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Gyrophoric acid (GA) is a secondary metabolite of various lichens. It exhibits various biological activities in vitro, but only one study has been carried out in vivo. Because our previous study showed that GA stimulates neurogenesis in healthy rats, the current study aimed to explore the potential of GA during stress-induced depressive-like states in male Wistar rats. In the experiment, pregnant females were used. In the last week of pregnancy, females were subjected to restraint stress. After birth, progeny aged 60 days were stressed repeatedly. The males were divided into three groups: control animals (CTR; n = 10), males with a depression-like state (DEP; n = 10), and GA-treated animals (GA; n = 10). GA males were treated with GA (per os 10 mg/kg) daily for one month, starting from the 60th postnatal day. Our results indicate that GA acts as an antioxidant, as shown by a lowered ROS level in leukocytes (p < 0.01). Moreover, it prolonged the time spent in open arms in the elevated plus maze (p < 0.001). Concomitantly, the stimulation of proliferative activity in hippocampal regions was seen (hilus p < 0.01; subgranular zone p < 0.001) when compared with DEP males. Additionally, the number of mature neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus increased markedly (p < 0.01), indicating the role of GA in the maturation process of neurons. Thus, our study points to the potential anxiolytic/antidepressant activity of GA. However, future studies are needed in this complex area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nHIGHLIGHTSMesoporous bioactive glass, with its versatile characteristics and morphology, holds significant potential as an ideal hemostatic material. However, limited data is available regarding its toxicity levels. Consequently, this research intends to assess the acute and repeated dose dermal toxicity of Mesoporous antibacterial bioactive glass microsphere impregnated nonwoven surgical cotton gauze (MABGmscg) dressing in albino Wistar rats, following the standards set by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. In the acute dermal toxicity study, the impact of MABG (@2000mg/kg BW) mscg dressing was assessed following a single dermal application in both male and female Wistar rats (n = 10). Mortality, clinical signs, body weight fluctuations and gross observations were consistently monitored over a14 day period following the single dose. The results indicated that, MABG (@2000mg/kg BW) mscg dressing upon dermal exposure did not cause any adverse effect in acute dermal toxicity study in Wistar rats compared to control group. Given that 2000 mg/kg BW of MABG was deemed a nontoxic dose, a repeated dose dermal toxicity study of MABGmscg dressing was subsequently conducted at three dose levels (@200, 500, 1000 mg/kg BW) over 28 consecutive days in Wistar rats. During the study period, no unscheduled deaths occurred, and there were no clinical signs associated with treatment, body weight variations or abnormal gross findings at necropsy in any groups. The analysis concluded that, MABGmscg dressing is safe to be considered as a hemostatic dressing at the various tested dose levels in Wistar rats.A dressing composed of mesoporous antibacterial bioactive glass impregnated into nonwoven surgical cotton gauze (MABGmscg) has been developed to serve as an effective hemostatic material.The acute and repeated dose dermal toxicity study of MABGmscg dressing has been performed in Wistar ratsNo visible changes or systemic effects were observed after applying the MABGmscg dressing at different doses for 28 consecutive days in Wistar rats.Therefore, the MABGmscg dressing is considered safe for use as a hemostatic gauze.A dressing composed of mesoporous antibacterial bioactive glass impregnated into nonwoven surgical cotton gauze (MABGmscg) has been developed to serve as an effective hemostatic material.The acute and repeated dose dermal toxicity study of MABGmscg dressing has been performed in Wistar ratsNo visible changes or systemic effects were observed after applying the MABGmscg dressing at different doses for 28 consecutive days in Wistar rats.Therefore, the MABGmscg dressing is considered safe for use as a hemostatic gauze. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood sugar due to decreased insulin secretion by beta cells in the pancreas or impaired insulin function. This study aims to determine the effect of giving white turmeric extract (curcuma zedoria) to wistar affected by diabetes mellitus type 2. This type of research uses experimental research with the one group post test only design method. The object of the study was rats divided into five treatment groups with 25 rats sampled. The results showed that doses of 250 mg/KgBB, 500 mg/KgBB, 750 mg/KgBB can reduce blood sugar levels but different degrees of damage were found in the histopathological examination of the heart. This shows that the administration of turmeric extract can reduce blood sugar levels but cannot completely repair cells damaged by diabetes. It is recommended to conduct further research related to doses and treatments that are more effective in producing the perfect white turmeric extract so that it can be consumed properly by people with diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The posterior meniscofemoral ligament (pMFL) of knee joint is a ligament that runs posterior to the posterior cruciate ligament and it is known that the height of the pMFL attachment site causes meniscus avulsion. Therefore, understanding the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the pMFL attachment site is essential to better understand the pathogenesis of meniscus disorders. However, the developmental process of pMFL has not been well investigated. The purpose of this study was to analyze pMFL development in rat knee joints using 3D reconstructed images produced from episcopic fluorescence image capture (EFIC) images and examine its relationship with other knee joint components. Methods: Knee joints of Wistar rat embryos between embryonic day (E) 16 and E21 were observed with HE-stained tissues. Serial EFIC images of the hind limbs of E17–E21 were, respectively, captured from which 3D images were reconstructed and the features of pMFL structure: length and angle were measured. Besides, the chronological volume changes and the volume ratio of the knee joint components compared to E17 were calculated to identify the differences in growth by components. Results: pMFL was observed from E17 and was attached to the medial femoral condyle and lateral meniscus at all developmental stages, as in mature rats. The lack of marked variation in the attachment site and angle of the pMFL with the developmental stage indicates that the pMFL and surrounding knee joint components developed while maintaining their positional relationship from the onset of development. Conclusion: Current results may support to congenital etiology of meniscus disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive psychostimulant that not only impacts the central nervous system but also poses significant risks to metabolic and cardiovascular health. This study investigates the chronic effects of METH on the lipid profile and cardiovascular risk in Wistar rats using appropriate standard method. Data obtained show that methamphetamine induced significant weight loss in the high dose group (from 0.46 to 0.39 g/cm²). The lipid profile result (table 2) indicated reduction in cholesterol (CHOL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels with higher doses, while triglycerides (TG) increased. The findings revealed that chronic METH intake led to a dose-dependent reduction in body mass index (BMI) and significant alterations in lipid parameters. These suggest that METH alters lipid metabolism, potentially contributing to increased cardiovascular risk in chronic users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of Acalypha malabarica (Euphorbiaceae) methanolic leaf extract on wound healing in diabetic rats, focusing on wound contraction and histopathological observations. Five groups were compared: a normal control (G1), a diabetes-induced untreated control (G2), a standard drug-treated group (G3) and two groups treated with Acalypha malabarica extract at T1 (100 µg/ml, G4) and T2 (200 µg/ml, G5). Wound contraction was assessed on days 3, 7, 10, and 15 post-wounding. The T2 group showed the highest wound contraction percentages, significantly outperforming the untreated group (p < 0.01) and was comparable to the standard drug-treated group by Day 15. Histopathological analysis on Day 15 confirmed dose-dependent effectiveness, with the T2 group exhibiting complete re-epithelialization and significant neovascularization, while the untreated group showed moderate healing and persistent inflammation. ANOVA analysis revealed highly significant differences in wound healing among the groups across all days. On Day 3, the F-value was 175.71, with a Pvalue of 3.22E-09. By day 7, the F-value increased to 334.24, with a P-value of 1.34E-10, reflecting the growing divergence in treatment efficacy. On day 10, the F-value was 81.62 (P-value = 1.36E-07) and by day 15, it rose again to 169.04 (P-value = 3.9E-09), confirming that the treatment effects were sustained throughout the healing process. These results underscore the significant impact of Acalypha malabarica extract on promoting wound healing in diabetic conditions. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of Acalypha malabarica extract, particularly at a higher concentration, to significantly enhance wound healing in diabetic conditions, with effects comparable to standard drug treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractCCl4 causes oxidative injury, fatty degeneration, fibrosis of the liver, renal failure, and even hepatocellular and renal carcinoma. Certain substances have the potential to neutralize the harmful effects of CCl4, so it will lead to numerous beneficial effects. Melatonin (MEL) is a powerful antioxidant that regulates circadian rhythm and has beneficial effects on organism; tryptophan (TRP) is its precursor necessary for the synthesis of MEL. The aim of the current study was to determine whether MEL and TRP, have protective effects during subchronic application of CCl4 to the liver and kidneys. Results suggest that CCl4 led to decrease of total proteins, albumins, globulins, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit; and increase of creatinine, AST, ALT values, and leukocytes. MEL and TRP both showing protective effects on regulation of serum proteins, albumins, globulins, A/G, AST, ALT, and creatinine levels. TRP had been shown to have potential in regulation of disbalanced hematological parameters caused by CCl4. TRP had beneficial effects on hepatocyte morphology in term of beaded chromatin and preserved cell morphology. Overall, oral supplementation of TRP had better protective effects on liver/kidneys compared to MEL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The market for herbal medicines with anti-diabetic qualities is still quite considerable on a global scale. The current study examines the actions of a few biomarkers in adult male Wistar rats fed with Cissampelos owariensis fractionated leaf extract in methanol. Materials and methods: Fresh C. owariensis leaf was stitched, dried, and fractionated using chloroform, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate solvents after being air-dried, crushed, and submerged in methanol for 72 hours. Thirty (30) mature male Wistar rats weighing 130-160 grams were divided into six (6) groups of five rats (n=5) each. Streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally once to cause diabetes. Groups 1 and 2 serve as normal and diabetic control rats, respectively, while Group 3 diabetic rats received 50 mg/kg/day of metformin and Groups 4, 5, and 6 received 250 mg/kg/day of C. owariensis fractions for 21 days before being euthanized to harvest the kidney, liver, small intestine, brain, and pancreas for biochemical study. Groups 1 and 2 are used as the diabetic and normal control groups of rats, respectively. The generated data was examined with the aid of the SPSS program, and the results were presented as mean SEM. Results: The results of the investigation showed that diabetic rats' increased blood glucose levels were significantly lower than control groups, indicating that the ethyl acetate fraction had the strongest hypoglycemic potential of the fractions. Alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly inhibited by C. owariensis fractions whereas Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activity were significantly boosted in diabetic rats. Conclusion: In conclusion, C. owariensis fractions showed strong anti-diabetic and pancreatic-protecting activities in animal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These toxicity studies aimed to assess the safety and tolerability of a novel intravenous diclofenac sodium (37.5 mg/mL) formulation containing povidone K12 (80 mg/mL) as the key excipient in Wistar rats. This formulation was tested at doses of 3, 7, and 15 mg/kg/day and was administered daily for 28 days by intravenous route. Toxicokinetic estimation revealed a dose-proportional increase in plasma exposure to diclofenac. The formulation was well tolerated in males; however, mortality was observed in females (2/15) at the highest dose (15 mg/kg/day). Adverse gastrointestinal events related to NSAIDS and a few other treatment-related effects on clinical and anatomic pathology were noted at the 15 mg/kg/day dose, which normalized at the end of the 2-week recovery period. In addition, the excipient povidone K12 was present in a higher amount than the approved Inactive Ingredient Database (IID) limit in the proposed novel formulation. It was qualified through a separate 28-day repeated dose toxicity study by intravenous route in Wistar rats. Povidone K12 was found to be well tolerated and safe up to a dose of 165 mg/kg/day. No treatment-related adverse effects were observed in this study. In conclusion, repeated administration of a novel intravenous formulation containing diclofenac sodium was found to be safe up to the dose of 7 mg/kg/day in female rats and 15 mg/kg/day in male rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naturally derived cyanotoxins, cylindrospermopsin (CYN), and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) have shown hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects in several studies. The present study aimed to determine the possible nephrotoxicity of MC-LR and CYN on mammalian kidneys using male Wistar rats as an animal model. Potential nephrotoxicity was evaluated at different doses of CYN (0.175 µg.kg-1, 0.140 µg.kg-1, 0.105 µg.kg-1) and MC-LR (0.105 µg.kg-1, 0.070 µg.kg-1, 0.035 µg.kg-1) was observed. Water samples from dug wells contaminated with CYN (0.161 µg.kg-1) and MC-LR (0.091 µg.kg-1) from the Padaviya area in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka were used as environmental samples. The control groups were treated with distilled water. The exposure time of rats to the toxin was 90 days. Evaluation of urinary creatinine, serum creatinine, and Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) were estimated using standard protocols. A significant increase in serum creatinine levels was observed in all CYN and MC-LR treated groups (p<0.05) after 7 and 42 days of exposure, respectively, compared to control. It was found a decrease of urine creatinine when rats were treated with different concentrations of CYN and MC-LR (p<0.05) after 7 days compared to the control. The highest KIM-1 concentrations were recorded at 0.175 µg.kg-1 of CYN and 0.105 µg.kg-1 of MC-LR. The concentrations of KIM-1 in the control groups for CYN-treated and MC-LRt-reated were not detected. Luminal protein, nuclear pyknosis, mild tubular epithelial swelling, vascular congestion, and interstitial inflammation in CYN and MC-LR treated groups were common. No predominant changes were observed in the control groups treated with CYN and MC-LR. The results of the present study confirm that the consumption of CYN and MCLR- contaminated water may lead to kidney injury in Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liver has a big potential for self-healing, but the activity of regeneration decreases with age. Changes are occurring, including in the functional activity of various liver cell populations, the study of the characteristics of which can become the basis for the development of new therapeutic approaches to the liver diseases treatment at older people. The aim of this research was to study the level of stem and progenitor cells and the functional activity of the healthy liver from age- different rats. Material and methods. Experiments were carried out on Wistar rats aged 6 and 12 months. Ultrasound and histological examination of the liver from rats was used to assess morphological changes. The lipid profile of blood serum was evaluated by biochemical methods. Cytometric methods were used to study the surface and intracellular antigens of stem and progenitor cells isolated from the bone marrow, arterial blood and liver of rats. Results and discussion. In 12-month-old male Wistar rats, compared with 6-month-old rats, excessive formation of extracellular matrix components, disruption of tissue architecture, development of portal hypertension, as well as an increase in the concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides, high- and low-density lipoproteins were revealed. We identified age- related differences in the content of hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells, epithelial cells (CD45–CD326+) in the bone marrow, blood and liver of rats. In the liver parenchyma, the populations of hepatocyte precursors (CD45– CD326+CD133+), oval cells (CD45–CD326+CD133+CD90+). At the same time, the level of all cell populations in the liver parenchyma of rats expressing the intracellular marker Sox9 was higher in one-year-old animals compared to younger ones, regardless of the cell phenotype. Conclusions. In the liver of 12-month-old rats, compared to 6-month-old rats, the number of cells expressing Sox9, lymphocytes with an inflammatory phenotype increases, the number of stem cells and various populations of epithelial and endothelial cells decreases, which leads to a decrease in the regenerative capacity of the liver, disruption of the tissue architecture of the organ and changes in lipid metabolism. These changes largely determine the increased susceptibility with age to the development of chronic liver diseases.

