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Mining tourists' spatiotemporal patterns are fundamental for comprehending and applying spatial structure theories in tourism research. This study mines 27,981 tourist-generated trajectories in Beijing winter tourism to reveal the spatiotemporal patterns and spatial structures using a framework combining similarity measures and improved density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise algorithm. The findings indicate that Beijing winter tourism has established a spatial structure consisting of "three poles-two axes-two secondary poles." A total of 50 popular routes and 12 patterns of winter tourism can be categorized into three main types and six subcategories: winter tourism leading (skiing oriented, skating oriented), winter tourism with sightseeing (urban snow scene sightseeing, mountain snow scene sightseeing), and winter tourism with leisure (skiing + hot spring therapy, skating + city walking). The findings demonstrate that identifying spatial structures through tourism pattern mining is scientific and feasible. This study examines the movement patterns of tourists to reveal tourism spatial structure and incorporates spatial geography theory to assure the accuracy and scientific validity of the identification process, which enables a comprehensive knowledge of the spatial structure of Beijing's winter tourism industry and broadens the application scenario of spatial geography theory in the era of big data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to determine the role of social media use by tourists staying in hotels in ski resorts in Turkey in hotel preference. In winter 2022, 1178 valid data obtained by face-to-face survey method from hotel visitors and social media were analyzed using Smart PLS-SEM. As a result of the research, it has been determined that there is a positive and meaningful relationship between the interaction and accessibility features of social media, affecting the trust, perceived usefulness and perceived entertainment levels of the tourists participating in winter tourism in the hotel preference, and tourists’ continuing use of social media in hotel preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpine ecosystems harbour a rich and highly specialised biodiversity, which is particularly susceptible to anthropogenic disturbances such as habitat loss and fragmentation as well as to climate change. Combined with other forms of land‐use conversion, construction and maintenance of ski resorts can have severe consequences on alpine biodiversity. In this study, we show how one amphibian and two reptile species, namely Rana temporaria, Zootoca vivipara and Vipera berus, respond to such impacts by means of a multi‐season occupancy analysis. We found all three species both in and outside ski‐runs, showing that these habitats do not necessarily preclude their occurrence. Contrarily, this is influenced more by microhabitat availability, such as ground vegetation, humid areas and rock cover, rather than by macro‐characteristics like elevation or habitat type. Moreover, we found a climatic influence on the year‐to‐year occupancy change of the species, with activity‐month conditions being more relevant than overwintering ones. Our results demonstrate how, in the specific case of reptiles and amphibians, ski resorts do not necessarily limit species' occurrence and that a mild series of management actions might secure the species' persistence in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This research explores development conflicts within Kopaonik National Park (NP) arising from the prioritization of winter tourism, particularly skiing activities and the associated infrastructure. This emphasis has led to the marginalization of the unique natural heritage that warranted the park's establishment in 1981, presenting an unusual case of exploiting and jeopardizing significant Balkan natural heritage. Tourist facilities situated in protection zones II and III interface with natural reserves in protection zone I, escalating conflicts and spatial impacts and raising concerns about the preservation of reserves and the park's original purpose. Kopaonik Mountain, inherently suited for winter tourism, faces the challenge of accommodating a ski center within its exceptional natural heritage. Legal and planning activities support winter tourism without adequately defining its compatibility with the park's natural heritage. Through an in-depth analysis of legal documents, plans, projects, and studies, this paper highlights conflicts, especially with natural heritage, expressing concerns for the park's future. The Spatial Plan of the Special Purpose Area of National Park Kopaonik, as a highly important strategic document, leans toward winter activities, prompting a critical review. The paper concludes with suggestions to alleviate winter tourism's negative impacts and proposes sustainable practices within the realm of protected natural heritage and other human activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Winter tourism is an important economic factor in the European Alps, which could be exposed to severely changing meteorological conditions due to climate change in the future. The extent to which meteorology influences winter tourism figures has so far been analyzed mainly based on monthly or seasonal data and in relation to skier numbers. Therefore, we record for the first time daily visitor numbers at five Bavarian winter tourism destinations based on 1518 webcam images using object detection and link them to meteorological and time-related variables. Our results show that parameters such as temperature, cloud cover or sunshine duration, precipitation, snow depth, wind speed, and relative humidity play a role especially at locations that include other forms of winter tourism in addition to skiing. In the ski resorts studied, on the other hand, skiing is mostly independent of current weather conditions, which can be attributed mainly to artificial snowmaking. Moreover, at the webcam sites studied, weekends and vacation periods had an equal or even stronger