinamese background, are more likely to have a temporary employment contract. However, this study has found no significant effect of employment level on this relation. Conclusion. As the effect of educational level on labor market outcomes does not differ between ethnic minority groups and native Dutch, this study could not state that the disadvantaged position of minority groups decreases when educational level increases. Further research is required to examine why less perceived discrimination does not show relatively lower disadvantaged chances on indicators of labor market position.

The research presented in this thesis investigates the psychosocial reasons for MSM to engage in intravenous sexualized drug use. There is a lack of qualitative research concerning intravenous sexualized drug use among MSM and this research aims to contribute to governmental and public discourse around intravenous sexualized drug use. The main research question centers around the psychosocial reasons for MSM to engage in potentially risky behaviour such as intravenous sexualized drug use. In order to answer the research question, a qualitative, explorative study was designed, using a risk-environment framework and conceptualizing elements from well known public health models and theories such as the Health Belief Model (HBM). The main results show the individual and social dimensions underlying the reasons for MSM to engage in intravenous sexualized drug use. This research aims to put the lived and bodily experience of MSM engaging in sexualized drug use front and center, in order to potentially develop interventions and harm reduction measures rooted in knowledge gained from the community itself. Suggestions for such interventions involve ways to achieve an increased awareness of the individual and social motives of MSM associated with engaging in sexualized drug use, the development of appropriate harm reduction measures and the development of a culturally competent approach to these issues, which allows for a value neutral safe space for MSM to discuss sexualized drug use experiences.

Background: Loneliness is increasingly seen as a public health issue for older adults. Over the years, several interventions to alleviate loneliness have been developed. The evidence of the effectiveness of these interventions is inconclusive. The limited success of interventions may be caused by an insufficient understanding of the roots of loneliness. To gain a better understanding of loneliness in late adulthood, it may be helpful to take a life course perspective. This qualitative study contributed to the literature on loneliness by researching how older adults make sense of loneliness in their life course. More specifically, this study investigated how life events affect feelings of loneliness, how older adults perceive loneliness and how older adults utilize(d) coping strategies to manage or alleviate loneliness throughout their lives. Methods: 11 in-depth interviews were conducted among older adults between the ages of 68-88 with current or past experiences of loneliness. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used for the data analysis. Results: Findings show that there is not one way in which older adults make sense of their loneliness experiences, because participant’s life stories are very different. Loneliness is not confined to old age as participants identified a range of life events related to loneliness at different stages of their life course. Participants mentioned the interplay between life events, their perceptions of loneliness and how they coped when they talked about loneliness, emphasizing the importance of addressing these three topics to gain a comprehensive understanding of a person’s experience of loneliness. Conclusion: This study shed light on how life events affect loneliness, how loneliness is perceived by older adults and how older adults cope with loneliness. These insights emphasize the value of a life course perspective to increase our understanding of loneliness. These insights can contribute to the development of effective

In the Netherlands, numbers of non-self-sufficient vulnerable people showing confused behavior are increasing. Simultaneously, it becomes clear that providing adequate professional support for this group is challenging. In the period 2029-2021, K2 initiated the ‘Learning Trajectories’, aimed to provide knowledge and skills to professionals to improve support to vulnerable people in becoming self-sufficient. This study evaluated the extent to which the Learning Trajectories in De Bilt, the Utrechtse Heuvelrug, Zeist and Noord-Limburg succeed in accomplishing this. Influence of the Learning Trajectories was examined directly on the attitudes, social norms, perceived behaviors and indirectly on the intentions of professionals to provide the needed support. Furthermore, the role of bureaucratic and organizational environments on the application of the intentions was investigated. A qualitative research design was handled. Between mid-April and half of May 2021, fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals that participated in the Learning Trajectories. Findings show the Learning Trajectories positively changed attitudes, perceived behavioral and intentions of professionals to provide support related to decreasing stress of vulnerable people, working integrally with other professionals and providing tailor-made support to the client. Social norms and intentions towards establishing a meaningful professional-client relationship were not influenced, as the Learning Trajectories did not focus on these factors. Bureaucratic and organizational environments hinder providing adequate support. In conclusion, the Learning Trajectories are effective in improving professional support to vulnerable people in becoming self-sufficient. Presentations, peer mentors , actors and casuistry meetings enhanced knowledge and skills, thereby increasing intentions towards adequate support. Determining the effective elements provides insights for similar interventions. Ul

