Search

This report documents activities and projects from 1987 to 1994 of the Trace Research and Development Center (Wisconsin), which addresses the communication needs of nonvocal severely disabled children and adults. During this period the Center also served as a national Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center on the topic of Access to Computers and Electronic Devices. Introductory information includes an overview of the Center and a description of recently released products. The main body of the document presents 41 individual project reports. These are grouped into the following focus areas (with sample projects noted in parentheses): (1) movement impairment (development of improved headpointing computer access system); (2) sensory impairment (tactile perception and business graphics studies); (3) cognitive impairment (interface training and use by persons with cognitive disabilities); (4) cross-impairment (computer and operating system accessibility design guidelines); (5) information and training programs (databases on communication, control and computer access development and downloading); and (6) service delivery programs (communication aids and systems clinic). Two additional sections describe cooperative and consultative efforts of the Center and list Trace Center publications. (DB)

This paper summarizes the background, staffing, philosophy, participants, methods, and conclusions of the Case Studies on Facilitated Communication Project, which examined the use of facilitated communication (FC) with seven adult females, all with mental retardation and other disabilities. Information is provided on the development of the FC checklist, development of the Wisconsin Sensorimotor Pointing Assessment, and implementation of the FC intervention. The paper discusses the consequences to the project, staff, and participants when, under facilitated communication, allegations of sexual abuse were made against community service providers. Efforts to validate the authorship of facilitated communication and negative impacts experienced by project staff, family members, and participants are recounted. Some positive behavioral changes in participants are also reported. The project's major conclusion was that the risks involved in using FC when there is not objective evidence for the sole client authorship of messages overshadows any potential collateral benefits of FC (such as improvements in eye contact, initiations, or speech). The project identified a number of practices and philosophies that could be extracted from FC and used in non-FC therapy and training. Appendices provide additional detail on behavior tracking, a description of the FC checklist, and excerpts from facilitated messages. (Contains 10 references.) (DB)

This review of the literature on facilitated communication (FC) with individuals having severe communication disorders focuses on three major issues: (1) the history and development of FC, with varying opinions on the purpose of FC; (2) criteria for selecting individuals as having potential to benefit from FC; and (3) findings and issues surrounding message authorship. First, the conceptual framework and purpose of facilitated communication is reviewed. A lack of agreement on characteristics of appropriate candidates for FC is noted. Questions addressed concerning message authorship include whether to test for authorship validity or not, how to test for authorship, and how to determine who authors a given message. Also reviewed is literature on collateral effects of FC and societal impacts, including ethical issues, benefits, and harmful effects. (Contains 78 references.) (DB)

This paper describes a standard cross-platform strategy for providing deaf individuals with access to sounds generated by electronic information systems. The strategy is based on a "ShowSounds" switch built into the basic system architecture. Turning the switch "on" would signal that all information presented auditorially is also to be presented visually. This would apply to both information presented by the operating system and by individual application programs. Information is provided on the background of the ShowSounds innovation, the types of auditory information, use of redundant auditory information as an access strategy, the ShowSounds approach to visual annotation of important auditory information, types of video annotation, applications of ShowSounds, the ShowSounds implementation schedule, and progress to date. The importance of making both computer and information systems vendors aware of the need for such a capability and to build it into the next generation systems is stressed. (DB)

This paper examines graphic computing environments, identifies potential problems in providing access to blind people, and describes programs and strategies being developed to provide this access. The paper begins with an explanation of how graphic user interfaces differ from character-based systems in their use of pixels, visual metaphors such as icons and windows, locational and contextual information, and mouse-controlled interaction and random access. The paper then analyzes how much of the benefits of the graphic user interface are shared by blind users. Three stages of access to the graphic user interface are described: (1) the customizing stage; (2) the ssingle-sensory mouseless strategy for providing access to standard text, icons and simple graphics, standard graphical structures, and navigation and control; (3) the multisensory approach with a resurrected mouse, designed to extend compatibility across applications and operating systems and extend access to complex graphics and other benefits. The paper concludes that, as problems are overcome, the resulting computer access systems will provide persons who are blind with new capabilities that were not possible with earlier character-based systems. (Includes 10 references.) (JDD)

This final report describes a federally funded project (September 1987-August 1989) which developed the "Trace Transparent Access Module," a device which interfaces with standard computers thus allowing children with physical disabilities to participate fully with nondisabled children in classrooms. The module is a small, microprocessor driven device which emulates the activity of the keyboard and mouse on several models of Apple and IBM computers. It enables individuals with disbilities who cannot use a standard keyboard and mouse to input keystrokes and mouse movements, thus allowing access to all the same software programs used by their peers. In addition to the module, a General Input Device Emulating Interface (GIDEI) standard was developed which enables manufacturers of electronic communication aids to use RS-232 serial commands to control the operation of the keyboard and mouse. Field testing with one disabled individual and two clinicians has demonstrated the usability of the user manual, and the functionality and reliability of the device. The bulk of the report consists of attachments including the grant proposal, photographs of the device, the device manual and schematics. (DB)