Background India is a land of agriculture, where the economy is based on cash crop cultivation. The wide and chronic use of pesticides for agriculture, domestic, and industrial purposes without protective measures has led to subsequent adverse health effects and further evaluation. It has become a major concern of public health due to its usage throughout the year among pesticide industrial workers, distributors and retail shopkeepers, agricultural field workers, and sprayers. Among the different types of pesticides (organochlorines, organophosphorus, carbamates, and pyrethroid compounds) used, quinalphos is the most common organophosphorus compound used in South India. These compounds were known to produce oxidative damage in the liver, kidney, bone marrow, brain, and intestine. Nonenzymatic antioxidants like vitamin C and E were found to alleviate the oxidative damage imposed by these pesticides. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of oral supplementation of vitamin E and vitamin C in comparison to exposure-free days on complete blood count, antioxidant enzymes, liver enzymes, and histopathological changes in the liver following exposure of male Wistar rats to quinalphos. Materials and Methods This experimental study was done at XXXX after getting scientific and ethical committee clearance. A total of 24 adult male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups, with six in each group. Group A consists of animals not exposed to quinalphos for 60 days (control group), group B exposed to quinalphos for 60 days, group C exposed to quinalphos orally only for the first 30 days with exposure-free days for the next 30 days, and group D exposed to quinalphos orally for 60 days along with vitamin E and vitamin C oral supplementation. During exposure, quinalphos was administered at the dose of 3 mg/kg/day mixed with drinking water through oral gavage. Animals were sacrificed at the end of 60 days. Blood was collected by direct cardiac puncture, and the liver tissue was used for histopathological investigation. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and post hoc Turkey’s test for intergroup comparison using SPSS 21.0 software. Results RBC count (P = 0.011), Hb % (P = 0.000), and hematocrit (P = 0.000) were significantly reduced, whereas WBC count (P = 0.005) and neutrophil % (P = 0.001) significantly increased in the quinalphos-exposed group (group B) compared to other three groups. Liver enzymes, SGPT (P = 0.028) and SGOT (P = 0.343), were elevated, and the antioxidants catalase (P = 0.000) and glutathione peroxidase (P = 0.000) were significantly reduced in the quinalphos-exposed group when compared to the control and exposure free group. Histopathology of the liver showed diffuse necrosis of the hepatocytes with central venous congestion in quinalphos-exposed (group B) compared to the other three groups. The exposure-free group (group C) has shown better histopathological changes when compared to quinalphos exposure with (group D) and without (group B) vitamin C and E supplementation group. Conclusion Quinalphos exposure orally results in anemia, leucocytosis with neutrophilia, liver damage, and oxidative stress. As evidenced by liver histopathology and altered antioxidant enzymes in the supplementation group compared to the group with exposure-free days, the toxic effects of quinalphos were less during exposure-free days. Thus, people occupationally exposed to quinalphos can alleviate the ill effects by having exposure-free days as interval breaks to remove the toxic accumulation of organophosphorus compounds.

The novel genetically modified probiotic Bacillus subtilis ZB423 was assessed in a 90‐day repeated‐dose oral toxicity study adhering to Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines. Spray‐dried spores at a concentration of 1.1E12 CFU/g were administered at doses of 130, 260, and 519 mg/kg body weight/day correlating to 1.43 × 1011, 2.86 × 1011, and 5.71 × 1011 CFU/kg/day, respectively, by oral gavage to Wistar rats for a period of 90 consecutive days. Results showed no toxicologically relevant findings for B. subtilis ZB423 from measured parameters. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of B. subtilis ZB423 is 519 mg/kg body weight/day corresponding to 5.71 × 1011 CFU/kg/day for lyophilized B. subtilis ZB423 spores under the test conditions employed. The novel genetically modified probiotic B. subtilis ZB423 was assessed in a 90‐day repeated‐dose oral toxicity study. Results showed no toxicologically relevant findings for B. subtilis ZB423 from measured parameters. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of the B. subtilis ZB423 is 519 mg/kg body weight/day corresponding to 5.71 × 1011 CFU/kg/day for lyophilized B. subtilis ZB423 spores under the test conditions employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective By screening and passaging G0 generation Wistar rats, we obtained hypoxia-sensitive and hypoxia-tolerant G1 generation rats, and then the differences in hypoxia sensitivity among these rats were preliminarily explored. Methods 200 Wistar rats (half male and half female) were selected as G0 generation and placed in a controlled oxygen concentration system. The hypoxia tolerance time, which refers to the time from placement to near death, was recorded for the G0 generation rats at an oxygen volume fraction of 3%. 30 rats (half male and half female) with the shortest hypoxia tolerance time were selected for mating and passage to obtain G1 generation hypoxia-sensitive rats. Similarly, 30 rats (half male and half female) with the longest hypoxia tolerance time were selected for mating and passage to obtain G1 generation hypoxia-tolerant rats. An additional 24 standard Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: a control group and a model group, with 12 rats in each group (half male and half female). The control group was kept in a normoxic environment, while the model group, along with the G1 generation hypoxia-sensitive rats (G1 sensitive group) and G1 generation hypoxia-tolerant rats (G1 tolerant group), were placed in a hypobaric hypoxia chamber (simulating an altitude of 5 000 m). After 12 hours, various indicators, including blood gas, complete blood count, blood biochemistry, pathological sections, and hypoxia-related genes were detected or observed to compare the differences in hypoxia sensitivity among the 4 groups. Results Compared with the G0 generation standard rats, the hypoxia tolerance time of G1 generation rats was significantly prolonged (P0.05).ConclusionCompared with standard rats, G1 generation hypoxia-sensitive/tolerant rats exhibit good signs of hypoxia sensitivity/tolerance traits, but further screening and passage are still needed to purify them.

Relevance. The complexity of diagnosing and treating autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is attributed to their unknown etiology and pathophysiology. The investigation of ASD models induced by sodium valproate (VPA) holds significant importance in the development of effective pharmacological interventions for this disorder.Objective. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of prenatal and postnatal exposure to VPA on the development of autism-like behavior in Wistar rats for further selection of appropriate therapeutic interventions.Methods. Offspring of Wistar rats were exposed to VPA on the 12.5th day of prenatal development or postnatally on the 14th day. Evaluation included assessment of social behavior, anxiety, working memory, species-typical defensive behavior, exploratory, and locomotor activity.Results. Prenatal VPA exposure led to reduced social interaction, increased anxiety, disruption of species-typical defensive behavior, and decreased locomotor activity in male rats. Female rats prenatally exposed to VPA exhibited social deficits, increased anxiety, hypolocomotion, and cognitive impairments, albeit without displaying aversive odor preference. Postnatal VPA exposure in male and female rats did not significantly alter social interaction and species-typical defensive behavior; however, animals exhibited reduced locomotor activity. Postnatally VPA-exposed female rats demonstrated worsened working memory and decreased exploratory behavior.Conclusion. Both prenatal and postnatal exposure to VPA elicits behavioral disturbances resembling ASD, with gender-specific nuances, which may guide the direction of pharmacological interventions for the disorder.

Background and Aim: Individuals exposed to heavy metals are known to experience physiological and biochemical changes, which raise questions regarding possible health effects. In our earlier research, significant concentrations of vanadium (V), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) were found in food and medical packaging materials. This study aimed to evaluate the cognitive, physiological, and biomarker effects of select heavy metal exposure in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Over a 13-week period, five groups of rats (six rats per group, with both males and females) were assessed to study the effects of oral exposure to V, Hg, Cd, and As. The study focused on evaluating physiological, cognitive, and biochemical markers, with the results compared to those of a control group. Results: Comparing all groups of rats treated with heavy metals, the study revealed significant deficits in learning and spatial orientation (water maze test); rats treated with V, Cd, and Hg showed signs of depression. Rats treated with As also showed signs of hyperactivity, which may indicate a connection to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (rat tail suspension test). The groups exposed to different heavy metals varied in their physiological (water and food intake, urine and feces output) and biochemical responses (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, prostate-specific antigen, T3, T4, thyroid-stimulating hormone, carcinoembryonic antigen, and blood glucose analysis), with Hg exhibiting the strongest impacts. Rats given Hg showed signs of hypothyroidism, such as increased food intake and weight gain. Conclusion: This study clarifies the complex relationships between exposure to heavy metals and various biological systems, shedding light on their potential health impacts. The findings provide insight into the effects of heavy metals on neural and thyroid tissues, as well as their propensity to cause cellular dedifferentiation. However, the study has certain limitations, such as the relatively short duration of exposure and the use of only a few selected biomarkers. Future research should focus on long-term exposure studies, incorporate a broader range of biomarkers, and explore the underlying mechanisms at a molecular level to better understand the full spectrum of health risks associated with heavy metal exposure.

