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The application of the Internet of Things (IoT) in industrial systems and other new technological advancements led to the development of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). IIoT can help overcome the shortcomings of the conventional monitoring and control system while enabling enterprises to create a unified monitoring system to automate operations, provide a safe working environment, enforce compliance effectively, and regulate environmental issues. Given the advantages that IoT brings to the forefront, it makes sense that so many mining companies have raised their investment following the implementation of IoT-enabled solutions in their organisations. To increase safety, productivity, and environmental sustainability in mining operations, this article examines the current state of information technology in the mineral industry with an emphasis on the implications and challenges brought on by the technological diversity of various systems and devices used in those activities. The study contributes valuable insights into the integration of IoT technologies in the mining industry, highlighting its potential to improve safety, efficiency, and sustainability. The paper paves the way for future research and development efforts aimed at overcoming the challenges of adopting IIoT in mining operations by identifying gaps and proposing a comprehensive IoT architecture. The innovations of the study are encapsulated in its approach to detailing the application of IoT technologies in enhancing mining operations and the establishment of an overall IIoT architecture suitable for the general operations in the mining industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of wireless communication technology, the number of wireless network terminals has exploded, and various new business scenarios have emerged. The 6G mobile communication technology not only surpasses 5G standards in terms of transmission rate, delay, power and other performances, but also extends the communication range to multiple fields such as air, ground, ocean, etc., which greatly promotes Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) communication technology research and development. Compared to terrestrial networks, UAV communication has advantages such as high flexibility and easy deployment. However, there are still many problems and challenges in practical applications. In this paper, we will first introduce the functions and application scenarios of UAV communication, then discuss the current challenges and related technical research, and finally look forward to the future development prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communications require a large amount of network resources to support the heavy traffic generated by the Internet of Things (IoT). As a result, microelectronics and telecommunications have been exploring types of hardware capable of supporting these new network architectures and communication systems. New devices should be designed to offer high speed, ultra-wideband connectivity, and extensive coverage. In addition, they should use eco-friendly materials to respond to the needs of sustainable smart cities and meet the requirements of future communications. This literature review followed the PRISMA statement to identify research trends in the use of graphene in antennas for wireless communication applications. A total of 168 documents were analyzed, and one of the main findings is a considerable rise in research interest in this topic since 2012, with India emerging as the leading contributor of knowledge in this area. Furthermore, most applications have been developed for the terahertz band, and more recent studies have focused on utilizing MIMO technologies for 5G and 6G communication systems. In addition, most research has observed improvements in the performance and efficiency of antennas designed with graphene, observing in some results up to 9.35 dBi of gain and 97.6% in radiation efficiency for applications in the terahertz band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a low-profile, dual-band microstrip patch antenna (MPA) optimized for wearable applications, with a focus on achieving a low specific absorption rate (SAR). The antenna operates efficiently in the 5.8 GHz ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) band and the 8.3 GHz X-band. A strategically designed C-shaped slot adjusts the resonant frequencies to align with these operational bands. The performance characteristics are evaluated across various textile substrates, including polyester-cotton, felt, denim, polyester, and Cordura, to determine the most suitable material for specific application needs. Constructed from conductive textile materials on a single poly-cotton substrate layer, the antenna combines flexibility and conformity to the human body, making it ideal for wearable technology. The compact design measures 40 mm3 × 45 mm3 × 1.17 mm3 (0.77 λ0 × 0.87 λ0 × 0.022 λ0 at 5.8 GHz), and it demonstrates simulated peak gains of 8.73 dBi and 4.64 dBi for the 5.8 GHz and 8.3 GHz bands, respectively. The antenna achieves bandwidths of 150 MHz at 5.8 GHz and 190 MHz at 8.3 GHz. Experimental results confirm stable return loss (S11) performance despite structural deformations and proximity to the human body. Additionally, the antenna maintains SAR values within the European Union's standard limit of 2 W/kg, attributed to its full ground plane structure. These attributes highlight the antenna's potential for reliable and efficient operation in wearable technologies and RF energy harvesting systems, particularly in indoor environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The propagation of wireless networks in e-business applications demands efficient and robust anomaly detection techniques to ensure data security and reliable communication. A conventional autoencoder is learned to efficiently compress data as an unsupervised neural network within an encoding process. The autoencoder can learn to rebuild the information from the compact model so that the dissimilarity of the reconstructed to the original data is on least. Conventional wireless communication techniques are developed to deliver consistent data transmit through an impaired channel of the transferred signals. This work presents an autoencoder model for an end-to-end information bits communication system over a wireless channel with reliable transmission. The Autoencoder for energy-efficient wireless networks is defined with a pair of (channel uses number, and input bits number). For both the transmitter (encoder) and receiver (decoder), the developed network architecture includes only two fully connected layers. The transmitter includes two fully connected layers and the input layer allows a vector (one-hot) with M length. Several normalized autoencoders are compared for the learned constellations to unit average power and unit energy. The AWGN channel layer is connected after the transmitter (encoder) layers. The training progress result demonstrated that the validation loss remains slowly declining, while the validation accuracy rapidly achieves a value larger than 92%. The block error rate (BLER) outcome demonstrated that the autoencoders could be trained and learned as a modulation scheme and joint coding in an unsupervised method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and analysis of a center C-shaped dual-band rectangular monopole antenna optimized for Wi-Fi and wireless communication applications. The proposed antenna operates efficiently within the frequency ranges of 1.4-1.8 GHz and 5.2-5.8 GHz, targeting dual-band functionality. The proposed antenna has achieved dual band because it has a rectangular ring with C-shaped cutting