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One of the biggest challenges in managing multiple sclerosis is the heterogeneity of clinical manifestations and progression trajectories. It still remains to be elucidated whether this heterogeneity is reflected by discrete immune signatures in the blood as a surrogate of disease pathophysiology. Accordingly, individualized treatment selection based on immunobiological principles is still not feasible. Using two independent multicentric longitudinal cohorts of patients with early multiple sclerosis (n = 309 discovery and n = 232 validation), we were able to identify three distinct peripheral blood immunological endophenotypes by a combination of high-dimensional flow cytometry and serum proteomics, followed by unsupervised clustering. Longitudinal clinical and paraclinical follow-up data collected for the cohorts revealed that these endophenotypes were associated with disease trajectories of inflammation versus early structural damage. Investigating the capacity of immunotherapies to normalize endophenotype-specific immune signatures revealed discrete effect sizes as illustrated by the limited effect of interferon-β on endophenotype 3–related immune signatures. Accordingly, patients who fell into endophenotype 3 subsequently treated with interferon-β exhibited higher disease progression and MRI activity over a 4-year follow-up compared with treatment with other therapies. We therefore propose that ascertaining a patient's blood immune signature before immunomodulatory treatment initiation may facilitate prediction of clinical disease trajectories and enable personalized treatment decisions based on pathobiological principles. Editor's summary: The autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS) is a highly heterogeneous disease with many different treatment options. However, it is not clear whether certain features of MS are associated with distinct immune signatures or would benefit from particular therapies. Here, Gross et al. used peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum collected from two independent cohorts of patients with MS to identify three endophenotypes of the disease. These peripheral blood immune signatures distinguished patients with distinct clinical disease trajectories and efficacy of interferon-β treatment. These data suggest that peripheral blood analysis could be used to guide personalized treatment regimens for patients with MS. —Courtney Malo [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landscapes can be understood as socialecological systems under constant change. In Europe various territorial dynamics pose persistent challenges to maintaining diverse landscapes both as European heritage and in their capacity to provide vital functions and services. Concurrently, under the competence of cohesion policy, the EU is attempting to improve policy making by better policy coordination and respecting regional specifics. This paper explores the question how a policy dedicated to landscape can help to handle territorial change and support territorial cohesion. It presents results and performances of the ESPON applied research study LP3LP: (1) a common landscape policy for the Three Countries Park, across the Dutch, German and Belgium borders, including a spatial landscape vision, a governance proposal of adaptive landscape management, and thematic strategies dealing with green infrastructure, cultural heritage, complementary biomass and quality production; (2) recommendations at the EU level. In discussing the significance of a landscape approach for EU policy,three dimensions of landscape are linked withimportant aspects of territorial cohesion: ‘landscape as asset’ addressing natural-cultural territorial capital as an indigenous base forsmart, sustainable, and inclusivedevelopment;‘landscape as place’ stressing the relevance of landscape for place-based policies; and ‘landscape as common ground’ highlighting its potential for horizontal, vertical, and territorial integration.

Background: Cladribine is a highly effective immunotherapy that is applied in two short-term courses over 2 years and reduces relapse rate and disease progression in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite the short treatment period, cladribine has a long-lasting effect on disease activity even after recovery of lymphocyte counts, suggesting a yet undefined long-term immune modulating effect. Objectives: Our aim was to provide a more profound understanding of the detailed effects of cladribine, also with regard to the patients' therapy response. Design: We performed an open-labeled, explorative, prospective, single-arm study, in which we examined the detailed lymphocyte subset development of MS patients who received cladribine treatment over 2 years. Methods: We performed in-depth profiling of the effects of cladribine on peripheral blood lymphocytes by flow cytometry, bulk RNA sequencing of sorted CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and CD19+ B cells as well as single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a total of 23 MS patients before and at different time points up to 24 months after cladribine treatment. Data were correlated with clinical and cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disease activity. Results: Flow cytometry revealed a predominant and sustained reduction of memory B cells compared to other B cell subsets after cladribine treatment, whereas T cell subsets were slightly reduced in a more uniform pattern. The overall transcriptional profile of total blood B cells exhibited reduced expression of proinflammatory and T cell activating genes, while single-cell transcriptomics revealed that gene expression within each B cell cluster did not change over time. Stable patients displayed stronger reductions of selected memory B cell clusters as compared to patients with clinical or cerebral MRI disease activity. Conclusion: We describe a pronounced and sustained effect of cladribine on the memory B cell compartment, and the resulting change in B cell subset composition causes a significant alteration of B cell transcriptional profiles resulting in reduced proinflammatory and T cell activating capacities. The extent of reduction in selected memory B cell clusters by cladribine may predict treatment response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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