Abstract Worldwide, particularly in developing nations, helminth infections are the leading causes of livestock illness and mortality. Parascaris (P.) equorum, a parasitic worm from the Ascarididae family, significantly impacts the production, health, and working performance of equines. This study aimed to investigate the impact of intraperitoneal sensitization of P. equorum on the immune system, oxidative stress, and histology in Wistar rats. After acclimatization for 7 days, we divided the rats into five groups, each consisting of six rats. Group I, serving as the control, was administered distilled water, followed by groups II (day 7), III (day 14), IV (day 21), and V (day 33). The rats were euthanized every day mentioned (Days 7–33). On day 0, a dosage of 1ml/100 gm rat (containing 500 μg/ml protein content) emulsified crude antigen extract with an incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (1:1 volume), followed by a second dose of the same antigen concentration on day 7. To assess the allergenicity of this nematode, we measured a whole blood profile, serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-33, total immunoglobulins IgE and IgG, and oxidative stress markers. Also, we examined histological changes in the liver, kidney, and spleen. The results showed that values of total leukocyte count, granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes were significantly (P

Background. Lithium salts are used in psychiatry and may exhibit neuroprotective effects due to anion constituents.Objective: to study a dose-dependent effect of oral lithium ascorbate (LiAsc) and lithium carbonate on manifestation and severity of primary generalized seizures caused by thiosemicarbazide in rats in vivo.Material and methods. The study was conducted on 30 Wistar white male rats weighing 200–300 g in five groups: control, lithium carbonate 5 mg/kg, LiAsc 5, 10, 15 mg/kg/day, administered by probing for 14 days. The model of primary generalized seizures was reproduced by intraperitoneally administered 28 mg/kg thiosemicarbazide. The degree of neurological deficit was assessed based on seizure indicators (latency period before seizures, number of seizures and startles, clonic seizures, etc.). Histopathological studies of brain tissue were carried out using morphometry of histological sections on BioVision image analyzer (Austria).Results. A course of carbonate and LiAsc significantly reduced seizure duration. The use of LiAsc at doses of 10–15 mg/kg/day not only significantly shortened seizure duration (p=0.01), but also increased the latent period before seizures (p=0.03), reduced the number of seizures (р

Diabetes mellitus is a major health challenge that has harmful effects on the quality of life globally as a result of its numerous complications. This study aimed to evaluate the positive modulatory effect of Lawsonia inermis (LI) Linn on various haemobiochemical parameters and lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Ten groups of diabetic rats (n = 5) were orally administered 50 and 100 mg/kg of three different fractions of Lawsonia inermis: metformin (500 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), whereas untreated hyperglycaemic and normoglycaemic rats received distilled water. The results showed increased red blood cells (RBC) in treated rats compared to untreated diabetic rats. Hb, MCV, MCH, and MCHC decreased nonsignificantly, whereas WBC increased nonsignificantly. Neutrophil increased non-significantly in diabetic, untreated rats, while all the treatment groups decreased non-significantly. Lymphocytes and monocytes increased non-significantly (p > 0.05). Most treatment groups showed a non-significant (p > 0.05) increase in the platelet count. The ALT levels decreased non-significantly (p > 0.05) compared to normoglycemic rats. The AST levels decreased significantly (p < 0.01). ALP decreased non-significantly in both treated and untreated groups, whereas bilirubin did not show any significant changes. Creatinine and urea levels in untreated diabetic rats increased non-significantly, while treatment groups decreased non-significantly. Lawsonia inermis-treated rats showed significant improvement in erythrocytic fragility, while glycated haemoglobin in untreated-diabetic and glibenclamide-treated rats increased significantly (p > 0.001). Triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein decreased non-significantly, while low-density lipoprotein increased non-significantly (p > 0.05) in diabetic untreated rats. All treatment groups showed a non-significant (P > 0.05) decrease in low-density lipoprotein. Lawsonia inermis showed a significant positive modulatory effect on the haemobiochemical changes, glycated Hb, osmotic fragility, and lipid profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Clinical use of trastuzumab (TZM), has been widely associated with increased incidence of cardiotoxicity. Ocimum gratissimum Linn. is a household medicinal plant popularly used for treating inflammatory conditions. In this study, we investigated the abrogative potential of 100 mg/kg/day of the ethanol leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. (OG) and its petroleum ether (PEOG), ethyl acetate (EAOG) and ethanol (EOG) fractions in TZM intoxicated Wistar rats for 7 days using anthropometric, biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical endpoints. In addition, secondary metabolite constituents in OG and its fractions were determined through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The study results showed that oral pretreatments with OG and OG fractions as well as the fixed dose valsartan-lisinopril (VAL-LSP) combination effectively ameliorated and restore nearly normal levels the TZM-altered plasma cardiac troponin I and antioxidant profile which were corroborated by histopathological and immunohistochemical findings as indicated by the inhibition of TZM-induced activation of caspases-3 and − 9 and profound upregulation of BCL-2 expression. Phytoscan of OG and its fractions showed the presence of thymol and in high amount. Overall, our findings revealed the cardioprotective potentials of OG, OG fractions and fixed dose VAL-LSP combination against TZM-induced cardiotoxicity which probably was mediated via abrogation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and antioxidant mechanisms.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a primary complication observed in diabetes that severely affects quality of life. Recent evidence suggests that photobiomodulation (PBM) is a promising therapy against painful conditions and nerve damage. However, the effects of PBM on DPN remains mostly unknown. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of PBM therapy in modulating proinflammatory cytokine expression in both central and peripheral nervous systems of rats with Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes. Male Wistar rats were allocated into control (naïve), diabetic (STZ), and treatment (STZ + PBM) groups. A single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of STZ (85 mg/kg) was administered for the induction of diabetes. Animals were subjected to 10 treatment sessions, every other day. The results herein presented indicate that PBM treatment diminishes Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products (RAGE) and Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-ϰB) expression in peripheral nervous system and suppresses TNF-α expression in central nervous system tissues. Furthermore, PBM-therapy in diabetic rats also induces increased levels of the anti-inflammatory protein IL-10 in both peripheral and central nervous system. Collectively, our findings demonstrate compelling evidence that PBM-therapy modulates cytokine dynamics and influences RAGE/NF-ϰB axis in a STZ-induced model of type 1 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) has been described to exert several cardioprotective effects. However, the exact mechanism involved in cardiac protection remains unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of GPER activation on excitation–contraction coupling (ECC) and the possibility that such effect participates in cardioprotection. The cardiac myocytes of male Wistar rats were isolated with a digestive buffer and loaded with Fura-2-AM for the measurement of intracellular calcium transient (CaT). Sarcomere shortening (SS) and L-type calcium current (ICaL) were also registered. The confocal technique was used to measure nitric oxide (NO) production in cells loaded with DAF-FM-diacetate. Cardiac myocytes exposed to 17-β-estradiol (E2, 10 nM) or G-1 (1 μM) for fifteen minutes decreased CaT, SS, and ICaL. These effects were prevented using G-36 (antagonist of GPER, 1 μM), L-Name (NO synthase -NOS- inhibitor, 100 nM), or wortmannin (phosphoinositide-3-kinase -PI3K- inhibitor, 100 nM). Moreover, G1 increased NO production, and this effect was abolished in the presence of wortmannin. We concluded that the selective activation of GPER with E2 or G1 in the isolated cardiac myocytes of male rats induced a negative inotropic effect due to the reduction in ICaL and the decrease in CaT. Finally, the pathway that we proposed to be implicated in these effects is PI3K-NOS-NO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, particularly in developing nations, helminth infections are the leading causes of livestock illness and mortality. Parascaris (P.) equorum, a parasitic worm from the Ascarididae family, significantly impacts the production, health, and working performance of equines. This study aimed to investigate the impact of intraperitoneal sensitization of P. equorum on the immune system, oxidative stress, and histology in Wistar rats. After acclimatization for 7 days, we divided the rats into five groups, each consisting of six rats. Group I, serving as the control, was administered distilled water, followed by groups II (day 7), III (day 14), IV (day 21), and V (day 33). The rats were euthanized every day mentioned (Days 7–33). On day 0, a