This research aimed to investigate factors influencing quality of life (QoL) of people with dementia (PwD) living in nursing homes (NH) in the Netherlands. The factors were identified using the Socio-Ecological Model (SEM), which allowed to look at factors from different levels simultaneously. Moreover, the current study examined the influence of the location of the NH on QoL and as such contributed to the research gap. Additionally, it was examined whether amount of visits by family carer (FC) influenced QoL, and whether this relationship was moderated by rural NHs. Data collected by Trimbos Institute (2019-2020) was used to test hypotheses. Four datasets (PwD, FC, NH’s manager and care staff) were merged into one dataset. Only suitable data was used which resulted in a subset for the current study (N = 261). A multi-level regression analysis tested the predictors of QoL. Moreover, an interaction effect between amount of visits by FC and location of the NHs is included. Results from the multi-level regression analysis showed that independency on activities of daily living, amount of visits by FC, perceptions of the caregiving role by FC, small scale care, facility size and location of the NH did not significantly influence QoL of PwD. Additionally, no support was found for the interaction effect. Although relationships were congruent with previous research, no significant effects were found. Possible explanations for the unexpected outcomes were addressed. This study contributed to the research field by using an holistic approach. Future researchers are advised to expand on research on QoL according to the SEM. Moreover, it is advised to revise research design methods. Finally, as previous research identified differences in QoL of PwD by NHs’ location, it is advised that policy makers and health care professionals reconsider health care policies.

Recently carsharing has become perceived as an option to make cities more livable. Carsharing is a new mobility option benefitting users in different ways. Carsharing can offer a solution for individuals at risk of not being able to reach destinations, which hinders participation in society, also known as transport poverty. However, previous studies have shown that carsharing is being embraced by people who are already mobile. This study investigates how shared cars are distributed across Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht and how this distribution is related to demographic factors. This study also tests how mobility policy is related to the link between shared mobility and transport poverty. The study is done on the basis of CBS data at neighbourhood level and the number of shared cars offered by platforms. By linking these different data, it became clear what the relationship is between demographic and geographical variables on the one hand and the number of shared cars on the other. This study concludes that the number of shared cars in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht is related to the income of a neighbourhood. People in neighbourhoods with a higher income and employment rate have more shared cars at their disposal. This means that people with an increased risk of transport poverty have fewer shared cars at their disposal. And although Rotterdam and The Hague indicate that they want to use shared mobility against transport poverty, these two cities do not differ in their distribution compared to Amsterdam and Utrecht.

Health inequities are a problem across the globe, both for adults and young people. Despite technological advancements in health care and the rollout of extensive welfare states, health outcomes are for many related to their socioeconomic position. This is considered one of the greatest disappointments of public health. The present study examined to what extent different types of welfare states succeed in diminishing health inequities among adolescents. In all welfare state types, a higher socioeconomic status was significantly associated with better health outcomes. Furthermore, it was found that in the conservative welfare regime the association between socioeconomic status and adolescent health is smallest, followed by the social democratic welfare regime and the liberal welfare regime. Together, these findings might suggest that countries with a conservative welfare regime are in the best position to reduce health inequities among adolescents, whereas the liberal regime is least successful.