on the patch antenna. The compact dimensions of 39 × 50 × 1.6 mm² designed on FR4 electrodes having a dielectric constant of 4.4 make it suitable for integration into modern wireless devices. The antenna achieves a bandwidth of 10.9% and 25% in the respective frequency bands as a result of the C-shaped resonating cavity. Simulated results demonstrate the antenna's capability to maintain stable gain and omnidirectional radiation patterns across the desired frequencies. The versatility and compactness of this monopole antenna make it an ideal candidate for next-generation Wi-Fi and wireless communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the widespread adoption of smartphones and the rise of 5G technology, wireless networks fully show their bright future. In order to study the interference factors and optimization methods in the process of wireless communication, this paper studies the wireless communication interference recognition algorithm and power allocation algorithm based on global convolutional neural network, proposes a wireless communication interference recognition system model based on global convolutional neural network, and trains the system. The specific conclusions are as follows: (1) The basic modulation recognition neural network algorithm is constructed based on deep learning theory; (2) As the number of D2D users increases, the time used by the WMMSE algorithm and the equal power allocation algorithm in the traditional method increases. (3) The QL algorithm-based on greedy- is compared with the system-based QL algorithm proposed in this paper. On 200-time nodes, the SINK value of the QL algorithm based on -greedy is increased from 2.6 to 3.3, and the convergence speed is also greatly improved. The system proposed in this paper has a faster learning speed, can accelerate the learning of strategies, and can save a lot of computing resources, and effectively reduce the complexity of operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the explosive growth of smart mobile devices in wireless networks, the increasing computational power of mobile chips and the growing concern for personal privacy, a decentralized deep learning framework at the mobile terminal layer has emerged called federated learning (FL) to enhance user experience. This paper studies the training efficiency optimization problem of wireless FL that jointly considers processor performance, channel conditions and terminals' power in a non-independent identically distribution (non-IID) scenario. And, the training efficiency optimization problem is mathematically modeled and then decomposed into several sub-problems based on the independence and decoupling of the variables involved. To enhance the training efficiency of wireless FL, a comprehensive scheduling strategy encompassing computational and communication aspects is proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed scheduling strategy for wireless FL achieves superior learning performance with reduced training latency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodetector (PD), an indispensable component in radio‐over‐fiber (RoF) systems, functions as an interface between the optical fiber backbone and the wireless radio branches. The power‐handling capability is paramount to determine both coverage and linearity of the RoF link, and it is predominantly constrained by the space‐charge effect that limits output photocurrent. Consequently, electronic power amplifiers are required to ensure reliable wireless coverage for end‐users, albeit at the expense of degraded signal linearity, increased energy consumption, and bulky system. On the other hand, the increasing demand in co‐integration with silicon microelectronics indicates that CMOS‐compatible germanium‐silicon (Ge─Si) PDs hold significant promise. Herein, an ultrahigh‐power Ge─Si PD is designed and implemented with an unprecedented high saturation photocurrent of 471.4 mA and a responsivity of 1.12 A W−1. The remarkable high‐power performance is achieved through enhancing optical power absorption and promoting photo‐generated carrier transit comprehensively. For a proof‐of‐concept demonstration, amplifier‐free wireless communication is achieved and driven by the proposed PD, enabling a range‐capacity product of 20 m·Gb s−1, a third‐order output intermodulation power of 32.3 dBm at 5 GHz, along with a real‐time video stream transmission. This work exhibits a promising solution for on‐chip ultrahigh‐power photodetection, and represents a significant advancement toward high‐quality fiber‐wireless access network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Index modulation (IM) is considered a promising approach for fifth-generation wireless systems due to its spectral efficiency and reduced complexity compared to conventional modulation techniques. However, IM faces difficulties in environments with unpredictable channel conditions, particularly in accurately detecting index values and dynamically adjusting index assignments. Deep learning (DL) offers a potential solution by improving detection performance and resilience through the learning of intricate patterns in varying channel conditions. In this paper, we introduce a robust detection method based on a hybrid DL (HDL) model designed specifically for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing with IM (OFDM-IM) in challenging channel environments. Our proposed HDL detector leverages a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) for feature extraction, followed by a bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) network to capture temporal dependencies. Before feeding data into the network, the channel matrix and received signals are preprocessed using domain-specific knowledge. We evaluate the bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed model using different optimizers and equalizers, then compare it with other models. Moreover, we evaluate the throughput and spectral efficiency across varying SNR levels. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid detector surpasses traditional and other DL-based detectors in terms of performance, underscoring its effectiveness for OFDM-IM under uncertain channel conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In complex electromagnetic environments, wireless communication system reliability can be compromised by various types of jamming. To improve reliability in the presence of malicious jamming, this paper introduces an anti-jamming power control algorithm for wireless communication systems, grounded in model predictive control (MPC) principles. The algorithm models the Yescommunication system as a linear control system, using the current signal-to-jamming-and-noise ratio (SJNR) to predict future system states and transmission power over a defined time horizon. Only the first element of the optimal control sequence is then applied to manage system power. Simulation results indicate that, compared to traditional adaptive power control algorithms, the proposed algorithm responds more swiftly to jamming variations, significantly enhancing communication reliability in high-jamming environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for reliable and uninterrupted communication systems in the marine environment has become critically important with increasing maritime activities, environmental monitoring, and the spread of autonomous systems. However, the complex structure of electromagnetic wave propagation in a sea environment limits the accuracy of the existing propagation models. Thus, the Modified Round Earth Loss (REL) model was first developed in this study to estimate the path loss more accurately in shore-to-ship communication. Subsequently, a piecewise modeling approach based on the principle of two-segment