influence on daily visitor numbers than the current weather conditions. The extent to which weather impacts the (future) visitor numbers of a winter tourism destination must therefore be investigated individually and with the inclusion of non-meteorological variables influencing human behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pasos: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural is the property of Universidad de La Laguna, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Alpine ecosystems harbour a rich and highly specialised biodiversity, which is particularly susceptible to anthropogenic disturbances such as habitat loss and fragmentation as well as to climate change. Combined with other forms of land‐use conversion, construction and maintenance of ski resorts can have severe consequences on alpine biodiversity. In this study, we show how one amphibian and two reptile species, namely Rana temporaria, Zootoca vivipara and Vipera berus, respond to such impacts by means of a multi‐season occupancy analysis. We found all three species both in and outside ski‐runs, showing that these habitats do not necessarily preclude their occurrence. Contrarily, this is influenced more by microhabitat availability, such as ground vegetation, humid areas and rock cover, rather than by macro‐characteristics like elevation or habitat type. Moreover, we found a climatic influence on the year‐to‐year occupancy change of the species, with activity‐month conditions being more relevant than overwintering ones. Our results demonstrate how, in the specific case of reptiles and amphibians, ski resorts do not necessarily limit species' occurrence and that a mild series of management actions might secure the species' persistence in the area.

Based on the information found in the literature, which suggests that "more compact forms closer to squares are preferred in building designs in cold climate regions," this study investigates to what extent the existing theoretical knowledge of compactness is practically followed in the shaping of winter tourism accommodation structures and how the differences in building form based on regions affect the amount of energy consumption. Cold climate region structures were preferred because compactness is more comparable in terms of form and provides a constraining plane. In this study, 50 accommodation structures in different regions that are most preferred for winter tourism were evaluated based on compactness. The existing and compact projections of the selected structures were measured, and then these plan projections were superimposed to obtain compactness ratios. Additionally, the structures were 3D modeled in both the existing and compact forms, and the energy consumption amounts for both forms were measured using the “Energy Plus” energy simulation engine with the assistance of the "Ladybug" plugin, which operates in the Rhinoceros3D/Grasshopper3D environment. Furthermore, data such as the facade opening ratio, main facade direction, and number of floors were determined and compiled into a table. As a result, it was found that increasing the surface area significantly affects the compactness ratio in accommodation structures with relatively small floor areas. There is a linear relationship between the increase in floor area and the number of floors. It was determined that there is no specialized building form or main facade direction for any region. In regional evaluations, it was observed that the difference in projection is low in regions where the difference in energy consumption between the existing and compact forms is also low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, China has been promoting ice and snow tourism, mainly to domestic tourists from southern China. Thus, ice–snow tourism operators in the north need to know what Southerners want. Respondents from south of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province were administered a questionnaire about candidate national parks in Inner Mongolia as tourism destinations. A qualitative method based on picture material was used to summarize the categories of ice–snow tourism activities. Based on questionnaire data by OLS (ordinary least squares) and quantile regression, respectively, this study identified the average and differential (by the difference of respondents' willingness level) inducing effects of different tourism activities on Southerners' ice–snow tourism willingness. With the supply–demand comparing method, the impacts of the tourism activity availability on the fulfillment of Southerners' ice–snow tourism desire were revealed. For formulating sound market positioning to expand the southern market, suggestions for promoting the preferred activities and complementing the supply shortage were put forth based on Southerners' willingness. The results provide meaningful lessons for developing, operating, and marketing ice–snow tourism destinations in the north in response to Southerners' willingness to travel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper considers the prospects for developing winter tourism in the Karkaraly mountains on the basis of the identification of the tourist destination potential, the search for management approaches and social and economic measures to stimulate it. The relevance of the paper is to reduce the seasonality factor through the winter tourism development in the geosystems of the Karkaraly mountains. The purpose of the article is to identify the tourism potential and promising areas for the winter tourism development. The research results can be used to implement standard recommendations for effective planning in the recreation and tourism industry, including winter tourism at the regional level and the analysis of its contribution to economic development in the short-, medium- and long term. Research methods include field, descriptive and cartographic methods. Conclusions are made about the prospects for the winter tourism in the territory of the Karkaraly mountains. Based on the stock materials, the winter route was identified, as a result of which a map of the three-day route was developed.