dosage of 1ml/100 gm rat (containing 500 μg/ml protein content) emulsified crude antigen extract with an incomplete Freund's adjuvant (1:1 volume), followed by a second dose of the same antigen concentration on day 7. To assess the allergenicity of this nematode, we measured a whole blood profile, serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-33, total immunoglobulins IgE and IgG, and oxidative stress markers. Also, we examined histological changes in the liver, kidney, and spleen. The results showed that values of total leukocyte count, granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes were significantly (P < 0.05) increased on day 14 post-infection relative to other days of investigation. It was found that the levels of total immunoglobulins (IgE and IgG) and cytokines (INF-γ, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-33) on days 14 and 21 were significantly higher than in the control group. At all periods of the experiment, the injected group exhibited significantly higher concentrations of MDA and NO compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Conversely, GSH and CAT levels (P < 0.05) dropped significantly on days 7, 14, and 21. Different rat tissues showed alterations. Ultimately, this study described the detrimental effects of P. equorum crude antigen administration on the immune system, oxidative states, and histological changes of Wistar rats at various intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective By screening and passaging G0 generation Wistar rats, we obtained hypoxiasensitive and hypoxia-tolerant G1 generation rats, and then the differences in hypoxia sensitivity among these rats were preliminarily explored. Methods 200 Wistar rats (half male and half female) were selected as G0 generation and placed in a controlled oxygen concentration system. The hypoxia tolerance time, which refers to the time from placement to near death, was recorded for the G0 generation rats at an oxygen volume fraction of 3%. 30 rats (half male and half female) with the shortest hypoxia tolerance time were selected for mating and passage to obtain G1 generation hypoxia-sensitive rats. Similarly, 30 rats (half male and half female) with the longest hypoxia tolerance time were selected for mating and passage to obtain G1 generation hypoxia-tolerant rats. An additional 24 standard Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: a control group and a model group, with 12 rats in each group (half male and half female). The control group was kept in a normoxic environment, while the model group, along with the G1 generation hypoxia-sensitive rats (G1 sensitive group) and G1 generation hypoxia-tolerant rats (G1 tolerant group), were placed in a hypobaric hypoxia chamber (simulating an altitude of 5 000 m). After 12 hours, various indicators, including blood gas, complete blood count, blood biochemistry, pathological sections, and hypoxia-related genes were detected or observed to compare the differences in hypoxia sensitivity among the 4 groups. Results Compared with the G0 genera3tion standard rats, the hypoxia tolerance time of G1 generation rats was significantly prolonged (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the oxygen saturation (SatO2) in G1 tolerant group was significantly higher (P<0.05). In the G1 sensitive group, the levels of white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil (NEUT) count, hemoglobin (HGB) concentration, hematocrit (HCT), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), platelet (PLT), and creatinine (Cr) significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while actual bicarbonate (AB) content significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the brain and lung coefficients were significantly elevated (P<0.05). In addition, pathological section results showed that the brain and lung tissues in the model group, G1 sensitive group, and G1 tolerant group all suffered from significant damage, with no evident differences in the gene expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in brain tissues among the three groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Compared with standard rats, G1 generation hypoxia-sensitive/tolerant rats exhibit good signs of hypoxia sensitivity/tolerance traits, but further screening and passage are still needed to purify them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Individuals exposed to heavy metals are known to experience physiological and biochemical changes, which raise questions regarding possible health effects. In our earlier research, significant concentrations of vanadium (V), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) were found in food and medical packaging materials. This study aimed to evaluate the cognitive, physiological, and biomarker effects of select heavy metal exposure in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Over a 13-week period, five groups of rats (six rats per group, with both males and females) were assessed to study the effects of oral exposure to V, Hg, Cd, and As. The study focused on evaluating physiological, cognitive, and biochemical markers, with the results compared to those of a control group. Results: Comparing all groups of rats treated with heavy metals, the study revealed significant deficits in learning and spatial orientation (water maze test); rats treated with V, Cd, and Hg showed signs of depression. Rats treated with As also showed signs of hyperactivity, which may indicate a connection to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (rat tail suspension test). The groups exposed to different heavy metals varied in their physiological (water and food intake, urine and feces output) and biochemical responses (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, prostate-specific antigen, T3, T4, thyroid-stimulating hormone, carcinoembryonic antigen, and blood glucose analysis), with Hg exhibiting the strongest impacts. Rats given Hg showed signs of hypothyroidism, such as increased food intake and weight gain. Conclusion: This study clarifies the complex relationships between exposure to heavy metals and various biological systems, shedding light on their potential health impacts. The findings provide insight into the effects of heavy metals on neural and thyroid tissues, as well as their propensity to cause cellular dedifferentiation. However, the study has certain limitations, such as the relatively short duration of exposure and the use of only a few selected biomarkers. Future research should focus on long-term exposure studies, incorporate a broader range of biomarkers, and explore the underlying mechanisms at a molecular level to better understand the full spectrum of health risks associated with heavy metal exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the therapeutic efficacy of Helianthemum lippii and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) synthesized using a H. lippii extract to alleviate cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Sub-acute toxicity assessments of H. lippii (100 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 4000 mg/kg) and Ag NPs (2 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) did not find any significant difference, compared with untreated control rats (n = 3 animals/group). Then, the adult Wistar rats were divided into one control (untreated/unexposed) and six experimental groups (n = 5/group): Ag NPs alone, H. lippii alone, exposure to 50 mg/kg CdCl2 in drinking water for 35 days, exposure to CdCl2 for 35 days followed by treatment with 0.1 mg/kg/day Ag NPs (intraperitoneal injection) and/or 100 mg/kg/day H. lippii by gavage for 15 days. In the CdCl2-exposed group, body weight decreased; urea, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations increased (p < 0.05 vs. control), indicative of nephrotoxicity, antioxidant defenses (SOD, GSH, and CAT) were reduced, and malondialdehyde concentration increased. Moreover, the kidney's architecture in CdCl2-exposed rats was altered: fibrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, glomerular destruction, and tubular dilatation. Treatment with H. lippii and/or Ag NPs after CdCl2 exposure improved some of the renal function and architecture alterations induced by CdCl2, and also increased body weight. This study underscores the potential therapeutic applications of H. lippii and Ag NPs to decrease oxidative stress and promote xenobiotic detoxification, in line with the growing emphasis on environmentally conscious practices in scientific research and healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are highly toxic mycotoxins present in food and feed, posing serious health risks to humans and animals. This study aimed to validate an efficient and cost-effective analytical method for quantifying AFB1 and OTA in rat urine using immunoaffinity column extraction and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (IAC-LC-FD). Additionally, the study evaluated the effect of incorporating fermented whey and pumpkin into the feed on the urinary excretion of these mycotoxins. The limits of detection and quantification were determined to be 0.1 µg/kg and 0.3 µg/kg, respectively, for both mycotoxins in feed, and 0.2 ng/mL and 0.6 ng/mL, respectively, in urine. The method demonstrated robust recovery rates ranging from 74% to 119% for both AFB1 and OTA in both matrices. In feed samples, the levels of AFB1 and OTA ranged from 4.3 to 5.2 µg/g and from 5.4 to 8.8 µg/g, respectively. This validated method was successfully applied to analyze 116 urine samples from rats collected during the fourth week of an in vivo trial. The results indicated that the addition of fermented whey and pumpkin to the feed influenced mycotoxin excretion in urine, with variations observed based on the sex of the rats, type of mycotoxin, and exposure dosage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-nutritional contents of feedstuffs have deleterious effects on human/animal nutrition. Reducing the anti-nutritional content of these feedstuffs and enhancing their use in feed formulation, requires appropriate processing methods. An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of feeding processed and raw Cola rostrata (monkey cola) seed meal (CRSM) on the histopathology of some organs (liver, kidney, duodenum, jejunum and ileum), of male albino rats. The CRSM was processed using four different methods i.e. boiling only, boiling and fermenting, fermenting only, and toasting. Six experimental diets were formulated with diet T1 (Control) containing 0% CRSM, while diets T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 contained, boiled, boiled and fermented, fermented, toasted and raw CRSM respectively. 