data modeling was proposed. In the Modified REL model, unlike the traditional REL model, the paths and gains of the direct and reflected waves were not considered equal in the calculations. Moreover, unlike in the classical approach, the receiver height was not taken as a fixed value; the estimated best receiver height value for each measurement was included in the calculations as a representation of the effect of roughness in the sea environment. Thus, the model is better adapted to various environmental conditions. In addition, the proposed piecewise model divides the propagation medium into two regions using a break point calculated by Fresnel zone theory. The Modified REL model was used for the first region and the log-distance model was used for the second region. This method allows for more accurate modeling of signal behaviors, especially at different distances. Experimental measurements and performance evaluations conducted using four different shore-to-ship communication scenarios show that the Modified REL model shows an average improvement of up to 3% in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values compared to the classical REL model. Additionally, the proposed piecewise model improves the fitting error of the Modified REL model, which models the data as a single whole, by an average of 22.25%. These findings emphasize the necessity of propagation models that are sensitive and adaptable to environmental changes for maritime communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular network scheduling is crucial for wireless deployments like 4G, 5G, and 6G and is a challenging resource allocation task performed by the scheduler located at the base stations. The scheduler must balance two critical metrics, throughput and fairness, which often conflict, as maximizing throughput favors users with better channel conditions, while ensuring fairness requires allocating resources to those with poorer channel conditions. The proportional fairness metric is a prominent scheduling approach that aims to balance these competing metrics with minimal compromise. The common strategy to attain proportional fairness relies on a greedy approach in which each resource block is allocated to the user who maximizes the proportional fairness criterion. With such a strategy, the scheduler can ensure that the resources allocated to the users at each time instance maximize the proportional fairness metric. However, users can usually tolerate some delay and are willing to accept temporary fairness imbalances if they ultimately improve their performance, provided that the fairness criterion is maintained over time. In this paper, we propose a new scheduler that uses reinforcement learning to enhance proportional fairness. The suggested scheduler considers both current and predicted future channel conditions for each user, aiming to maximize the proportional fairness criterion over a set of predefined periodic time epochs. Specifically, by learning patterns in channel fluctuations, our reinforcement learning-based scheduler allocates each resource block not to the user who maximizes the instantaneous proportional fairness metric, but to the user who maximizes the expected proportional fairness metric at the end of the current time epoch. This approach achieves an improved balance between throughput and fairness across multiple slots. Simulations demonstrate that our approach outperforms standard proportional fairness scheduling. We further implemented the proposed scheme on a live 4G eNodeB station and observed similar gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A kind of wireless communication called cognitive radio (CR) uses transceivers to identify the communication channels they are using. To avoid interference, it moves traffic to unoccupied channels as soon as possible, avoiding occupied channels. Research on cognitive wireless networks has focused heavily on spectrum assignment, which is a crucial problem for increasing spectrum efficiency. This article discusses the problem of spectrum sharing, in which several secondary users (SUs) might rent spectrum from a primary user (PU) in order to share frequencies. The spectrum is distributed and optimized using the Multi-Antenna Spectrum Sharing (NE-MASS) model, which is based on Nash Equilibrium. The study offers a mathematical approach that maximizes overall bandwidth while reducing total cost and idle spectrum assignment when selecting different network selection goals. This model analyzes the complexity of the problem in the user domain, taking into consideration the variations in spectral resource characteristics of primary networks across domains and the variety of secondary requirements of users. Both primary and secondary users may access available spectrum efficiently with this strategy. Comprehensive simulations were used to assess the performance of the NE-MASS algorithm, which showed better channel allocation performance than previous methods reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fingerprint database clustering and localization using k‐medoids and k‐nearest neighbour (k‐NN) algorithms respectively typically use distance‐based fingerprint similarity metrics, with their performances dependent on the type of distance metric used. This paper proposes employing a pattern‐based metric, the context similarity coefficient (CSC), for both algorithms instead of traditional distance‐based metrics. The CSC accounts for fingerprint behaviour and the non‐linear relationships among fingerprints during the similarity measurement. The performance of both algorithms with the CSC as the similarity metric is evaluated on four publicly available fingerprint databases, using position root mean square error (RMSE) and silhouette score as performance metrics. These results are compared to those of the same algorithms using five distance‐based metrics: Euclidean, square Euclidean, Manhattan, cosine, and Chebyshev distances. The k‐medoids algorithm with CSC shows moderate clustering performance compared to the five distance‐based metrics considered. However, when combined with the k‐NN algorithm also using CSC, it achieves the highest localization accuracy, with at least a 29% improvement in position RMSE across all four databases. The results indicate that while k‐medoids with CSC may not create well‐separated clusters, combining it with the k‐NN algorithm with CSC as its similarity metric significantly enhances localization accuracy compared to distance‐based metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this proposed article authors present the design and analysis of a miniaturized dual-notched super wideband (SWB) monopole microstrip antenna for various wireless communication applications. Initially a monopole reference SWB antenna is designed by semi-circular shaped radiating patch and perfectly positioned notch loaded reduced ground plane. Final proposed antenna structure incorporates properly positioned ‘U’ shaped slot on the radiating patch and a ‘U’ shaped parasitic strip resonator on the modified ground plane to eliminate mainly 5 GHz WLAN frequency band and 7.2 GHz satellite downlink frequency bands, respectively. The suggested antenna accomplishes two notch bands without the need of two separate filters. Thus, the suggested antenna is likewise smaller one also. Having a footprint of 26 × 27 × 1.588 mm3 the proposed antenna exhibits large impedance bandwidth of 22.64 GHz (2.48 to 25.12 GHz), fractional bandwidth of 164% and Bandwidth Dimension Ratio (BDR) of 3374. Mathematical analysis and modification processes that were included into the original reference antenna to meet the required design objectives have been presented. The proposed antenna has been designed and simulated. The suggested antenna is