Depression rates among lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) people are higher than in cisgender heterosexuals. Despite the need for targeted research that can be translated into specific interventions, these discrete sexual minorities are often grouped together. By not distinguishing, subgroup differences regarding the risk factors contributing to depression are obscured, and resources are not optimally focused to subgroup distinctions. This systematic review challenges this tradition by separating out data on lesbian, gay and bisexual men and women in relation to risk factors for depression. An extensive search across PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO was conducted by two reviewers. Findings from 39 papers suggest that LGB populations share several minority stress related risk factors and that the most researched risk factors, and the risk factors with the strongest association for depression, fall consistently within the minority stress framework (Meyer, 2003). For lesbians, an absence of self-esteem was most associated with depression. For gay men internalised homophobia and for bisexual women bi-negativity was most associated with depression. While coming-out/disclosure of sexual identity was most associated with depression for bisexual men. The data does contain a number of inconsistencies, with over half of the 39 included studies including gay men (69.2%) and the least including bisexual men (25.64%). Data lacked reporting on race/ethnicity across contexts and most studies received mid/low-quality ratings, based on The Newcastle - Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale evaluation from two reviewers, due to a reliance on convenience sampling strategies and a lack of controls. Overall, this review provides a breakdown of risk factors for depression in LGB sub-populations and further urges researchers to follow this approach in the future to uncover both research bias and the unique ways in which minority stress, and other risk factors, may affect the mental health needs of sexu

Those seeking asylum are disproportionately affected by poor mental health, in particular often displaying symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Through content analysis of key legal and policy documents and conducting semi-structured interviews with professionals involved in supporting asylum seekers, this research analyses how those with symptoms of PTSD are accounted for by the Immigration en Naturalisatiedienst (IND), Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and healthcare professionals during their asylum procedure in the Netherlands. Academically, this study aims to take an innovative stance on exploring asylum seekers’ support throughout their procedure whilst experiencing trauma, by utilising data triangulation in combination with Fassin’s (2013) and Legido-Quigley et al’s (2019) theoretical frameworks. This will provide an in-depth, interdisciplinary insight into how the current system can be improved in order to better account for the challenges introduced by PTSD symptoms, thus providing enhanced support for asylum seekers throughout their procedure. The findings demonstrate that whilst there exists legislation and policy with which to guide support for those with PTSD, in practice this is hindered by structural constraints and differing approaches by the IND, NGOs and healthcare professionals. This results in significant power imbalances between professionals and asylum seekers, as well as amongst professionals. For future practice to reform, an individualised asylum procedure, stronger multilateral communication and training is needed in order to be able to better support traumatised asylum seekers through an extremely turbulent period.

Primary school interventions that try to combat prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination among children employ various mechanisms. These are effective types of approaches. However, certain preconditions need to exist in order for those mechanisms to work well or optimally. Even though theoretical preconditions were previously researched, research gaps are how these translate into practice and what practical preconditions are. Therefore, this qualitative research looked at which preconditions in practice affect the mechanisms used in different anti-discrimination interventions for primary education. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 developers and/or implementers of these interventions. Respondents work at 10 different municipal anti-discrimination facilities and 8 different non-governmental initiatives. A social ecological approach was used to guide the analysis, which shows the different levels that influence individual change. This is not only dependent on intrapersonal factors, but also, and in this case even more so, on interpersonal and structural factors. Results were divided into 1) preconditions specific to particular mechanisms and 2) general preconditions that apply to all mechanisms. For the first category, example preconditions are making it fun and exciting for the mechanism of insight into differences and similarities and having a common goal for the mechanism of meeting or having contact. For the second category, preconditions were mostly related to the guest teacher or speaker and the permanent teacher. Some important general preconditions turn out to be: a safe atmosphere in the classroom, an educated guest teacher and a school (management) that acknowledges the theme of prejudice and discrimination. In conclusion, especially preconditions regarding the people in children’s environment are important in reducing prejudice and discrimination among children. However, most preconditions seem to be enhancing rather than necessary. Theor