90 male rats (aged, 6 - 7 weeks), were divided into six dietary treatment groups of five animals triplicated in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The experiment lasted for 21 days and the data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and means separated using the Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results indicated that rats on T1 and T2 recorded no noticeable defects or abnormalities in all the organs observed. However, focal segmental sclerosis in the kidney, hepatocellular necrosis of the liver, hypercellularity and disorganisation of the mucosal glandular tissues were observed in rats from the other treatments (T6, T3, T4, and T5). It can be concluded that C. rostrata seed boiled for at least 30 minutes can be used as a feed ingredient in animal diets without any deleterious effect on their organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have demonstrated the therapeutic properties of natural products like Crassocephalum rubens against a range of clinical conditions that involve oxidative stress. In this study the effect of an aqueous extract of Crassocephalum rubens (AECR) leaves on the potential of testicular damage from cisplatin was investigated. Thirty adult male Wistar rats (150-240 g) were randomly assigned into 5 groups (n = 6) and used for the study. Group A was administered 2 ml/kg of distilled water as the normal control; groups B and C were administered 300 mg/kg and 450 mg/kg AECR, respectively, for 14 days; and cisplatin (5 mg/kg) was administered on days 7 and 14 to both groups. Groups D and E received 450 mg/kg AECR and 5 mg/kg of cisplatin, respectively, on days 7 and 14. Cisplatin and extract administration was done intraperitoneally and orally, respectively. Testicular tissue histology was assessed using Hematoxylin and eosin procedures. Statistical data were analysed using ANOVA and the tukey test. There was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.3405; F = 1.193) in the body weight change when all groups were compared to the control. Testicular weight showed a statistically significant difference in weight reduction (p< 0.0001; F = 16.85) in groups D and E Histological evaluation showed severe histoarchietctural derangement in testicular morphology, with no clearly distinguishable tubular lumen, in the cisplatin only group, while these were ameliorated in the extract treated groups. In conclusion, AECR at 300 and 450 mg/kg possesses protective effect against cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The kidneys are the main target of lead toxicity as lead is accumulated in and excreted through the kidneys. The main lead toxicity occurs through oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, causing cellular damage in the kidneys. Moringa leaves contain high levels of flavonoids, with antioxidant effects that are useful in treating diseases accompanied by oxidative stress due to toxicity. Our goal was to analyze the attenuation effects of Moringa leaves extract on lead-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Methods: This research was conducted based on an experimental design and post-tests. Forty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: control group (K), which was given lead acetate at 750 mg/kg/day for 7 days, and three other groups of P1, P2 and P3, which were given lead acetate at the same dose for 7 days followed by administering with the ethanolic extract of Moringa leaves at 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 mg/kg/day doses orally for 14 days, respectively. Results: There were improvements in oxidative stress in the kidneys of the study rats, marked by an increase in the serum levels of GSH, GPx, CAT, and SOD, and a decrease in the kidney MDA levels. Kidney disorders can be improved by administering ethanol extract from Moringa leaves, which is characterized by a significant decrease in blood BUN and creatinine levels. Conclusion: All doses of the ethanolic extract of Moringa leaves reduced the oxidative stress and improved the kidney function impaired due to acute exposure to lead in male Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cincalok is a fermented shrimp from West Kalimantan, Indonesia, which has many beneficial compounds such as omega-3 and astaxanthin. The LD50 of the cincalok oil was more than 5000 mg/ Kg BW (practically non-toxic), so there is an opportunity that cincalok can develop into a supplement. However, single and repeated doses may have different toxic potential. This study aimed to observe the sub-chronic toxicity of cincalok oil in Wistar strain rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) after 28 days of repeat doses in oral administration based on OECD 407 test guidelines. Thirty of the male and female Wistar strain rats were divided into six groups respectively that consisted of one control group of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) administration, three dosing groups of cincalok oil administration with dose variation of 100, 400, and 1000 mg/Kg BW, and two satellite groups of 1000 mg/Kg BW dose of cincalok oil administration and VCO control administration. The biochemistry and histopathological investigation was performed. The results showed the biochemical profiles of cincalok oil has no effect on LDL, urea, creatinine, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase blood profiles. While on total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL profiles, it has reversible effect. Histopathological investigation showed minimal fat degeneration with little congestion and necrosis in the liver, hypertrophy, and hypercholesterolemia in the heart, hydropic degeneration in the kidney, and no disturbance was found in the lung and spleen. Based on biochemical and histopathological result showed that cincalok had no toxic effect and potential to be developed as drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a major health challenge that has harmful effects on the quality of life globally as a result of its numerous complications. This study aimed to evaluate the positive modulatory effect of Lawsonia inermis (LI) Linn on various haemobiochemical parameters and lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Ten groups of diabetic rats (n = 5) were orally administered 50 and 100 mg/kg of three different fractions of Lawsonia inermis: metformin (500 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), whereas untreated hyperglycaemic and normoglycaemic rats received distilled water. The results showed increased red blood cells (RBC) in treated rats compared to untreated diabetic rats. Hb, MCV, MCH, and MCHC decreased nonsignificantly, whereas WBC increased nonsignificantly. Neutrophil increased non-significantly in diabetic, untreated rats, while all the treatment groups decreased non-significantly. Lymphocytes and monocytes increased nonsignificantly (p > 0.05). Most treatment groups showed a non-significant (p > 0.05) increase in the platelet count. The ALT levels decreased non-significantly (p > 0.05) compared to normoglycemic rats. The AST levels decreased significantly (p<0.01). ALP decreased non-significantly in both treated and untreated groups, whereas bilirubin did not show any significant changes. Creatinine and urea levels in untreated diabetic rats increased non-significantly, while treatment groups decreased non-significantly. Lawsonia inermis-treated rats showed significant improvement in erythrocytic fragility, while glycated haemoglobin in untreateddiabetic and glibenclamide-treated rats increased significantly (p > 0.001). Triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein decreased non-significantly, while lowdensity lipoprotein increased non-significantly (p > 0.05) in diabetic untreated rats. All treatment groups showed a non-significant (P > 0.05) decrease in low-density lipoprotein. Lawsonia inermis showed a significant positive modulatory effect on the haemobiochemical changes, glycated Hb, osmotic fragility, and lipid profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by an elevated blood sugar level due to problems with insulin synthesis, effect, or both. Various clinical signs follow DM: Hyperglycemia, polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia. Worldwide prevalence is high and predicted to be 592 million by 2035. Animal models are used in the study of diabetes due to ethical issues. Although the streptozotocin (STZ) model is frequently used, it is unreliable due to unexplained acute toxicity and effective dose variability. Objectives: This research was conducted to determine the effective dose regimen of STZ for inducing diabetes in Wister rats. Methods: A total of 28 male Wistar rats (160-190 g) were randomly divided into 4 groups (each 7 rats) and monitored for 21 days after diabetes induction with STZ: Control (CTR), diabetics (DIA)1 (60 mg/kg STZ), DIA2 (60 mg/kg STZ twice at 0 and 24 hours), and DIA3 (60 mg/kg STZ thrice at 0, 24 and 48 hours). Plasma glucose was determined with a glucometer. Body weights, feed intake, and fecal output were weighed with a digital balance, while water intake and urine output were measured with a measuring cylinder. Analyses of data obtained were performed using a one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test at a significance level of