In this research, competition and positioning strategies of accommodation enterprises in winter tourism destinations are examined. In the research, it is aimed to contribute to the enterprises in terms of determining the competition and positioning strategies implemented by the enterprises against their competitors and increasing their competitiveness. The development of winter tourism in Turkey and the development of competition and positioning strategies of enterprises in order to take place in the international market constitute the importance of the study. Semi-structured interview questions were directed to 21 senior accommodation business managers engaged in winter tourism activities in Turkey. In the analysis part of the study, descriptive analysis method was used. The codes and themes of the texts, which were pre-read for data analysis, were created with the MAXQDDA 2020 program and then analysed. As a data collection tool an interview form is composed and by using Michael E. Porter's "Diamond model" and "three genetic strategies". It is among the results obtained that infrastructure and superstructure investments are insufficient in winter tourism destinations, strategies are not developed to expand the market share and open to the foreign market, and the use of information resources is insufficient in small accommodation enterprises. The obtained results reveal the necessity of giving importance to the positioning strategies of the enterprises, going the way of product/service differentiation, developing market segmentation strategies and choosing the target customer group correctly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After an almost continuous growth since 1850, with the First World War, the tourism sector, in Switzerland as elsewhere in the West, faced its first real crisis and had its actors to develop more refined strategies for the first time to "attract" customers and "retain" those who were already there. In this context, it should be noted that the hoteliers of St. Moritz, along with broader tourism networks, took advantage of a unique historical configuration between the two world wars to improve the reputation of the resort and enlarge its offer, both in the winter season with skiing and other disciplines like bobsleigh, but also in the summer season, especially following the opening of traffic to cars in the canton of Graubünden in 1925. In our article, we seek to analyze the involvement of hoteliers in the organization of the 1928 Olympic Games, both to understand the 'local' network behind the organization of a major sporting event and to take an innovative look at the development of tourism in the inter-war period. We based our analysis on municipal archives (political authorities, tourist office, hotel infrastructures, ski club), never really used in historical work on the winter Olympics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the prospects for developing winter tourism in the Karkaraly mountains on the basis of the identification of the tourist destination potential, the search for management approaches and social and economic measures to stimulate it. The relevance of the paper is to reduce the seasonality factor through the winter tourism development in the geosystems of the Karkaraly mountains. The purpose of the article is to identify the tourism potential and promising areas for the winter tourism development. The research results can be used to implement standard recommendations for effective planning in the recreation and tourism industry, including winter tourism at the regional level and the analysis of its contribution to economic development in the short-, medium- and long term. Research methods include field, descriptive and cartographic methods. Conclusions are made about the prospects for the winter tourism in the territory of the Karkaraly mountains. Based on the stock materials, the winter route was identified, as a result of which a map of the three-day route was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism, one of the expeditiously growing and most important sectors, contributes to the national economy by increasing employment and foreign exchange income. As in many countries, the place of tourism in the country's economy is very important in Türkiye (formerly known as Turkey). As one of the sources that have contributed significantly to the country's economy for many years, it has played a locomotive role in its development. Türkiye is trying to increase its share of international tourism revenues with investments and incentives. Although it is a country that draws attention with its areas suitable for winter tourism, the development of winter tourism centers is very slow when some aspects are taken into account. Konya Province is one of the few religious and cultural tourism centers of Türkiye. The region has qualified winter tourism areas. Bringing these areas to tourism can be an important resource for both the provincial and national economy. This study proposes a Geographical Information System based Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) model using Best Worst Method (BWM) to identify the most suitable locations for winter tourism facilities in the Konya region of Türkiye. Among some suitable areas determined according to the results of the analysis, Aladağ Mountain in Derbent region has been seen as the most suitable place for winter tourism investments, as it has all the features such as snow quality, transportation, and snowy day duration that should exist in a winter tourism center.