Background: Prior research has shown that women in South Africa are more vulnerable to HIV infection due to gender inequalities. Additionally, people living with HIV (PLHIV) are more likely to suffer from mental illnesses than people who do not live with HIV. Furthermore, HIV-related stigma is considered to be a risk factor for mental illness among PLHIV. The socioeconomic position as well as relationship status also influence the mental health of PLHIV, and specifically women. This research will clarify the interplay between sex and mental health outcomes while analyzing whether sex causes differences in education, employment, and relationship status, which in turn may cause differences in HIV-related stigma which altogether may affect the mental health outcomes of PLHIV in South Africa. Methods: Using data from the baseline questionnaire of the Ndlovu cohort study conducted in Moutse area, South Africa, this study performs a serial multiple mediation analysis on 855 PLHIV following the four-step model by Baron & Kenny (1986). Results: No serial multiple mediation was observed. Relationship status is the only mediator between sex and mental health as the beta coefficient of sex decreased from B = - .080 (p =.011) to B = -.149 (p <.001). Conclusion: The findings indicated that women living with HIV are more likely to be in an unstable relationship and that it may increase mental health issues. As in patriarchal systems an unstable relationship may come with other disadvantages caused by gender inequalities, there may be many more reasons for increased mental health issues among women living with HIV. Therefore, it is important to continue research on this topic and implement policies and interventions to alleviate the mental burden on women living with HIV in South Africa.

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a rapidly mutating retrovirus that can affect the immune system to such an extent that it can have life-threatening consequences. However, nowadays, people living with HIV (PLHIV) can live as long as someone without HIV due to medication. The virus is treatable, but researchers are still looking for a cure for PLHIV. At the same time, little research has been done on what PLHIV consider a cure and, more importantly, whether they want to be cured. Objective: This research aims to determine what PLHIV’s views are about an HIV cure. Methods: Twelve PLHIV were recruited in April-May 2021 through the Dutch HIV Association and HIV counselor(s). Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted. This study uses thematic analysis to analyze the interviews. Results: Thematic analyses revealed three levels of central themes and several sub-themes which reflect the conception of PLHIV: (i) views of PLHIV about a cure; (ii) reasons for a cure (stigma, changes in their lives, and side effects); (iii) concerns about an HIV cure for PLHIV in The Netherlands. Conclusions: This study concluded that PLHIV suggests that PLHIV want to be cured because they would experience less stigma and fewer side effects of medication. Therefore their quality of life (QoL) will increase. Furthermore, a sterilizing cure is considered a cure. However, PLHIV have concerns about the cure procedure, and they have doubts about their personal health level, and the process of an HIV cure will affect their health.

Pressure from relatives could withhold migrants from gaining bridging social capital, since family is shown to be an important factor regarding the integration of migrants (Kalmijn, 2019). Bridging social capital is positively associated with better social integration and opportunities in the host society for migrants (Kalmijn, 2019; Kogan, 2016; Lancee, 2010; Maliepaard et al., 2017; WODC, 2007). A way to increase bridging social capital is participating in associations and obtaining minority-majority contacts (Handy & Greenspan, 2008; Lancee, 2010). However, little focus is found in existing research on whether pressure from relatives affects minority-majority contacts and the participation in associations and thus social integration. Therefore, this research focuses on the influence of the perceived opinions of relatives on the participation in majority group associations and minority-majority contacts for migrants. Existing data from LISS database was used, obtained via an online survey among migrants in the Netherlands, on which a linear regression and two binary logistic regression analyses were performed. No significant relation was found between the perceived opinions and minority-majority contacts. Significant influence was found regarding the effect of perceived opinions on the participation in associations and the effect of minority-majority contacts on the participation in associations. Based on the results it can be concluded that minority- majority contacts stimulate social integration through participating in associations with majority group members. Migrants with more minority-majority contacts participate more in associations then migrants with less minority-majority contacts. Further research could provide more insights regarding these results.

The presence of a Matthew effect in the Dutch cultural sector has been suggested in recent years, following budget cuts and increased focus on market values in policy. Thus far, research on this topic has been scarce and inconclusive and no research has looked into the experiences of cultural institutions in the Netherlands following the budget cuts of 2012. This research aims to assess the experiences of cultural institutions and to determine whether or not a Matthew effect is present for income flows and location between 2013 and 2016 using a mixed methods design. Data from 474 cultural institutions across the Netherlands were analysed and interviews were conducted with directors representing 11 museums and pop music venues in the province of Utrecht. Gini coefficients showed no Matthew effect for income flows, and no significant trend differences could be found between institutions within or outside the Randstad metropolitan area, both attested by the results of the interviews. The large differences, although stable, between cultural institutions and their experiences within the Netherlands were very apparent. Small institutions struggle to innovate and grow. One-time investments can kickstart a positive spiral towards a more socially relevant an financially healthy position for these small institutions.