designed on a Rogers RT/Duroid® 5880 substrate (h = 1.588 mm, εr = 2.2, and tan δ = 0.0009) and simulated by using CST Microwave Studio Suite Software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RF power amplifier (RF PA) finds its application in almost all the areas of electronics, mobile communication being identified as a major area. The paper performs a comparative efficiency analysis of RF power amplifiers operating with a fixed bias and an envelope tracking bias. Simulations are performed using Keysight advanced design system (ADS) tool. A class a RF PA operating at a 12 dB gain is fixed for the work. 16 QAM LTE signal operating at 5 MHz input frequency, with a peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of 6.0 dB is used as input signal. An envelope simulation at 2.5 GHz is performed on the RF power amplifier. Simulation result shows an improvement of 12% in power added efficiency (PAE) at 6 dB back-off and 6.422% in mean PAE while using envelope tracking power amplifiers, compared to RF PA with fixed supply. Envelope tracking power amplifiers reduced AM/AM distortions also by a factor of 0.248. The results obtained are much better than that obtained using a conventional RF PA with fixed bias. RF PA being the most power dissipative block in a mobile handset, improving its efficiency contributes directly to a great improvement in the battery lifetime of mobile phones. The major challenges faced by envelope tracking PA (ETPA) designers in achieving this efficiency improvement is also delineated in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is expected that 6G communication technology will achieve a peak data rate capability of 1 Tbit/s. One way of reaching this goal is to employ THz frequencies for carrying wireless signals. THz frequencies have large continuous bandwidths which allow for high data rate signals. In order to support the development of THz communications and accompanying technologies, a 6G THz Communications Testbed has been set-up at the National Physical Laboratory. In this paper, the best signal performance for a variety of different baud rates and modulation schemes is explored for both a direct connection between the waveform generator and measuring oscilloscope and for several different Over-The-Air (OTA) path lengths up to 4 m specular Non-Line-of-Sight. For the direct connection, signals of up to 210 Gbit/s were achieved and data rates of up to 150 Gbit/s were achieved for OTA transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wearable strain transducers are poised to transform the field of healthcare owing to the promise of personalized devices capable of real‐time collection of human physiological health indicators. For instance, monitoring patients' progress following injury and/or surgery during physiotherapy is crucial but rarely performed outside clinics. Herein, multifunctional liquid‐free ionic elastomers are designed through the volume effect and the formation of dynamic hydrogen bond networks between polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and weak acids (phosphoric acid, phytic acid, formic acid, citric acid). An ultra‐stretchable (4600% strain), highly conducting (10 mS cm−1), self‐repairable (77% of initial strain), and adhesive ionic elastomer is obtained at high loadings of phytic acid (4:1 weight to PVA). Moreover, the elastomer displayed durable performances, with intact mechanical properties after a year of storage. The elastomer is used as a transducer to monitor human motions in a device comprising an ESP32‐based development board. The device detected walking and/or running biomechanics and communicated motion‐sensing data (i.e., amplitude, frequency) wirelessly. The reported technology can also be applied to other body parts to monitor recovery after injury and/or surgery and inform practitioners of motion biomechanics remotely and in real time to increase convalescence effectiveness, reduce clinic appointments, and prevent injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As communication technology continues to evolve, 5G technology is becoming more mature, and 6G technology is steadily advancing. Microwave equipment is moving toward high frequency, miniaturization, low loss and high temperature stability, and microwave dielectric ceramics have been deeply applied in this field. To elevate the Q × f value of CoNb2O6 system, Ta5+ was introduced into CoNb2O6, and CoNb2‐xTaxO6 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) ceramics were prepared by the traditional solid‐phase method. By X‐ray diffraction, it was observed that at x = 0.8, in addition to a single niobium ferrite phase, information of tantalate phase also appeared. Raman spectral detection and group theory analysis indicate that Ag(2) and Ag(3) modes are the dominant Raman vibrations at ≈873 cm−1. Furthermore, the polarization rate affects the εr value, and the bond energy of Nb/Ta‐O and the recovery force characterized by the average deformation of the [Nb/TaO6] octahedron are the key elements influencing the temperature coefficient of the resonance frequency (τf). The internal strain, ordered induced size, and chemical bonding valence of ionic valence states are the key factors that can increase the Q × f value. Moreover, the introduction of ions with lower electronegativity leads to an enhanced electronic compensation of oxygen vacancies, which also reduces the dielectric loss. This paper enriches the theory related to low dielectric loss and shows that CoNb1.8Ta0.2O6 (εr = 21.4832, Q × f = 100723 GHz, τf = ‐61.38 ppm/°C) ceramics with superior microwave dielectric properties are expected to be used in wireless communication devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of postoperative care has seen a remarkable shift toward the utilization of electronic implantable devices, including sensors, biosensors, stimulators, and drug delivery systems, all designed with a biodegradable form factor and wireless data/power transmission capability. These technologies hold immense potential for postsurgery out‐of‐hospital monitoring during the postdischarged period, where continuous monitoring of physiological signals is lacking. Furthermore, these devices eliminate the need for secondary surgeries required for device retrieval as they can safely degraded in the body, thus enhancing patient recovery. This review delves into the latest advancements in biodegradable implantable devices, examining their application in monitoring vital signs, the innovative wireless communication and powering technologies they employ, and the biodegradable materials that enable their function. The analysis extends to evaluating the efficacy and limitations of these devices across various medical applications. Moreover, it explores future research directions, emphasizing material advancements, device miniaturization, customization, and the integration of artificial intelligence to create closed‐loop therapeutic systems. This comprehensive review underscores the transformative potential of these technologies in enhancing postoperative care and outlines the pathway for future innovations in this dynamic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a dual-purpose LED driver system that functions as both a lighting source and a Visible Light Communication (VLC) transmitter integrated with a Powerline Communication (PLC) network under the PRIME G3 standard. The system decodes PLC messages from the powerline grid and transmits the information via LED light to an optical receiver under a binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation. The load design targets a light flux of 800 lumens, suitable for LED light bulb applications up to 10 watts, ensuring practicality and energy efficiency. The Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter (UART) module enables communication between the PLC and VLC systems, allowing for an LED driver with dynamic control and real-time operation. Key signal processing stages are commented and developed, including a hybrid buck converter with modulation capabilities and a nonlinear optical receiver to regenerate the BPSK reference signal for VLC. Results show a successful prototype working under a laboratory environment. Experimental validation shows successful transmission of bit streams from the PLC grid to the VLC setup. A design guideline is presented in order to dictate the design of the electronic devices involved in the experiment. Finally, this research highlights the feasibility of integrating PLC and VLC technologies, offering an efficient and cost-effective solution for data transmission over existing infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of multi-antenna technologies, complex and variable environments, as well as high energy consumption, will be the main problems for the current and future wireless communications. Movable antenna (MA) technology, with the advantages of signal power enhancement, interference suppression, flexible beamforming, and spatial multiplexing brought by the mobility of antennas, is committed to providing new ideas for adaptive adjustment of low-energy and efficient communication environments, attracting widespread attention from the academic community and achieving rapid development. Firstly, the paper summarizes the fundamental principles and technical characteristics of MA. Then, the technical advantages of MA are summarized according to the specific application scenarios. Finally, the potential technical challenges of MA techniques are provided based on the existing work, and the research direction of MA techniques is further discussed and explored. The research and development of MA will further promote mobile communication technology innovation and help 6G communication enter a new stage of multi‑technology integration in new scenarios and multiple demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive MIMO technology is recognized as a key enabler for beyond 5G (B5G) and next-generation wireless networks. By utilizing large-scale antenna arrays at the base station (BS), it significantly improves both system capacity and energy efficiency. Despite these advantages, the deployment of a high number of antennas at the BS presents considerable challenges, particularly in the design of signal detectors that can operate with low computational complexity. While the minimum mean square error (MMSE) detector offers optimal performance in these large-scale systems, it suffers from the computational burden that makes its practical implementation challenging. To mitigate this, various iterative methods and their improved versions have been introduced. However, these iterative methods often converge slowly and are less accurate. To address these challenges, this study introduces an improved variant of traditional accelerated over-relaxation (AOR), called optimized AOR (OAOR). AOR is an over-relaxation method, and its performance is highly dependent on its relaxation parameters. To find the optimal parameters, we have developed an innovative approach that integrates a nature-inspired meta-heuristic algorithm known as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Specifically, we introduce a novel variant of PSO that improves upon basic PSO by enhancing the cognitive coefficients to optimize the relaxation parameters for OAOR. These key modifications to the standard PSO improve its ability to explore various solutions efficiently and help to find the optimal parameters more quickly for signal detection. It facilitates the OAOR with faster convergence towards the optimal solution by reducing the error rate, resulting in high detection accuracy and simultaneously decreasing computational complexity from O (K 3) to O (K 2) making it suitable for modern wireless communication systems. We conduct extensive simulations across various configurations of massive MIMO systems. The results indicate that our proposed method achieves better performance compared to existing techniques. This improvement is particularly evident in terms of both computational complexity and error rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rolling Stock (1002-7602) is the property of Rolling Stock Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In addressing the multifaceted problem of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) detection in wireless communication systems, this work highlights the pressing need for enhanced detection reliability under variable channel conditions and MIMO antenna configurations. We propose a novel method that sets a new standard for deep unfolding in MIMO detection by integrating the iterative conjugate gradient method with Tikhonov regularization, combining the adaptability of modern deep learning techniques with the robustness of classical regularization. Unlike conventional techniques, our strategy treats the Tikhonov regularization parameter, as well as the step size and search direction coefficients of the conjugate gradient (CG) method, as trainable parameters within the deep learning framework. This enables dynamic adjustments based on varying channel conditions and MIMO antenna configurations. Detection performance is significantly improved by the proposed approach across a range of MIMO configurations and channel conditions, consistently achieving lower bit error rate (BER) and normalized minimum mean square error (NMSE) compared to well-known techniques like DetNet and CG. The proposed method has superior performance over CG and other model-based methods, especially with a small number of iterations. Consequently, the simulation results demonstrate the flexibility of the proposed approach, making it a viable choice for MIMO systems with a range of antenna configurations, modulation orders, and different channel conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Computer Measurement & Control is the property of Magazine Agency of Computer Measurement & Control and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The emerging demand for high-data-rate wireless communication systems and high-resolution radars, particularly in the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) spectrum, has captured significant attention within both the industrial and academic landscape. Recognized as the fundamental building block for satellite receivers, the low noise amplifier (LNA) plays a pivotal role in meeting these growing requirements. In Today's world a continuously increasing number of connected devices and resource-intensive digital content load to an incessant data being generated, transformed, and facilitated. In this paper, authors summarize the different technologies and techniques employed to design various LNAs with enhanced bandwidth, higher gain, low noise figure (NF), minimal power consumption, and less chip area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light fidelity (Li-Fi) is a pioneering optical wireless communication (OWC) technology that utilizes visible light for wireless data transmission. Since its inception in a TED global talk by Professor Harald Haas in 2011, Li-Fi has captured significant attention in the research community. Smart home automation systems (SHAs) leverage internet of things (IoT) technology to remotely manage and automate various home devices and systems. Li-Fi technology has the potential to enable remote control of devices such as lighting, air conditioning, music systems, security cameras, and door locks within SHAs. This study presents Li-Fi-IoT, a Li-Fi-based system designed for efficient and secure IoT device management in SHAs. A