Tourism, one of the expeditiously growing and most important sectors, contributes to the national economy by increasing employment and foreign exchange income. As in many countries, the place of tourism in the country's economy is very important in Türkiye (formerly known as Turkey). As one of the sources that have contributed significantly to the country's economy for many years, it has played a locomotive role in its development. Türkiye is trying to increase its share of international tourism revenues with investments and incentives. Although it is a country that draws attention with its areas suitable for winter tourism, the development of winter tourism centers is very slow when some aspects are taken into account. Konya Province is one of the few religious and cultural tourism centers of Türkiye. The region has qualified winter tourism areas. Bringing these areas to tourism can be an important resource for both the provincial and national economy. This study proposes a Geographical Information System based Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) model using Best Worst Method (BWM) to identify the most suitable locations for winter tourism facilities in the Konya region of Türkiye. Among some suitable areas determined according to the results of the analysis, Aladağ Mountain in Derbent region has been seen as the most suitable place for winter tourism investments, as it has all the features such as snow quality, transportation, and snowy day duration that should exist in a winter tourism center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world where the customer is the leader, businesses have to carry out their sales activities very effectively due to factors like intense competition, increasingly diverse sales channels, changing tastes and preferences, and continuous change in purchasing behaviors. A couple of striking developments in this context are the decreasing effectiveness of traditional marketing functions and the increasing importance of consumer experience. Consumer satisfaction, especially in service businesses, is a key factor for choosing the same business again. The purpose of the study is to measure the effects of experiential marketing modules on customer satisfaction and loyalty. The first section of the study provides theoretical information on experiential marketing. The next section covers an applied research on experiential marketing conducted on customers of hotels operating in winter tourism in Erzurum. The research was applied by adapting a scale developed for experiential marketing to hotel customers, collecting and analyzing data through a face-to-face survey method. The SPSS program was used to analyze the research data, and t-test and ANOVA results for groups formed within the scope of variables were interpreted. As a result of the research, it has been determined that sensory, emotional, relational, and behavioral factors have statistically significant results on customer satisfaction and loyalty. It has been observed that intellectual factors are not effective in determining customer satisfaction. Furthermore, emotional, intellectual, behavioral, and relational factors were found to have positive effects on customer loyalty, and a positive relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty was observed. Hotel businesses can increase customer satisfaction and create customer loyalty through experiential marketing practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Numerous studies have demonstrated the tourism industry to be especially sensitive to weather and climate variability. Snow-related tourism, being largely dependent on climatic resources, is particularly affected by climate change. Our study provides a new index to reflect the climatic suitability of a given destination for snow-related tourism activities, focusing on resorts with usually limited snowfall. The proposed Skiing Utility Index (SUI) is based purely on the weather preferences of skiers, extracted by questionnaires distributed at the Parnassos ski center (Greece). The index incorporates four different weather variables considered to be the most influential for this type of tourism. The ideal temperature for skiing was found to be close to 0 °C, the ideal wind speed between 0–3.3 m/s, the ideal cloud cover between 0–25% and the snowfall duration between 1–2 h, with the latter found to be the most important variable for skiing. For each climatic variable, a mean utility score profile was developed from all respondents. Following, a utility function was fitted via linear regression to the above-mentioned utility score. All four utility functions were aggregated into one total SUI score. When combined with climate projections, the SUI can support the assessment of climate change risks for snow-related tourism destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism industry and government demand for knowledge of the impacts of climate change on ski tourism is growing. Despite the more than 70-year history and large cultural significance of alpine skiing in Sweden, little is known about the industry's future under a changing climate. This study applies the SkiSim2 model with low to high emission scenarios (RCP2.6 to 8.5) to analyse the implications of climate change for ski operations (season length, snowmaking requirements) at 23 alpine ski areas across Sweden for the early, mid and late twenty-first century. Northern areas of Sweden show much less reduction in average season length compared to central and southern Sweden under the high emission mid- (13% versus 58% and 81%) and late-century scenarios (27% versus 72% and 99%). To limit season losses in these scenarios, snow production increases of over 250% are required in all regions. Such increases will create additional financial and environmental stressors, which may lead to the closure of the most at-risk resorts. With greater impacts projected for much of the European Alps ski market, northern Sweden may represent a 'last resort' for the European ski industry under higher emission scenarios by the mid-late twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The continuous development of mountain tourism derives from the multiple positive points that the mountain has in satisfying the particularly diverse tourist needs. The strong point is represented by the extremely valuable and complex tourist potential, as well as the variety of natural and anthropic resources. The complementarity of these resources makes the arrangement and development of winter resorts with a useful and attractive profile called ski areas to be more and more common in mountainous areas. The purpose of this paper is to analyze winter destinations in order to conclude whether Romania can create a competitive advantage based on this type of tourism, both at European and global level. We used statistical data for all Romanian resort for sky destination, respectively the total number of practicable kilometers, total number of cableway installations and the accommodation capacity. For the quantitative analysis we used the SPSS 23.0 statistical software and applied the following statistical methods: Person correlations, chi square test and Student’s t test for paired samples. The research results, obtained with statistical methodology, support and highlight the significant differences between the Romanian mountain resorts for winter activities.