P=0.05. Results: There was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in body weight of the diabetic groups (-15.53%±1.2%, -26.8%±1.2%, -28.5%±1.9%) compared to the CTR (10.5%±2.5%). There was a significant (P<0.05) increase in fasting blood glucose concentrations (135.2±9.0, 273.2±6.5, 257.0±5.3 mg/dL) in the people with diabetes compared to the CTR (79.3±1.1 mg/dL). Water intake (56.9±0.9, 72.1±1.7, 77.8±5.5 mL), feed intake (19.4±0.6, 23.3±1.9, 42.1±2.1 g), voided urine (6.34±0.1, 8.39±0.88, 9.8±0.50 mL) and voided feces (10.4±0.26, 11.7±0.43, 8.5±0.17 g) in the diabetic groups increased significantly (P<0.05) compared to the CTR (26.5±0.8 mL, 13.4±0.3 g, 1.84±0.08 mL, and 6.5±0.33 g, respectively). Conclusion: The dose regimen of 60 mg/kg STZ administered intraperitoneally twice (24 hours apart) sustained diabetes for 21 days. We recommend adopting this dose regimen in STZ-induced diabetic studies in male Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the hematinic effect of the aqueous leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera (MOAE) and Carica papaya (CPAE). Thirty-six physically fit and disease-free rats in adulthood were partitioned into six groups, consisting of six rats per group. Group 1 acted as the nonanemic control group and was given 5ml/kg of distilled water. Anemia was generated in rats in groups 2 to 6 with the oral administration of chloramphenicol at a dosage of 50 mg/kg. Group 2 acted as the anemic control group and was given 5ml/kg of distilled water. Group 3 was given 100 mg/kg of ferrous gluconate. Groups 4 to 6 were given 500 mg/kg of MOAE, 500 mg/kg of CPAE, and a combination of 500 mg/kg of MOAE and 500 mg/kg of CPAE, respectively. The treatment was administered orally for 28 days, following which the PCV, Hb, and WBC count of the animal models were examined. The results demonstrated that chloramphenicol caused a statistically significant reduction in PVC and Hb, indicating anemia, as well as a significant rise in WBC count. MOAE and CPAE resulted in a statistically significant rise in PCV and Hb levels, along with a reduction in white blood cell (WBC) count. The hematinic impact seen when the extracts were given together was significantly greater (p< 0.05) than when either extract was given alone. The extracts of Moringa oleifera and Carica papaya showed an additional blood-building impact when given together. This observation may be beneficial for managing anemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To characterize the influence of female-specific hormones on women's thyroid function, the study investigated the influence of extra progestin from oral contraceptives on inducing thyroid dysfunction. Methods: Sixty female Wistar rats were divided into six groups based on levonorgestrel or desogestrel administration as the main active agents: control, low (0.0039 mg*20-fold), medium (0.0039 mg*100-fold), high (0.0318 mg*100-fold) levonorgestrel (pure product); and low (0.0083 mg*20-fold) and high (0.0083 mg*100-fold) desogestrel (pure product). Progestin was administered by gavage every 4 days for 1 month. Statistical analysis was performed using oneway analysis of variance and the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Following levonorgestrel gavage, serum free T4 and thyroidstimulating hormone levels were significantly lower in the experimental group than that in the control group (p=0.013 and 0.043). After desogestrel gavage, the serum free T4 and free T3 levels were lower in the experimental group than that in the control group (p=0.019 and 0.030). Thyroid hormone antibody concentrations were lower in rats administered levonorgestrel and desogestrel than that in control rats. Moreover, exposure to progestin upregulated the expression of the thyroidstimulating hormone receptor and sodium iodide symporter in thyroid. Discussion: Progestin stimulation enhanced the proliferation of follicular epithelial cells in rat thyroid tissues. Progestin exposure could cause thyroid dysfunction by upregulating the transcription of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor and sodium iodide symporter in thyroid, thus inducing pathomorphological changes in rats' thyroid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG) at cellular, structural, and transcriptomic levels. Thirty Wistar rats were randomized into two groups: 15 rats were fed with a standard diet (SD-rats), and 15 rats were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD-rats). After 10 weeks, the weight, kidney function, histological features, and transcriptomic changes were assessed. HFD-rats gained significantly more weight (55.8% vs. 29.2%; p < 0.001) and albuminuria (10,384.04 ng/mL vs. 5845.45 ng/mL; p < 0.001) compared to SD-rats. HFD-rats exhibited early stages of ORG, with predominant mesangial matrix increase and podocyte hypertrophy (PH). These lesions correlated with differentially expressed (DE) genes and miRNAs. Functional analysis showed that miR-205, which was DE in both the kidneys and urine of HFD-rats, negatively regulated the PTEN gene, promoting lipid endocytosis in podocytes. The downregulation of PTEN was proved through a higher PTEN/nephrin ratio in the SD-rats and the presence of lipid vacuoles in HFD-podocytes. This study has found a specific targetome of miRNAs and gene expression in early stages of ORG. Also, it emphasizes the potential value of miR-205 as a urinary biomarker for detecting podocyte injury in ORG, offering a tool for early diagnosis, and opening new avenues for future therapeutic research of obesity-related glomerulopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hesperidin, a bioactive flavanone glycoside prevalent in citrus fruits, with remarkable therapeutic properties stands out as a formidable defender against the debilitating reproductive toxicity associated with Cyclophosphamide (CYP) chemotherapy. This study explores the protective potential of hesperidin (HSP@100 mg/kg b. wt PO daily) against CYP-induced (@ 40 mg/kg b. wt IP once in a week) reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats as several studies were documented on single dose toxicity of CYP. In this experiment, we chose multidosage drug effects, which are more relevant in chemotherapy. Twentyfour rats were divided into four groups: Group 1 (Control), group 2 (CYPtreated), group 3 (HSP-treated), and group 4 (CYP + HSP-treated) for 28 days. The experimental design included assessments of relative testicular weight, semen analysis, testosterone levels, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory cytokines, gross and histopathological changes, and immunohistochemical evaluation. The results revealed that the administration of CYP led to a significant reduction in testicular weight, sperm count, motility, and testosterone levels, accompanied by increased oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Hesperidin co-administration demonstrated a protective effect by restoring these parameters to near-normal levels. Histopathological analysis revealed improved testicular architecture in the group 4 compared with the group 2. Oxidative stress indices indicated that hesperidin attenuated CYP-induced damage by reducing malondialdehyde levels, enhancing superoxide dismutase activity and maintaining glutathione levels. Similarly, inflammatory cytokine analysis demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects of hesperidin by reducing tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and elevating interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels in the group 4. Immunohistochemical evaluation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) revealed increased inflammation in the CYP group, while hesperidin significantly reduced NF-κB expression, suggesting its anti-inflammatory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the antihistaminic potential of the plant extract from Lannea coromandelica using both in vitro and in vivo models. In vitro antihistaminic effects were studied using isolated guinea pig ileum to assess dose-dependent inhibitory impacts on histamine-induced contractions. Mast cell density was evaluated using a mast cell count model, calculating the average number of mast cells per unit area in the mesentery. For in vivo assessments, a histamine aerosol-induced bronchospasm model in guinea pigs was used, where pre-convulsive dyspnea (PCD) onset time was noted as pre-convulsive time (PCT). Additionally, a clonidine-induced mast cell degranulation model in rats was employed, with cells stained using 1% toluidine blue to count intact and degranulated mast cells. The Lannea coromandelica extract exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of histamineinduced contractions in isolated guinea pig ileum. Similarly, the extract inhibited mast cell degranulation in a dosedependent manner, with a higher dose of 400 mg/kg proving more effective than a lower dose of 200 mg/kg. Acute toxicity studies confirmed the safety of the extract at moderate doses, revealing no toxic symptoms at a dosage of 2000 mg/kg body weight. Importantly, the extract significantly increased PCT in guinea pigs and reduced the percentage of disrupted mast cells induced by clonidine. Lannea coromandelica shows promising antihistaminic properties, effectively inhibiting histamine-induced bronchospasm and mast cell degranulation, which can be an option for the development of antiasthmatic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this investigation was to assess the subacute oral toxicity of the Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets, a polyherbal formulation used to manage pain and inflammation due to various pathological reasons, including osteoarthrosis, polyarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other chronic degenerative disorders. Materials and Methods: The subacute toxicity studies of Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets were conducted using Wistar albino rats of both sexes, according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development-approved