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Along with the popularity of Olympic Games, evaluating and ranking participating nations has become one of the hottest issues in recent years. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is extensively used for participating nations' performance evaluation, while the prior literature mainly addresses the maximum efficiency by ignoring the weights diversity, which might lead to unreasonable and biased results. By considering the fixed-sum medals constraint, this paper proposes an integrated approach of stochastic multicriteria acceptability analysis (SMAA) and DEA for evaluating the participating nations. The proposed approach addresses the weights diversity and multiple equilibrium efficient frontiers by investigating the overall feasible space, and two strategies are considered to guarantee the fairness concern for calculating the efficiencies. Besides, the proposed approach provides both rank acceptability and holistic acceptability index to obtain the complete ranking from the best to the worst and to get the relative ranking relationship in the overall feasible space. The proposed approach can provide more reasonable performance measurements since it explores different rank positions and improves the whole satisfaction of all participating nations. Finally, the proposed approach is applied to empirically analyze the participating nations in the Winter Olympic Games from 2010 to 2022 and some valuable analytical results are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the legacy of hosting a mega-event through the brand personality of the host nation and mega-event, using a longitudinal approach. Specifically, we investigated how spectator perceptions of the brand personality of South Korea and the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games changed over time - before (T1), during (T2), and after the event (T3). The findings showed that the components of excitement, competence, and ruggedness in South Korea increased during the event (T2), but the traits of excitement and ruggedness were not sustained after the event (T3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To guarantee the blue skies for the 2022 Winter Olympics held in Beijing and Zhangjiakou from February 4 to 20, Beijing and its surrounding areas adopted a series of emission control measures. This provides an opportunity to determine the impacts of large-scale temporary control measures on the air quality in Beijing during this special period. Here, we applied the WRF-CMAQ model to quantify the contributions of emission reduction measures and meteorological conditions. Results show that meteorological conditions in 2022 decreased PM 2.5 in Beijing by 6.9 and 11.8 µg/m3 relative to 2021 under the scenarios with and without emission reductions, respectively. Strict emission reduction measures implemented in Beijing and seven neighboring provinces resulted in an average decrease of 13.0 µg/m3 (-41.2%) in PM 2.5 in Beijing. Over the entire period, local emission reductions contributed more to good air quality in Beijing than nonlocal emission reductions. Under the emission reduction scenario, local, controlled regions, other regions, and boundary conditions contributed 47.7%, 42.0%, 5.3%, and 5.0% to the PM 2.5 concentrations in Beijing, respectively. The results indicate that during the cleaning period with the air masses from the northwest, the abatements of PM 2.5 were mainly caused by local emission reductions. However, during the potential pollution period with the air masses from the east-northeast and west-southwest, the abatements of PM 2.5 were caused by both local and nonlocal emission reductions almost equally. This implies that regional coordinated prevention and control strategies need to be arranged scientifically and rationally when heavy pollution events are forecasted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As sport has become more globalized, there has been an increase in the number of athletes who have changed their nationality to maximize their chances to compete in international competitions. In order to maximize its chances at its home hosted Winter Olympic Games, the Chinese government authorized many foreign-born athletes to gain Chinese citizenship to compete for China. The purpose of the study was to explore how Chinese social media users perceived athlete naturalization of Chinese athletes during the 2022 Beijing Olympic Games. Through sentiment analysis and thematic analysis, results found that Chinese spectators generally had positive emotions toward these naturalized Olympians. Online discussions mainly focused on three topics: expressing their attitudes toward athlete naturalization, questioning the legitimacy of the strategy, and discussing athletes' heritage and cultural identities. This research hopes to broaden our understanding of the sport migrant issue in China, the perceptions of athletes who have naturalized, and the sentiments that Chinese consumers have of naturalized athletes at the Winter Olympic Games that were held in their country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Athletes in the Winter Olympic Games are subject to high injury rates given the physical demands of sports. Comprehensive data regarding injury characteristics in these athletes are limited. Purpose: To summarize and analyze data regarding the incidence and characteristics of sports injuries occurring in the Winter Olympic Games. Study Design: Scoping review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic review of the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases was conducted. Included were studies reporting the incidence of sports injuries during the Winter Olympics Games from 1995 through 2021. From 168 studies initially retrieved, 4 studies (8824 athletes, 1057 injured athletes) were included. A single-group meta-analysis of sports injury characteristics was performed, with subgroup analysis performed according to the different sports, injury locations, and injury types. Injury severity (time lost from sport) and mechanism were also assessed. Result: The overall injury incidence rate (IIR) during the Winter Olympic Games was 9.6% (95% CI, 4.1%-19.8%). Snow sports were associated with the