The paper focuses on the development of relatively low-cost microcomputers, which provide a potentially powerful tool for the rehabilitation field. The paper discusses such areas of application as sensory enhancement/translation, manipulator controls, information amplification, special control interfaces to other devices, recreation and development aids, educational aids, communication aids, cognitive and language processing assistance, information resource/management, security/monitoring systems, and so on. Three approaches to providing aids to the handicapped are discussed: commercially available aids, custom-built aids, and modified standard systems. Barriers to more extensive use of microcomputers in rehabilitation are cited, and approaches to the problems of multilevel and multitasking processing are examined. (JDD)

Many low-cost and no-cost modifications to computers would greatly increase the number of disabled individuals who could use standard computers without requiring custom modifications, and would increase the ability to attach special input and output systems. The purpose of the Guidelines is to provide an awareness of these access problems and a focal point for listing possible solutions. Section I provides an overview of disability types and the major impacts that each disability has on computer use. Section II contains a listing of problem areas and possible solutions, arranged by the part of the computer involved, including operating systems, keyboards, display screens, other output devices, mechanical design, and documentation. The Executive Summary contains a chart summarizing the problems, the populations affected, a relative priority, possible solution strategies, and the impact/benefit of such adaptations or modifications on/to the mass market for the computer. A summary listing of design ideas is presented in three categories: design features to increase the number of people who can use an unmodified computer; design features to facilitate the connection of special accessories or programs needed by more severely involved persons; and to design features to facilitate the use of computers as special devices, such as portable communication aids. (JDD)

The environmental context of the Trace Center is first briefly described as background for a more detailed description of the center's service delivery activities in the field of rehabilitation/education technology. Trace serves four major functions in rehabilitation/education technology. As a nationally funded rehabilitation engineering center, Trace conducts research in control, communication, and access to information technologies. The second major thrust is the development of new products, concepts, and information. Thirdly, Trace disseminates information via resource books, a reprint service, and a workshop series. Finally there is the support of four service delivery programs: the Communication Aids and Systems Clinic (emphasizing individualized access to communication systems, primarily on an outpatient basis); the Communication Development Program (which serves non-school age clients with developmental disabilities primarily by coordinating existing therapy and support systems within each client's environment); Rehabilitation Research Services (which focus on equipment adaptation, construction, and one-time project development); and limited-term projects, usually involving outside funding. Program evaluation of any service delivery project should consider field coordination, program components, vertical integration, and competency of professionals, as detailed in a checklist. (PB)

This reprint of a journal article focuses on the use of computers and other personal assistive devices by disabled persons. Topics covered include: a perspective on the use of advanced technology; distinction between technological appliances which provide benefits to the individual independent of the individual's skill level, versus tools which require development of special skills to gain full benefit of their use; skills or special knowledge needed for the effective delivery of rehabilitation technology; new roles for the service delivery team; sources of training in rehabilitation technology; and issues in qualification or certification of rehabilitation technology professionals. (JDD)

Disabled Access to Technological Advances (DATA) was a 3-year federally funded project to demonstrate how the application of computer technology can increase the employability of severely disabled persons. Services were provided through the integrated efforts of four agencies in Dane County, Wisconsin: an independent living center, a rehabilitation research and engineering center, a vocational rehabilitation organization, and a computer application and training organization for disabled persons. Fourteen clients, most of them with cerebral palsy, were accepted, evaluated, and supplied with apropriate technology, training, support, education, and counseling. The skills learned were then applied in job-related situations, including educational training, trial work, job search, and employment. By the end of the project, six clients were employed in full- or part-time competitive employment directly related to their career goals, three others had completed trial or volunteer work related to their career goals, four clients utilized technology primarily in career-related education and job search, and one client utilized technology only in job search. Appendices include planning forms, client selection criteria, client profile form, client screening checklist, evaluation forms, and individualized action plan forms. (JDD)

Vocabulary systems for individuals using communication aids can be broken down into two major types: coverage vocabularies and acceleration vocabularies. Acceleration vocabularies or word sets assume the individual is able to spell and words are chosen which speed up the rate of communication. Acceleration techniques may include sets of most frequently used words or syllables, abbreviation-expansion techniques, word prediction techniques, linguistic expansion, and full sentence storage and retrieval. This paper presents data regarding the coverage power of most-frequently-used-word sets, the effects of word length and keystroke analyses on calculated word set efficiencies, and the effect of different termination and abbreviation strategies. Word set analyses which do not take keystroke analysis into account are shown to be overly optimistic due to the heavily skewed distribution of word length versus usage. A generic abbreviation algorithm is described which allows implementation and comparison of other strategies. Fixed-vocabulary, letter-based word prediction techniques are shown to be a form of cued abbreviation expansion with a relatively low motor efficiency. (Author/DB)

The paper analyzes major microcomputer systems and their use in rehabilitative systems for persons with physical handicaps. Four categories of microcomputers are addressed: systems designed for home or school with emphasis on low cost, recreation, and educational software; general purpose microcomputers with applications in a large number of areas; systems primarily designed for business and professional applications; and hand-held or fully portable microcomputers. Characteristics of microcomputers as they relate to rehabilitation applications are described. Profiles are then presented by feature (such as size, weight, tape, input speed, cassette power control, disk capacity, memory, display), by weight and size, execution (bench mark tests), and cost. A review of desired characteristics in terms of input, feedback, ability to meet needs, and purchase and maintenance follows. Thirteen individual computers are then summarized and pictured. The report concludes with general guidelines for selection of computers. (CL)