Background: A decrease in life satisfaction is common among persons with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) or Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) and for the person close to them: their significant other. This could have long-term impacts, such as psychological distress. The current study investigates if social support and physical independence of persons with SCI/ABI and their significant others (dyad) predict their life satisfaction six months after inpatient discharge. Research question: Does perceived social support of the person with SCI/ABI and their significant other and physical independence of the person with SCI/ABI measured shortly after the start of inpatient rehabilitation, predict life satisfaction of both persons in a dyad six months after inpatient rehabilitation? Method: Data were used from the POWER-study, a prospective quantitative longitudinal study conducted in 12 rehabilitation centres in the Netherlands among dyads between 2016 and 2018. Persons with SCI/ABI and their significant others filled in self-reported questionnaires separately at the start of inpatient rehabilitation and six months after inpatient discharge.154 dyads were included. Data were analysed using SPSS with independent t-tests, Pearson’s chi-squared tests, Pearson correlations and MANCOVA. Results: Dyads of the SCI-group scored lower on life satisfaction then dyads of the ABI-group. Life satisfaction of persons with SCI/ABI were correlated with life satisfaction of significant others. Perceived social support of the person with SCI/ABI and their significant others are not related to their life satisfaction. Physical independence is a predictor for the life satisfaction of the dyad. Conclusion: The relationship of life satisfaction between the dyad indicates that dyadic health should be considered. Therefore, significant others should be included to a greater extent in the rehabilitation and predictors such as physical independence can serve as risk screening during rehabilitation.

This quantitative study explores to what extent filial obligation, expectations of parents, gender and education level strengthen or weaken caring behaviour for elderly parents for migrants and non-migrants. Previous models show a link between migration, filial obligation and care behaviour, but expectations of parents, gender and education have not been combined with migration as an predictor for care behaviour. To check the hypotheses, data from the LISS panel has been used (N=234). Linear regression and hierarchical linear regression are used to analyze the data. From analyzing the data it can be concluded that being a migrant is positively linked with care behaviour. Only the interaction-effect of migration with expectations of parents was significant. Meaning that the other variables did not influence the relationship between migration and care behaviour. However, age, migration, filial obligation and expectations of parents are positive predictors for care behaviour. To move towards a participatory society in which family care is emphasized. Policy and interventions could focus on migration, filial obligation, age and the expectations of parents. Since this study shows that these are the main predictors for more care behaviour, a qualitative research of these predictors is recommended to get a better understanding of the rationale for this.

EU labour migrants (EU-LM) in the Netherlands were often unable to access the municipals’ social relief policies, to acquire welfare supports to avoid their risk of homelessness (Boesveldt, 2019). The literature on homelessness prevention in the Netherlands did not report on how the country's four largest municipalities (i.e., Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht) counteracted such access barriers, to support vulnerable EU-LM, during the period 2016-2019. Therefore, this thesis aimed to research the municipal actions developed by these municipalities to prevent their EU-LM from becoming homeless, between 2016 and 2019. To do so, four case studies were conducted, corresponding to each of these municipalities. For each one, was performed a document analysis of policy papers that accounted for the municipal actions implemented to prevent the risk of EU-LM homelessness. The analyses were developed in relation to Gaetz & Dej's (2017) theoretical model of the causes and prevention of homelessness. As a result, 6 municipal actions were identified in Amsterdam, 4 in Rotterdam, 12 in The Hague, and 5 in Utrecht, which demonstrated different governmental strategies to counteract the structural, system, and individual and relational leading factors of EU-LM homelessness. The comparison of the case studies showed that the municipality of The Hague prevented the three leading factors of EU-LM homelessness, continuously during the research period. This thesis produced new knowledge on the history of EU-LM homeless prevention in the Netherlands considering Gaetz & Dej's (2017) theoretical model and helped to establish the basis for future research on the field.