series of experiments demonstrates the system's potential in IoT device control using Li-Fi technology. The research findings highlight the substantial improvement in data transfer speed, energy efficiency, and data security that Li-Fi technology can bring to SHAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rain rate influenced by atmospheric factors is related to rainfall patterns affected by climate change. Attenuation and signal losses due to rain are crucial constraints in communication systems such as 5G, microwave radio links, and communication satellite systems. These communication systems have been deteriorated due to signal fading and distortion when exposed to rain. Signal fading by hydrometeor particles in the atmosphere may occur during wireless signal transmissions at frequencies higher than 10 GHz. In this paper, Hydro-Estimator data for the Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak regions from 2011 to 2022 were extracted to determine the rain rate distribution, which is a crucial parameter for simulating and analyzing rain fade. Climate change affects rainfall distribution when signal transmission with higher frequency carries more data, thus resulting in a higher chance of signal loss and degradation. Long-term forecasts of the signal performance in 5G systems and high-frequency radio link frequencies can be developed by analyzing the effects of climate change based on the rainfall rate and the rain fade distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To resist various types of jamming in wireless channels, appropriate constellation modulation is used in wireless communication to ensure a low bit error rate. Due to the complexity and variability of the channel environment, a simple preset constellation is difficult to adapt to all scenarios, so the online constellation optimization method based on Reinforcement Learning (RL) shows its potential. However, the existing RL technology is difficult to ensure the optimal convergence efficiency. Therefore, in this paper, Dynamic Adversarial Interference (DAJ) waveforms are introduced and the DAJ-RL method is proposed by referring to adversarial training in Deep Learning (DL). The algorithm can converge to the optimal state quickly by self-adaptive power and probability direction of dynamic strong adversary of DAJ. In this paper, a rigorous theoretical proof of the symbol error rate is given and it is shown that the method approaches the mathematical limit. Also, numerical and hardware experiments show that the constellations generated by DAJ-RL have the best error rate at all noise levels. In the end, the proposed DAJ-RL method effectively improves the RL-based anti-jamming modulation for cognitive electronic warfare.

Intelligent shipping is a crucial part of the transportation system, while inland river intelligent shipping is a major safeguard of intelligent transportation. Compared with the studies of mobile fading channels in land-based environments, less current research has focused on channel measurements and modeling for inland waterway bridge environments. In this paper, a segmenting radio channel model is proposed for inland highway and railway combined bridges. The ship's path under the bridge was divided into three phases, and the attenuation of signal strength was modelled separately for each. Hence, it shows ship-to-ship wireless channels in different areas and path loss on inland navigation bridges. A segmented model, instead of a basic path loss model, can accurately forecast path loss and provide a practical approach in ship-to-ship wireless channel transmission scenarios over bridges. Consequently, the channel measurements and modeling in the typical inland waterway are of great significance for establishing a reliable inland navigation broadband radio communication system.

This paper presents an innovative programmable metasurface structure that achieves precise phase control within the 2–2.7 GHz frequency range by adjusting the state of varactor diodes embedded in the unit cells. The design employs a single diode, which simplifies the structure, reduces manufacturing costs, and minimizes reflection loss. At 2.4 GHz, the metasurface achieves 1-bit phase responses of 0° and 180°, with a reflection amplitude exceeding 0.72, demonstrating excellent reflective performance. Moreover, as the 2.4 GHz frequency is closely related to wireless communication bands, this programmable metasurface shows significant potential in the field of wireless communication encryption. By integrating dual varactor diodes, the design enables 2-bit phase control with reflection phase angles of 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°. To validate the design, a 1-bit metasurface structure was fabricated and tested, with experimental results showing a high degree of consistency with simulations, highlighting the potential of this structure in enhancing wireless communication security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining patient confidentiality and ensuring data integrity are critical aspects of healthcare information security. In response to the growing need for enhanced security measures in the transmission and storage of medical images, the current study introduces a novel framework utilizing chaos-based quantum encryption. It enhances security in medical image transmission and storage. The proposed work presents a novel approach to quantum image encryption, integrating chaotic map and gray coding techniques. Specifically, it leverages quantum gray coding to obscure image data, followed by a quantum XOR operation using a key generated through the logistic- sin map for secure encryption. The encryption and decryption procedures leverage an NEQR quantum image representation. Simulations conducted in MATLAB assess the efficacy of the proposed image encryption protocol from both theoretical and statistical perspectives. The results demonstrate robust encryption performance, as evidenced by metrics such as an entropy value of 7.99, an UACI of 33.54%, an NPCR of 99.6%, and negative correlation coefficient values. The proposed scheme effectively decrypted tampered images, successfully recovering the maximum amount of information, as evidenced by tests with 50% data occlusion from encrypted images. These results emphasize the superior reliability, feasibility, and efficiency of the proposed quantum encryption protocol in securing medical image data during transmission and storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless cross-medium communication for underwater equipment may be possible by using millimeter-wave radar to detect the micro-wave vibration on the water surface excited by sound waves of underwater equipment. Studying the effect of water surface waves is of great value for achieving trans-medium communication based on micro-wave vibration detection by millimeter-wave radar. Therefore, experiments were carried out on the trans-medium communication of binary phase-shift keying(BPSK) and binary frequency-shift keying(BFSK) modulation signals in a wave tank. The influence of different water surface wave vibrations on trans-medium communication was tested and analyzed, and the communication performance based on spatial diversity technology was evaluated. The experimental results show that moderate water surface wave vibrations have the least impact on the trans-medium communication performance of millimeter-wave radar, and the spatial diversity technology based on multi-channel data merging can improve trans-medium communication performance on wavy water surfaces. The research results can provide a reference for practical applications of trans-medium communication technology based on micro-wave vibration detection by millimeter-wave radar on wavy water surfaces.