More than half of the ski resorts in North America have closed since the early building booms—many facing a warming climate and pressures to find water to make artificial snow. Researching and documenting all resorts between 1969–2019, we find that 59% of all resorts in North America have closed since the resort boom of the 1960s and 70s (65% in the United States, 31% in Canada). This shift has left some states or provinces with only one or no resorts remaining. To proactively persevere with a variable climate, less water, and a need for more energy to make snow, we suggest mountains holistically plan for sustainability. Recommendations include third party environmental certification, commitment to sustainability at the management level, communication to customers about sustainability practices and implementing unique models for remaining open and competitive. These practices include resort consolidation, multi-mountain passes, and/or unique ownership models. We believe that ski resorts must focus on positive environmental practices, sustainability planning, and climate change adaptation if they want to remain viable and competitive in the coming decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observations in Romania show that the months of January and February are starting to show an increasing interest for tourists in areas known for winter sports involving snow. This observation is at odds with the period hitherto considered traditional for winter tourism in Romania, i.e., from the end of December to the first few days of January, when school holidays and employee holidays are frequently scheduled. Analysis of the climatic data of recent years shows a shortening of the period when natural weather conditions are favorable for this type of tourism. In this paper it was statistically determined that the maximum share of negative temperature coverage of Romania's territory tends to occur at present in the second half of January. It is therefore necessary to correlate the school and labor law timetables with the new climatic conditions and other measures to adapt to current conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rich in natural and anthropic resources, the Romanian tourism industry offers the possibility of a total consumption by the tourists. The added value is offered to the industry by the different typologies / segments of tourists, the different tourist packages, the great variety of resources and the possibility to practice a total tourism. Consumer preferences are considered to be the most important factor in the development of the industry in an efficient and realistic way but also for making this industry internationally renouned. The methodology includes quantitative analysis, for which the data was collected using an online questionnaire, the purpose of the research being the discovery of the opinions, thoughts and feedback of the Romanian tourists on winter tourism and the infrastructure of its practice in Romania, as well as winter sports tourism.

The tourism sector has progressed substantially throughout the world, especially since the twentieth century. Depending on this development, it was noted that there were rapid changes and developments on both economic and socio-cultural structures of the countries that started to benefit from this sector. It has started to be observed that there is diversification and enrichment in the tourism sector depending on the needs and demands that have emerged with the impact of the globalization phenomenon. An important sector has emerged in tourism diversity with different names such as winter tourism, ski tourism or mountain tourism. Even though Turkey has stepped into this sector in a process that can be considered a little late, it has shown a rapid development and started to make investments by giving an important place to winter tourism in its tourism strategies. Within the scope of the 2023 Tourism Strategy, the corridor starting from Erzincan in the east-west direction and proceeding towards the route of Erzurum, Ağrı, Kars, Ardahan has been declared as a winter tourism investment region and has been included among the priority regions for private sector investments as well as public investments. In the study, it is aimed to determine the winter tourism potential in Ağrı, in order to determine the centres and to guide the new investments that can be made in the tourism sector. In the research, after the completion of the field studies, the data obtained from the observation were synthesized and interpreted by using content analysis, the data obtained from written sources was analysed via document analysis, and the statistical data obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry the General Directorate of Meteorology were analysed through frequency analysis. The fact that the snow stays on the ground for about 110 days in the mountainous regions where the altitude is high, especially on the northern slopes, shows that it has a favourable structure in terms of winter tourism. In addition, the presence of Mount Ararat (Ağrı Dağı), the highest mountain in our country, will increase tourism activities in the region and contribute great means to Ağrı. Besides, it has been understood that five different ski resorts have been built at different times and places in Ağrı since