In the context of answering sustainability and health challenges as well as addressing increasing pressures on urban infrastructure, shared bicycles and mopeds promise to have many advantages. Simultaneously, there is increasing attention for the concept of transport poverty. It is often presumed that experiencing transport poverty leads to a reduced (perceived) ability to reach key activity locations required for participation in society and a good quality of life. Little remains known about shared bicycles and mopeds in relation to transport poverty, especially in a societal context where cycling is already commonly practised. Therefore, this thesis researched how various risk factors of transport poverty relate to the usage of shared bicycles and mopeds in the municipality of Rotterdam. Based on existing data collected through a survey conducted in Rotterdam, two binary logistic regression models were developed to identify what and how risk factors of transport poverty are related to the usage of shared bicycles and mopeds. The research concluded that risk factors such as socio-economic risk background (age, gender, and education) and competencies (having a driver’s license) predicted a significant reduced likeness for having used a shared bicycle or moped. While perceived and objective access to transport options (e.g. perceived traffic flow by car) were not found to be statistically significant for predicting shared bicycle usage, this risk factor was significant for predicting usage of shared mopeds. Neighbourhood of residence was not significant for predicting usage of both shared bicycles and mopeds. Despite these mixed findings, the results of this thesis suggest that shared bicycles and mopeds do not inherently reduce inequity in opportunities to participate in society caused by transport poverty. This highlights the need for public authorities to make further efforts to prevent aggravating inequalities for those at risk of transport poverty.

This review focuses on Young Women Selling Sex (YWSS, 10-24 years) in sub-Saharan Africa because they are marginalised and insufficiently researched. The urgency presents itself because worldwide 19-40% of female sex workers initiate selling sex underage, meanwhile 80% of the worlds HIV positive women are in Sub-Saharan Africa during regional a youth bulge. The review analysed the experiences of YWSS, particularly how their social institutional environment affects their health, because environments influence wellbeing. The mixed methods SPIDER analysis used identified 18 articles representing 17 sub-Saharan African countries. Results depict social institutional environments that fail to acknowledge or respond to YWSS’s vulnerabilities and marginalisation leading to poor health. YWSS experience social and institutional barriers to accessing general health and legal services, usually in the form of harassment or policies preventing access. YWSS also lack services tailored specifically for youth to access independently, especially minors. This support deficiency increases risks of experiencing violence, poor mental and physical health such as mood disorders, STIs, and HIV. Due to the unforgiving environment, YWSS hide their occupation to stay safe, and seek alternative venues for support such as traditional healers for health and gangs for protection from violence which can be dangerous and exploitative. In conclusion, more research needs to be done on YWSS in sub-Saharan Africa because the understanding of their experiences is limited, especially for minors. Policies on sex work and how to treat minors who sell sex need to be revised with the intent to decriminalise sex work, and ensure that health and legal services are available, accessible, and age appropriate for all YWSS, even minors.

In order to mitigate the current COVID-19 pandemic many countries including the Netherlands have put measures in place to curb the virus. Many of these measures however are mandatory but left unchecked, leaving it up to people to decide whether or not to comply to these measures. One of these measures is COVID-19 related self-isolation. When a person has contracted covid, they are supposed to stay at home. In the current study factors are discussed which influence compliance to such a measure. Using different levels of influence (individual, social and structural) and the theoretical domains framework a set of factors was found to possibly explain compliance behavior. Individual factors included in the model were gender(women comply more than men), age(The older the more compliant, up until 60+ when people become less compliant), educational level(The higher educated the more compliant), perceptions about health(The more negative perceptions, the more compliant) and worries about employment (The less worries the more compliant). Social factors were perceived social isolation (the more isolated the less compliant). Structural factors were beliefs about the current measures to mitigate the spread of covid (The more positive the more compliant). Using a logistical regression on the binary dependent variable did or did not break their COVID-19 related self-isolation compliance was predicted using the former variables. Results indicate age, gender, educational level and perceptions about health are significant predictors of compliance. Self-isolation was not. Beliefs about regulations and worries about employment had to be omitted due to concerns with the assumptions of a logistical regression. Gender, age and perceptions about health followed the hypothesized effect. Educational level did not. Explanations for this are given in the discussion, together with limitations, strengths and avenues for further research.