Bio-implanted medical devices with electronic components play a crucial role due to their effectiveness in monitoring and diagnosing diseases, enhancing patient comfort, and ensuring safety. Recently, significant efforts have been conducted to develop implantable and wireless telemetric biomedical systems. Topics such as appropriate near-field wireless communication design, power use, monitoring devices, high power transfer efficiency from external to internal parts (implanted), high communication rates, and the need for low energy consumption all significantly influence the advancement of implantable systems. In this survey, a comprehensive examination is undertaken on diverse subjects associated with near-field wireless power transfer (WPT)-based biomedical applications. The scope of this study encompasses various aspects, including WPT types, a comparative analysis of WPT types and techniques for medical devices, data transmission methods employing WPT-based modulation approaches, and the integration of WPT into biomedical implantable systems. Furthermore, the study investigates the extraction of research concerning WPT topologies and corresponding mathematical models, such as power transfer, transfer efficiency, mutual inductance, quality factor, and coupling coefficient, sourced from existing literature. The article also delves into the impact of the specific absorption rate on patient tissue. It sheds light on WPT's challenges in biomedical implants while offering potential solutions.

The research presented in this study focuses on the dielectric properties of complex oxide-filled epoxy, polyurethane, and silicone rubber composites. Specifically, we investigated various compositions of (1-x) CaWO4-xNa2WO4 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4), in addition to Na0.5Bi0.5Mo0.5W0.5O4 and Bi2Mo0.5W0.5O6. These complex oxide materials were meticulously synthesized through a solid-state reaction, and their distinct phases were confirmed via rigorous X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization. We then proceeded to create the composites by manually blending these complex oxides with epoxy, polyurethane, and silicone rubber matrices. The central focus of the study was to examine the impact of varying volume fractions of the complex oxide fillers on the dielectric properties of the composites in the frequency range of 4 – 8 GHz.Our observations revealed a direct correlation between the content of the complex oxide filler and the dielectric properties, including the dielectric constant and dielectric loss. Specifically, the addition of 10 % by volume fraction of (1-x) CaWO4-xNa2WO4 (x = 0, 0.4), Na0.5Bi0.5Mo0.5W0.5O4, or Bi2Mo0.5W0.5O6 fillers to the respective polymer matrices led to a significant enhancement in both the dielectric constant and the loss tangent. Promising results were particularly evident in three composite formulations: the 10 % 0.4Na2WO4-0.6CaWO4/silicone rubber composite demonstrated a dielectric constant (εr) of 2.02 ´ 102 and a loss tangent (tanδ) of -4.07 ´ 10-1 at 7.1 GHz; the 10 % Na0.5Bi0.5Mo0.5W0.5O4/epoxy composite exhibited a dielectric constant of 1.37 ´ 102 and a loss tangent of -6.43 ´ 10-1 at 7.22 GHz; and the 10 % Bi2W0.5Mo0.5O6/polyurethane composite displayed favorable properties with a dielectric constant (ϵr) of 8.37x101 and a loss tangent (tanδ) of -3.4 ´ 10-1 at 7.12 GHz.These results suggest the suitability of these composite materials for a wide range of microwave technology applications, including wireless communication, radar systems, and various microwave devices.

In order to solve the problems of low efficiency of trackless auxiliary transportation in coal mine, high pollution of diesel exhaust, low intelligence and low information level, a design scheme of trackless transportation robot in coal mine with lithium ion battery as power source was put forward. The trackless transport robot has zero emission, environment perception, multi-information fusion, autonomous path planning, self-navigation, autonomous walking and other functions, as well as the autonomous transfer of materials in specific areas of the coal mine. The technical framework of the trackless transportation robot is given. The chassis structure, chassis electrical system design, logic control process and wireless communication and autonomous positioning design scheme of the trackless transport robot are introduced in detail. The scheme design of environment awareness and path planning is introduced.