the 1960s, but they could not be utilized in terms of sustainability. The only ski resort that is actively used among these facilities is not equipped to serve tourism activities, since it is insufficient in terms of facilities and infrastructure, and can only provide daily service to the local people. As a result, it is understood that the structure in Ağrı cannot be adequately utilized, which has a rich winter tourism potential according to both topographic and climatological factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change threatens winter tourism in the Alps severely, and ski resorts are struggling to cope under uncertain climate change. We aim to identify under what conditions physical and economic tipping points for ski resorts may occur under changing climate in six Swiss ski resorts representing low, medium, and high elevation in the Alps. We use exploratory modeling (EMA) to assess climate change impacts on ski resorts under a range of futures adaptation options: (1) snowmaking and (2) diversifying the ski resorts' activities throughout the year. High-resolution climate projections (CH2018) were used to represent climate uncertainty. To improve the coverage of the uncertainty space and account for the climate models' intra-annual variability, we produced new climate realizations using resampling techniques. We demonstrate the importance of five factors, namely climate scenarios (RCPs), intra-annual climate variability, snow processes model, and two adaptation options, in ski resorts survival under a wide range of future scenarios. In six ski resorts, strong but highly variable decreases in the future number of days with good snow conditions for skiing (GSD) are projected. However, despite the different characteristics of the resorts, responses are similar and a shrunk of up to 31, 50, and 62 days in skiing season (Dec-April) is projected for the near-future (2020–2050), mid-future (2050–2080), and far-future (2070–2100), respectively. Similarly, in all cases, the number of days with good conditions for snowmaking (GDSM) will reduce up to 30, 50, and 74 days in the skiing season in the near-, mid-, and far-future horizons, respectively. We indicate that all ski resorts will face a reduction of up to 13%, 33%, and 51% of their reference period (1981–2010) revenue from winter skiing activities in the near-, mid-, and far-future horizons. Based on the outcomes of the EMA, we identify Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathways (DAPP) and determine the adaptation options that ski resorts could implement to avoid tipping points in the future. We highlight the advantages of adaptive planning in a first of its kind application of DMDU techniques to winter tourism. We specify the possible adaptation options ranging from "low revenue diversification and moderate snowmaking" to "high revenue diversification and large snowmaking" and demonstrate when an adaptation action fails and a change to a new plan is needed. By the end of the century, we show that only ski resorts with ski lines above 1800–2000 m elevation will survive regardless of the climate scenarios. Our approach to decision-making is highly flexible and can easily be extended to other ski resorts and account for additional adaptation options. • A bottom-up approach is used to investigate climatic and socio-economic conditions that threaten the ski resorts' survival. • Exploratory modeling is used to project skiing season length and the number of days of suitable conditions for snowmaking. • Robust decision-making and dynamic adaptation policy pathways are used to set up adaptation options at ski resorts. • Adaptation options at ski resorts are highly influenced by intra-annual variability of climate models by mid-century. • RCPs and climate change affect adaptation options of ski resorts by the end of the century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Skiing is an important part of Norwegian culture, but as climate change leads to warmer, more variable winters, the ski industry needs to adapt. Despite the growing literature on climate change impacts on ski tourism, adaptation options, particularly beyond snowmaking, barriers and the financial and visitor experience implications remain under-researched. Employing projections for future snow and snowmaking conditions, this paper investigates adaptive capacity among seven Western Norwegian ski resorts. Adaptive capacity is examined in terms of physical situation, technology, economic resources, innovative ability, networks and institutions. We find that smaller resorts make up for poor economic performance by drawing on local community support and by implementing innovative efforts to diversify income. Nonetheless, despite high adaptive capacity with respect to networks, institutions and innovative ability, increased snow production costs will make operations in three low-lying resorts unviable as early as the 2030s, with salient implications for winter tourism patterns, small community economies and future participation in the sport. The results also suggest that studies using snow production model projections that represents physical and technical adaptive capacity only, may be conservative in their estimated impact of future climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work studies the evolution