Background: Labor shortage among Dutch health care workers is a current issue, of which a main indicator is decreasing job performance. Existing research has proven that work characteristics are predictors of job performance, but family-work conflict as an indicator has scarcely been researched, especially among health care workers. This thesis therefore aims to explore the possibility of a causal relation between family-work conflict and health care workers’ job performance. Methods: By using data from the Longitudinal Internet studies for the Social Sciences [LISS] panel, health care workers were selected (N = 670), and regression analyses were performed to examine a causal relation between family or job characteristics and job performance while controlling for health as a mediator. Results: Family characteristics hardly predict job performance, except for care for children as an individual predictor. Job characteristics predict job performance, while health does not function as a mediator. Conclusions: Additional research on the subject of family-work conflict in relation to job performance among health care workers is advocated. It is hereby proposed to involve behavioral and cognitive aspects as predictors. It is also recommended for research institutions to support interdisciplinary research on the subject to gain an integral view on the matter

Inequality in Europe has increased in the past decades. Recent studies have shown that increasing income inequality has a negative effect on subjective well-being (SWB) and other health outcomes. Yet, by focusing on income as a single measurement for inequality, one leaves out other important indicators of social inequality. This research has therefore broadened the scope of inequality by including educational, labor, and political inequality alongside economic inequality. It was examined whether these inequality indicators predict subjective well-being, and, if this effect is mediated by feelings of trust and fairness. A secondary quantitative data analysis was performed with data derived from the European Social Survey round 9 (2018) and parallel mediation analysis was performed using Hayes’ PROCESS macro. The sample consisted of Norwegian citizens above the age of 15 and contained 1406 participants. Results show that indeed non-economic inequality (educational, labor, and political) has a negative effect on subjective well-being and that this relationship is partially mediated by feelings of trust and fairness. Educational inequality negatively predicts SWB and does so through feelings of fairness, labor inequality predicts SWB through experienced trust, and political inequality’s influence on SWB is mediated by both trust and fairness. Furthermore, results show that income inequality does not significantly affect subjective well-being in this current study, an ambiguous result. This lack of significance could be due to lack of perceived inequality in Norway or to the operationalization of the concept. As the study contained secondary data, this issue could not be prevented. Regardless, this study shows the importance of the effects of non-economic inequality on subjective well-being, showing that reducing inequality should not merely be focused on income, but other societal inequalities as well. In order to achieve better societal psychological and physical heal

Background: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is the use of HIV anti-retroviral therapy to prevent HIV transmission in people at high risk of HIV acquisition. PrEP is highly efficacious when taken either daily, or in an on-demand schedule. In Australia co-formulated tenofovir-emtricitabine is registered for daily use for PrEP, however, this co-formulation is not listed yet on the national subsidized medicines list. We describe a study protocol that aims to demonstrate if the provision of PrEP to up to 3800 individuals at risk of HIV in Victoria, Australia reduces HIV incidence locally by 25% generally and 30% among GBM. Methods: PrEPX is a population level intervention study in Victoria, Australia in which generic PrEP will be delivered to 3800 individuals for up to 36 months. Study eligibility is consistent with the recently updated 2017 Australian PrEP guidelines. Participants will attend study clinics, shared care clinics, or outreach clinics for quarterly HIV/STI screening, biannual renal function tests and other clinical care as required. Study visits and STI diagnoses will be recorded electronically through the ACCESS surveillance system. At each study visit participants will be invited to complete behavioral surveys that collect demographics and sexual risk data. Diagnosis and behavioral data will be compared between PrEPX participants and other individuals testing within the ACCESS surveillance system. A subset of participants will complete in depth surveys and interviews to collect attitudes, beliefs and acceptability data. Participating clinics will provide clinic level data on implementation and management of PrEPX participants. The population level impact on HIV incidence will be assessed using Victorian HIV notification data. Discussion: This study will collect evidence on the real world impact of delivery of PrEP to 3800 individuals at risk of acquiring HIV in Victoria. This study will provide important information for the broader imple