The underwater sensor network (UWSN) has become the most demandable area because of its numerous advancements in the real world. Water covers over 70% of the earth's surface, and there is more important information below the water's surface. Sensor networks detect information in the water and transmit it to the base station via the sink. UWSN is made up of autonomous and independent sensor nodes. These are placed spatially in the water to gather and transmit pertinent data. However, the communication may suffer due to several challenges like 3D topology, less bandwidth, routing and power constraints. This paper reviews underwater sensor networks based on routing, localization, and fault tolerance. It also reviews and compares the recently proposed algorithms to fulfil drawbacks in existing methods. Each factor's challenges are briefly discussed and compared in this paper. Future directions for underwater sensor networks are analyzed and discussed, along with their emerging applications and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) loaded compact CPW-fed circular shaped monopole UWB antenna with dual band notch characteristics is designed on an FR-4 substrate. The propounded band-notched UWB antenna is integrated with two frequency selective surface layers referred as bandpass frequency selective surface (FSS-1) and reflector (FSS-2) to offer enhanced radiation performance. Bandpass FSS-1 enhances the gain of the antenna by improving directivity and reflector FSS-2 reflects back the backside radiation of the proposed antenna towards the forward direction thereby increasing gain and directivity of the proposed antenna. Furthermore, a two-element orthogonal MIMO antenna is proposed with improved gain using two FSS layers. The complete configuration of the proposed two-element MIMO antenna consists of CSRR-based radiating patches, monopole ground planes and two integrated FSS layers. The proposed MIMO antenna operates in UWB range from 3.46 GHz to 16.02 GHz with dual notches at 3.9 GHz and 7.2 GHz. Isolation between MIMO elements is greater than 23 dB. Both antennas are fabricated and investigated at 5.9 GHz for vehicular communications. Maximum gain improvements of 8 dB and 6.4 dB are observed in case of the presented single element and MIMO antenna within the entire operating band due to the integration of dual FSS layers. The diversity performance of the suggested MIMO antenna is investigated by analyzing mean effective gain, envelope correlation coefficient, channel capacity loss and diversity gain parameters. The proposed MIMO antenna is a suitable candidate for vehicular and UWB wireless communication applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the challenge of existing wireless communication anti-jamming methods in effectively handling unknown jamming, this paper proposes a multi-parameter control anti-jamming algorithm for wireless communication systems based on the Linear–Quadratic Regulator (LQR). First, the proposed algorithm models the wireless communication system as a linear switched system based on the modulation and coding scheme. Subsequently, a feedback controller design method based on the LQR is introduced. By utilizing the multiple Lyapunov function method combined with linear matrix inequalities, sufficient criteria for the asymptotic stability of the system under unknown jamming conditions are provided. Finally, theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm can rapidly adjust modulation and coding schemes as well as transmission power in complex jamming environments, thereby maintaining bit error rate (BER) stability and enhancing the reliability of the communication system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harmonic generation and utilization are significant topics in nonlinear science. Although the progress in the microwave region has been expedited by the development of time‐modulated metasurfaces, one major issue of these devices is the strong entanglement of multiple harmonics, leading to criticism of their use in frequency‐division multiplexing (FDM) applications. Previous studies have attempted to overcome this limitation, but they suffer from designing complexity or insufficient controlling capability. Here a new space‐time‐coding metasurface (STCM) is proposed to independently and precisely synthesize not only the phases but also the amplitudes of various harmonics. This promising feature is successfully demonstrated in wireless space‐ and frequency‐division multiplexing experiments, where modulated and unmodulated signals are simultaneously transmitted via different harmonics using a shared STCM. To illustrate the advantages, binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation schemes are respectively implemented. Behind the intriguing functionality, the mechanism of the space‐time coding strategy and the analytical designing method are elaborated, which are validated numerically and experimentally. It is believed that the achievements can potentially propel the time‐vary metasurfaces in the next‐generation wireless applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In engineered photonic lattices, topological photonic (TP) modes present a promising avenue for designing waveguides with suppressed backscattering. However, the integration of the TP modes in electromagnetic systems has faced longstanding challenges. The primary obstacle is the insufficient development of high‐efficiency coupling technologies between the TP modes and the conventional transmission modes. This dilemma leads to significant scattering at waveguide terminals when attempting to connect the TP waveguides with other waveguides. In this study, a topological photonic substrate‐integrated waveguide (TPSIW) is proposed that can seamlessly integrate into traditional microstrip line systems. It successfully addresses the matching problem and demonstrates efficient coupling of both even and odd TP modes with the quasi‐transverse electromagnetic modes of microstrip lines, resulting in minimal energy losses. In addition, topological leaky states are introduced through designed slots on the TPSIW top surface. These slots enable the creation of TP leaky‐wave antennas with beam steering capabilities. A wireless link based on TPSIWs are further established that enables the transmission of distinct signals toward different directions. This work is an important step toward the integration of TP modes in microwave systems, unlocking the possibilities for the development of high‐performance wireless devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system has extensive applications in wireless communication. This paper mainly studied the channel estimation methods for the MIMO systems. Firstly, the MIMO system and two traditional channel estimation methods, i.e., least squares (LS) and minimum mean square error (MMSE), were introduced. Then, the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP), compressive sampling matching pursuit (CoSaMP), and stagewise weak orthogonal matching pursuit (SWOMP) methods were introduced. The SWOMP method was added with a step size parameter to obtain the improved SWOMP (ISWOMP) method. The simulation experiment found that the normalized mean squared error (NMSE) and bit error rate (BER) of channel estimation were different under different number of pilot frequency and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The CS methods outperformed LS and MMSE methods in channel estimation. The ISWOMP method had the smallest NMSE and BER. Taking SNR = 20 dB as an example, the NMSE of the ISWOMP method was 0.0021, which was 97.87% smaller than the OMP method and 64.41% smaller than the SWOMP method. The experimental results verify the reliability of the ISWOMP method for channel estimation. The ISWOMP method can be applied in real MIMO systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]