of winter tourism in the main European ski resorts in recent years, exploring the degree of dependency it presents on the gross domestic product gaps of those European countries with the main registered incoming tourists attending to these ski resorts. This study consists of two parts: first, a cyclical behavior analysis of the evolution of winter tourism demand in these regions and its level of external dependence. This is achieved by the application of decomposition techniques of the economic cycle to verify the influence of these variables on the degree of cyclical fluctuation of winter tourism. For the second half, cointegration techniques are applied to test the linear or nonlinear combinations of these variables. This dual analysis allows a wider perspective, considering short- and long-term fluctuations, when analyzing co-movements and dependence of the demand of tourism-based destinations with a proxy variable for the income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have demonstrated the tourism industry to be especially sensitive to weather and climate variability. Snow-related tourism, being largely dependent on climatic resources, is particularly affected by climate change. Our study provides a new index to reflect the climatic suitability of a given destination for snow-related tourism activities, focusing on resorts with usually limited snowfall. The proposed Skiing Utility Index (SUI) is based purely on the weather preferences of skiers, extracted by questionnaires distributed at the Parnassos ski center (Greece). The index incorporates four different weather variables considered to be the most influential for this type of tourism. The ideal temperature for skiing was found to be close to 0 °C, the ideal wind speed between 0–3.3 m/s, the ideal cloud cover between 0–25% and the snowfall duration between 1–2 h, with the latter found to be the most important variable for skiing. For each climatic variable, a mean utility score profile was developed from all respondents. Following, a utility function was fitted via linear regression to the above-mentioned utility score. All four utility functions were aggregated into one total SUI score. When combined with climate projections, the SUI can support the assessment of climate change risks for snow-related tourism destinations.

Winter tourism is a type of tourism that has an important place in national and regional tourism policies due to its characteristics such as higher income compared to other tourism types and contributing to the spread of the tourism season throughout the year. Turkey has the important winter tourism centers such as Uludag, Palandöken, Kartalkaya, Erciyes and Ilgaz. In addition, the number of winter tourism centers operating locally is substantial. One of these local winter tourism centers is located in Ordu province. One of these local winter tourism centers is located in Ordu province. Çambaşı Ski Center, which was opened in 2017, started to host its visitors in the best way. Although Ordu province has an important potential in terms of winter tourism, it does not have enough national and international recognition yet. The aim of this study is to examine how the contributions of winter tourism to Ordu region effect local development. In order to reveal the importance of winter tourism in the Ordu region in terms of local development, data were collected from local authority representatives, university academic staff in the field of tourism, tradesmen and craftsmen, tourism enterprises and winter tourism center employees with the help of an interview form. When the findings obtained in the study are evaluated in general, it is seen that Ordu province has important attractions in terms of winter tourism, but it is not yet well known as a winter tourism destination, especially internationally. The real contribution of winter tourism activities to the development in the region will be possible if more visitors prefer the region. Increasing the demand for winter tourism in the region will only be possible with effective and efficient marketing efforts. In this context, various suggestions have been developed in the study in order for Ordu to get a higher share from winter tourism and create an attraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Many destinations around the world make money out of winter tourism, specifically from skiing activity. However, global warming and climate change force these destinations to consider upon another non-snow related activities in winter or all-year activities. Among these activities, ice holiday tourism, thermal tourism and gastronomy take particular attention. The paper initiates to discuss these activities through various examples in the world in a theoretical manner together with real world reflections. Starting with presentation of previous literature, the paper will consider how different destinations at a global scale are seeking for adaptation to other type of activities in the face of global warming. Then, alternative activities for winter tourism will be presented in detail. Finally, this paper concludes that alternatives are still presents for the destinations suffering from the loss of revenue due to global warming as well as destinations looking for diversifying their activities in order to attract more tourists.