To date, some research has been done to assess the influence of visceral processes on sexual decision making, perceived behavioral control, attitudes and intentions regarding condom use. This research was mostly concerned with heterosexual young men, notably college students, and the aim of the present study is to address how visceral processes activated by sexually arousing materials influence evaluation, motivation and decision making regarding condom use of men who have sex with men. We also investigated whether participants’ level of reported sexual excitation from sexual risk videos moderates this relation. We conducted a study on a French Internet site in which 283 gay men participated. We used two videos to get the participants in a state of sexual arousal: a safe sex video and an unsafe sex (or bareback) video. The control group saw a non sexual video and the videos were randomly shown. Results of measurements of key variables of the Theory of Planned Behavior as well as participants’ implicit attitudes measurements showed innovative findings. We expected participants’ (implicit) attitudes, norms, perceived behavioral control and intentions to be negatively influenced by exposure to sexually arousing videos. We found, in contrast, that men who reported to find risk videos highly exciting had more favorable scores on these variables after watching sexually explicit videos than men in the control condition. The positive (instead of the expected negative) impact of sexually arousing materials can be understood by drawing on theory and research regarding goal activation and the relationship between higher and lower order goals (Fishbach, Friedman and Kruglanski (2003). This study showed a positive interaction between sexual arousing material and excitation from risk videos on evaluations, motivations and decision making regarding condom use. Further research should focus on other moderating factors like the influence of cognitive depletion and affect.

This research aims at increasing the motivation to use condoms amongst adolescents since they are frequent victims of sexually transmitted infections and/or unplanned pregnancies. An online intervention investigated the effects of four interventions including motivational components or volitional components. In the main study adolescents between 12 and 19 years (N = 395) filled out a questionnaire in which we used randomised controlled trials with five intervention groups (matching persuasive arguments to sexual self-schema, mismatching this message and sexual self-schema, providing action and coping plans as support to condom use, combining planning & match and control). The possible barriers to use condoms were investigated in a pilot study (N = 248) and used for creating action and coping plans upon these barriers in the planning condition of the main study. Univariate analysis of variance showed a main effect of receiving plans on the motivation to use condoms for all participants. Multivariate analysis of variance showed an interaction effect for ethnicity and condition on the motivation to prepare for condom use. The planning condition and combined condition only showed increased motivation for non-native Dutch adolescents. It appears useful to include planning in interventions aiming at increasing adolescents’ motivation to have safe sex. Especially non-native Dutch adolescents benefit interventions including persuasive arguments to prepare for safe sex when these match their sexual self-schema and cognitive plans that support for these preparatory behaviours.

The effectiveness of an intervention to promote condom use among adolescents was studied in a sample of 398 participants aged 12 to 19 years. Pilot studies showed that adolescents’ sexual self-schemata were associated with distinct motives to engage in sex, and that messages to promote condom use were perceived as more relevant and persuasive when their arguments matched the motives which were related to participants’ self-schema. We hypothesized that providing participant with self-selected action and coping plans, and/or a persuasive message that was matched to participants’ sexual self-schema would increase their intention to use condoms and prepare for condom use. Univariate analyses, controlling for socio-demographic factors, showed that sexual self-schema matching did not increase participants’ preparatory or behavioural intentions. Providing participants with action and coping plans increased their behavioural intention, but not their intention to prepare for condom use. A MANOVA showed a simple effect for non-native Dutch participants, who had a higher intention to prepare for condom use than Dutch participants. Implications are discussed.