procedures. In this study, rats were orally administered Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets daily at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight for 28 days. Throughout the study period, general behavior, mortality, and adverse effects were recorded. Body weight, selected hematological and clinical chemistry parameters were determined at the end of the investigation period. Finally, histopathological analysis was performed to determine whether the study drug was inducing any alternations in the vital organs. Results: Daily administration of Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets for a continuous 28 days did not record any major toxicity indications. Additionally, no significant variation in food and water consumption, body weight, relative organs and hematology and clinical chemistry parameters was recorded in both sexes compared to the control. Histopathological investigation of the vital organs also revealed normal architecture, which suggests no morphological alterations after the administration of Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets. Conclusion: The outcomes of this investigation confirmed that Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets did not have the potential to induce toxicity signs in the experimental rats. The No observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for female and male rats of Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets under these experimental conditions was 500 mg/kg body weight. Based on the NOAEL, the human equivalent dose of the Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablet was calculated at 5.195 g/day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naturally occurring pectin methylesterase enzyme in plant cell walls produce methanol that can kill insects. This evident led to the development of genetically modified (GM) cotton harboring pectin methylesterase gene resistant to insects. In present research, the effect of GM cotton overexpressing pectin methylesterase gene was examined on Wistar rats as an animal model in a standard feeding trial. The animals were divided in three groups and fed on a standard diet (Control Group), 25% GM diet and 25% non-GM diet. All prepared diets were nutritionally balanced. The treatment and control groups were comparable in terms of overall appearance, organ weight, body weight, feed consumption as well as serum chemistry. Furthermore, there seemed to be no treatment-related variation in gross tissue appearance or microscopic histopathological findings. The effect of GM cotton containing pectin methylesterase gene was also evaluated at the molecular level by analyzing differential gene expression of immunity and fertility-related genes. Significant differences were noticed in the relative gene expression pattern of immunity-related genes in liver, kidney and small intestine and fertility-related genes in the testis of rats. The differential expression of immunity and fertility related genes revealed that GM feed consumption has no direct effect on the differential gene expression pattern in animals, as such changes were observed not only in GM fed groups but in all other groups. As a result, we conclude that transgenic cotton seeds are not harmful and substantially comparable to their conventional counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating exposure to heavy metals due to industrialization and anthropogenic activities has led to adverse health effects. Cadmium is one such heavy metal that can accumulate in biological organisms and disrupt cellular functions. Glycine, an amino acid and a neurotransmitter in the brain, has anti-oxidant and antiinflammatory properties which have been studied by some researchers. Hence the objectives of this paper was to evaluate the ameliorative effects of glycine on cadmium-induced kidney damage in adult Wistar rats using standard technique. There was significant decrease (P=0.05) in body weight of rats treated with 10 mg/kg body weight of cadmium when compared to control. No significant change (P=0.05) in serum Na+, K+ and Cr levels in both Cadmium and Glycine treated groups when compared to control. However, administration of Cadmium showed features of tubular necrosis, interstitial infiltration of inflammatory cells, vascular hypertrophy and interstitial congestion in treated rats which were reversed with treatment with Glycine. Focal tubular necrosis was seen in kidney of rat treated with Cadmium and 1000 mg/kg body weight of Glycine. This study demonstrates that Glycine at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight has an ameliorative and anti-oxidant effect against Cadmium-induced kidney damage in adult Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue is an infectious disease that induces various alterations in the hematological profile and THPO levels that correlate to the disease severity. This study aims to investigate the effect of Sterculia quadrifida R. Br stem bark extract on the hematological parameters and THPO levels of DENV-3-infected Wistar rats. A total of 27 male rats were divided into three groups: healthy, dengue, and treatment (dengue and extract). The extract was orally delivered at a 1500 mg/KgBW dose once daily for seven days. Blood samples were collected on days 1 (healthy group), 5, and 8 (dengue and treatment group). The platelet, MCV, MCH, and MCHC in the dengue and treatment group showed no significant difference (p>0.05) on days 5 and 8 compared to the normal values, 876 ± 44.11 103/mm3, 56.34 ± 1.42 fL, 18.56 ± 0.54 pg, and 32.88 ± 0.56 g/dL, respectively. Compared to the healthy group, hematocrit, leukocyte, hemoglobin, and erythrocyte in the dengue and treatment group displayed significant differences on both days and RDW-CV on day eight alone. Post-hoc test on the fifth day revealed that the treatment group showed significant differences in hematocrit and leukocyte levels compared to the dengue group. THPO levels on day five in the dengue and treatment group were displayed at 30.28 ± 6.72 pg/ml and 35.75 ± 28.55 pg/ml, respectively, showing statistical difference (p<0.05) compared to the healthy group, 40.32 ± 7.72 pg/ml. The results showed that S. quadrifida can reduce leukocytosis and hemoconcentration and might also have the potential to increase THPO levels during dengue infection. This study was the first to report dengueinfected Wistar rats' hematological profiles and THPO levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic organic insecticides such as pyrethroids, organophosphates, neonicotinoids, and others have the potential to disrupt ecosystems and are often toxic to humans. Thiamethoxam (TMX), a neonicotinoid insecticide , is a widely used insecticide with neurotoxic potential. l-Carnitine (LC) is regarded as the "gatekeeper" in charge of allowing long-chain fatty acids into cell mitochondria. LC is an endogenous chemical that is renowned for its prospective biological activity in addition to its role in energy metabolism. This study investigated the protective effects of LC against TMX-induced neurotoxicity in male Wistar rats. For 28 days, animals were divided into four groups and treated daily with either LC (300 mg/kg), TMX (100 mg/kg), or both at the aforementioned doses. Our results revealed marked serum lipid profile and electrolyte changes, declines in brain antioxidants and neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin levels) with elevations in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and proinflammatory cytokine levels, as well as acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase brain activity in TMX-treated rats. TMX also increased the expression of caspase-3 and glial fibrillary acidic protein. In contrast, pretreatment with LC attenuated TMX-induced brain injury by suppressing oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines and modulating neurotransmitter levels. It also ameliorated the expression of apoptotic and astrogliosis markers. It could be concluded that LC has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-astrogliosis, and anti-apoptotic potential against TMX neurotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive psychostimulant that not only impacts the central nervous system but also poses significant risks to metabolic and cardiovascular health. This study investigates the chronic effects of METH on the lipid profile and cardiovascular risk in Wistar rats using appropriate standard method. Data obtained show that methamphetamine induced significant weight loss in the high dose group (from 0.46 to 0.39 g/cm2). The lipid profile result (table 2) indicated reduction in cholesterol (CHOL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels with higher doses, while triglycerides (TG) increased. The findings revealed that chronic METH intake led to a dose-dependent reduction in body mass index (BMI) and significant alterations in lipid parameters. These suggest that METH alters lipid metabolism, potentially contributing to increased cardiovascular risk in chronic users.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced memory decline and testicular abnormalities in male Wistar rats using appropriate standard techniques. The findings showed that HFD consumption led to cognitive deterioration, an imbalance in inflammatory cytokines, an increase in the Lee index, and neuronal death. However, in HFD-exposed rats, EGCG treatment reduced corticosterone, leptin, and the Lee index, improved cognitive impairment, regulated inflammatory, autophagic, and apoptotic processes, increased adiponectin levels, raised brain and testes weight, and protected against neuronal atrophy. Thus, EGCG mitigated the adverse effects of HFD-induced non-spatial memory decline and testicular dysfunction, potentially by reducing hypercortisolism, modulating chemo-brain activity, regulating inflammatory, apoptotic, autophagic, and metabolic hormonal status, and preventing neuronal degeneration.