The purpose of the study is to reveal the retrospective nature of winter tourism investigations in social sciences, determine global trends sophisticatedly, and become a potential guide for future researches. In this respect, With the VOSviewer program, 278 studies on winter tourism in the Web of Science (WOS) database between 1988 and 2020 were analyzed bibliometrically. According to the results of the research, it was determined that the most productive countries in winter tourism are Austria, the USA, and Norway respectively and Europe is the leading region in this area. Likewise, it was also concluded that the most co-occurrence keyword is climate change. The paper is limited only to winter tourism studies in the field of Social Sciences between 1988 and 2020 from the WOS database. It is thought that the research will make significant contributions to researchers, local governments, destination policymakers and hotel managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses a time-varying model that provides new evidence on the changing relationship between domestic overnight stays of selected winter sport destinations and natural snow conditions. A Kalman filter method combined with wavelet-based multiresolution analysis (MRA) is employed to investigate the relationships in intervals between 2 and 4 and up to 16–32 months. The model is applied to domestic overnight stays for selected mountain regions in Sweden (Dalarna and Jämtland), Norway (Buskerud, Hedmark, Hordaland and Oppland) and Austria (Salzburg and Tyrol). Results show that the sensitivity of domestic overnight stays on natural snow conditions varies markedly depending on location, time period and frequency band window used in the estimation. The medium-run relation for Tyrol and Salzburg is significantly declining over time, while in Norway and Sweden, the same relationship is generally volatile and not significant at the end of the sample period. In the short run, none of the regions exhibits a link between domestic overnight stays and snow depth fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than half of the ski resorts in North America have closed since the early building booms—many facing a warming climate and pressures to find water to make artificial snow. Researching and documenting all resorts between 1969–2019, we find that 59% of all resorts in North America have closed since the resort boom of the 1960s and 70s (65% in the United States, 31% in Canada). This shift has left some states or provinces with only one or no resorts remaining. To proactively persevere with a variable climate, less water, and a need for more energy to make snow, we suggest mountains holistically plan for sustainability. Recommendations include third party environmental certification, commitment to sustainability at the management level, communication to customers about sustainability practices and implementing unique models for remaining open and competitive. These practices include resort consolidation, multi-mountain passes, and/or unique ownership models. We believe that ski resorts must focus on positive environmental practices, sustainability planning, and climate change adaptation if they want to remain viable and competitive in the coming decades.

The purpose of this study was to analyze how the successful bid for the 2022 Olympic Winter Games (OWG) contributed to the shifts in governance structure and the resulting influence of the new governance structure on the resilience of winter tourism in Zhangjiakou, China. The literature on resilience and governance structure was used as the conceptual framework for this study. Data were collected by document analysis and semistructured interviews with ski resort managers, tourism planners, and government officials, as well as through focus group discussions with local residents. The results indicated that, since the bid, the central government has taken over the role of initiator in the governance structure of winter tourism destination in Zhangjiakou. The corresponding adaptation strategies were more effective in dealing with external forces in the short run. However, these adaptations mainly focused on increasing tourism revenues and preparation for the OWG. They did not necessarily enhance the long-term resilience, as social and ecological sustainability were hardly considered. This study has important implications for leveraging and managing major sport events. To maximize benefits of major sport events, governments and companies not only need to focus on the success of the events but also need to consider local residents' interests and the sustainability of winter tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ardahan Yalnızçam Uğurludağ region has been declared as a Culture and Tourism Conservation and Development Zone and has been found in the winter tourism development corridor due to its natural attraction. This unforgettable region in Turkey's tourism development strategy has not yet achieved the expected momentum and the expected contribution to the regional economy has not been achieved. For this reason, the present situation of the winter sports tourism center, its potential and contribution to the regional economy were discussed with destination stakeholders in this research. In the research, standardized open-ended interview technique was adopted. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the investments in the region have not been completed yet and therefore the stakeholders have some difficulties. It was stated that investments in accommodation, food and beverage, entertainment enterprises and daily facilities should increase especially with the infrastructure investments based on transportation. While it is thought that the increase in these investments will increase the tourist potential, it was emphasized that there is a lack of promotion and marketing. In addition, the participants stated that they expect a wide range of financial support from the state and especially local administrations such as incentive packages, congress organization, project acceptance, and restoration for the development of the destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The components of urban identity are environmental and social identities. Environmental identity is formed by natural features such as geographical structure, climate, and vegetation; as well as artificial features including layout, textures-regions, traces, edges, and focal-sign elements. Moreover, societal identity is formed by socio-cultural, socioeconomic and intangible identity (gastronomy, culture-art-craft, folklore and lifestyle). The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between winter tourism and urban identity components. Research material was established as Erzurum, a city at the foot of the Mount Palandöken, which is a significant center in Turkey for winter tourism. Study, data collection, analysis and synthesis were used as the method of the study. As the result of the study, the effects of the urban identity components of Erzurum on winter tourism were determined. Deficiencies, incompatibilities and prominent features among urban identity components were identified and recommendations were made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]