This paper focuses on issues in the development of a technology support program for special education, particularly directed toward states with small, wide-spread populations. A three-level approach is suggested, with concentrated central expertise, regional resource points, and a network of individuals at the local level. The technology involved takes many forms, including special therapeutic technology, special education technology, personal assistive devices which facilitate education, and special adaptations to regular education technology. The program should provide support in the following areas: summative information, integrative information, specialized evaluation teams, training, equipment demonstrations, low-technology and high-technology approaches, an equipment loan program, and a software library. Other factors to consider in designing the support program are: the special needs of rural areas, an ongoing needs analysis process, ongoing program evaluation activities, links with existing resources, and possible sources of funding. The steps in planning a state-wide technology service delivery program are outlined. (JDD)

This study draws on research and programs in Sweden, England, Canada, and the United States to examine communication interaction between a person using a communication aid and a person who is an able-bodied, natural speaker. It primarily addresses the child or adult with normal or near-normal cognitive abilities who uses augmentation and interacts with others in everyday situations. The interactional process between able-bodied, speaking children and adults is reviewed, followed by an analysis of differences in the interactional process when non-speakers are involved. The current knowledge base on interaction between aided communicators and others is reviewed, including a table of 36 relevant research studies. The document's observations about communicative interaction focus on the density of social interactions, the negotiation and exchange of meaning, people's attitudes toward augmentative communication devices and augmented speakers, and the impact of intervention and training on interaction. Appendices include: (1) descriptions of unpublished and in-progress research studies; (2) scripts for structured situations, developed to elicit specific communicative behaviors in physically disabled, non-speaking children; (3) several researchers' transcription and coding systems used in the study of communicative interaction between aid users and others; and (4) clinical observation forms and questionnaires used to evaluate communication interaction. (JDD)

The final report describes the Trine Project which addressed three needs in the education of handicapped children: the need for an alternate writing system, the need for communication, and the need for access to general purpose computers used in the schools. The project had three major objectives: (1) to design a low-cost portable writing and computer access aid using existing technology, (2) to provide alternative communication integrated with writing and computer access; and (3) to provide a tutorial manual that allows naive users to learn the system. The project resulted in a special computer program which turns the Epson HX-20 general purpose computer into a dedicated writing, conversation, and computer access aid with a structured tutorial manual. Results of field testing with 13 users and 6 consultants indicated that the Trine System can be learned effectively from the guidebook and that it can meet basic communication and writing needs of persons in educational settings. A nonexclusive marketing plan (in which a limited number of organizations have the right to produce and sell the system) was used and the Trine System is now available through two commercial companies. Among appendixes are product brochures, a conference paper on the design and testing of a tutorial manual, several questionnaires on system use and evaluation, and a manual critique. (Author/DB)

The "Technically Speaking" columns from several isues of "The Source" magazine are reprinted. The columns were written by Gregg Vanderheiden, Peter Borden, Roger Smith, Jane Berliss, and Charles Lee. Titles of the columns included are: "Technological Advances: A Boon or a Barrier to Persons with Disabilities?"; "Rehabilitation Technology--Hunting for Information"; "Augmentative Communication: Other Ways of Being Heard"; "Environmental Controls: Using Technology to Control Technology"; "Future Directions in Access: Disability and the Electronic Revolution" (second in a series); "Accessible Workstations: An Often Neglected Necessity"; "Hearing the Computer Screen: Questions and Answers on Voice Output"; "A Little Light Reading" (a list of periodicals on assistive technology); and"Conferences" (containing information on two conferences on developments in rehabilitation). (JDD)

The report details the results of a research and development program on communication aids for the education of the non-vocal severely handicapped. Much of the information in the report was prepared so that it could stand alone, and is in the form of individual papers, reports, and a sourcebook. The documents are divided into three sections: (1) "Review of the Problem and Past Work by the Field", (2) "Overview of Grant Activities" including background information, objectives, notes on implementation, and major results on seven projects (Formative Evaluation/Design of a Low-Cost Scanning Aid, Development of Universal Control Module Based Communication Aids, Switch Set Studies, Voice Synthesizer, Case Study Evaluation Program, Developing and Implementing a Comprehensive Study of Communication Aids as They Affect Education and Communication Skills of Non-Verbal Motor Impaired Children, and Preliminary Language Study Probes); and (3) "Project Documentation" (about two-thirds of the report). (Author/PHR)

Reported are the proceedings, immediate results, and recommendations of a national workshop series designed to disseminate information on communication intervention techniques for the nonvocal severely handicapped child. Provided is information on the locations, dates, and presentors for the workshops; workshop content; preparation of the resource book; and workshop participants. Findings of the workshop are summarized, and recommendations in five major areas (such as assessment techniques) are outlined. Appendixes include a list of workshop participants, pre- and post-workshop evaluation questionnaires and responses, and the participant resource book. (SBH)