highest IIR (11.3%), with the top 3 events being the snowboard cross event in snowboarding (31.4%), the aerials event in freestyle skiing (28.6%), and the slopestyle event in snowboarding (27.7%). The most common injury locations were the knee (IIR = 20.0%; 95% CI 17.9%-22.0%), head (IIR = 10.6%; 95% CI, 9.4%-11.9%), and ankle (IIR = 8.2%; 95% CI 7.8%-8.7%). The most common injury types were contusion/hematoma/bruise (IIR = 29.9%; 95% CI 29.7%-30.0%), sprain (dislocation, subluxation, instability, ligamentous, rupture) (IIR = 21.9%; 95% CI 21.4%-22.3%), and strain (muscle rupture, tear, tendon rupture) (IIR = 11.3%; 95% CI 11.0%-11.6%). Regarding injury severity, most athletes had no time lost from sport (64.5%); 24.0% lost fewer than 7 days, and 11.5% lost more than 7 days. The most common injury mechanism was noncontact-related injury (63.3%). Conclusion: In Winter Olympics sports, snow-sport injuries were more common than those associated with other sports, and the most common injury location was the knee. Most injuries did not require time loss, and the most were noncontact-related injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the Olympic level, optimally distributing training intensity is crucial for maximizing performance. Purpose: The authors evaluated the effect of training-intensity distribution on anaerobic power as a substitute for 1500-m speed-skating performance in the 4 y leading up to an Olympic gold medal. Methods: During the preparation phase of the speed-skating season, anaerobic power was recorded periodically (n = 15) using the mean power (in watts) with a 30-s Wingate test. For each training session in the 4 wk prior to each Wingate test, the volume (in hours), training type (specific, simulation, nonspecific, and strength training), and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE; CR-10) were recorded. Results: Compared with the 8 lowest, the 7 highest-scoring tests were preceded by a significantly (P <.01) higher volume of strength training. Furthermore, the RPE distribution of the number of nonspecific training sessions was significantly different (P <.01). Significant (P <.05) correlations highlighted that a larger nonspecific training volume in the lower intensities RPE 2 (r =.735) and 3 (r =.592) was associated positively and the medium intensities RPE 4 (r = −.750) and 5 (r = −.579) negatively with Wingate performance. Conclusion: For the subject, the best results were attained with a high volume of strength training and the bulk of nonspecific training at RPE 2 and 3, and specifically not at the adjoining RPE 4 and 5. These findings are surprising given the aerobic nature of training at RPE 2 and 3 and the importance of anaerobic capacity in this middle-distance event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geographical Sciences / Chiri-Kagaku (0286-4886) is the property of Japanese Society for Geographical Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

After an almost continuous growth since 1850, with the First World War, the tourism sector, in Switzerland as elsewhere in the West, faced its first real crisis and had its actors to develop more refined strategies for the first time to "attract" customers and "retain" those who were already there. In this context, it should be noted that the hoteliers of St. Moritz, along with broader tourism networks, took advantage of a unique historical configuration between the two world wars to improve the reputation of the resort and enlarge its offer, both in the winter season with skiing and other disciplines like bobsleigh, but also in the summer season, especially following the opening of traffic to cars in the canton of Graubünden in 1925. In our article, we seek to analyze the involvement of hoteliers in the organization of the 1928 Olympic Games, both to understand the 'local' network behind the organization of a major sporting event and to take an innovative look at the development of tourism in the inter-war period. We based our analysis on municipal archives (political authorities, tourist office, hotel infrastructures, ski club), never really used in historical work on the winter Olympics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) significantly contribute to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5). To ensure good air quality during 2022 Winter Olympic Games (WOG), stringent control measures were implemented in northern China. In this study, comprehensive atmospheric observations were conducted from 2022 January to March in four representative cities to investigate the changes in SNA and their formation mechanism in response to these control measures. The SNA concentrations obviously decreased (29.45%–42.83%) during the control periods in the four cities, but their proportion of PM 2.5 remained relatively stable (>50%). SNA was the key factor driving the decrease and increase in the PM 2.5 concentration during WOG, with nitrate making the most prominent contribution. The formation of SNA was largely dominated by aqueous heterogeneous chemistry instead of gas-phase oxidation. However, the aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) decreased while odd oxygen (O X) increased during the control periods. Such a variation influenced the role of aqueous heterogeneous and gas-phase reactions in SNA formation, with the former's dominant role being replaced by the latter. After the control periods, the aqueous heterogeneous reactions were enhanced again due to the increased ALWC. Among the cities in the study region, SNA formation became more intense from north to south with increased air temperature and relative humidity (RH). Moreover, ISORROPIA-II thermodynamic modelling revealed notable impacts of sulfate, ammonium, and nonvolatile cations (NVCs) on variations in particle acidity throughout WOG. These results provide a more comprehensive understanding of SNA responses to pollution control on a regional scale and insight into future conventional control. • SNA was the key factor driving the decrease and increase of PM 2.5 concentration during different WOG periods. • The southern cities exhibited more intense secondary formation than the northern cities. • Decreasing ALWC and increasing O X shifted SNA formation from aqueous to gas-phase reactions. • Sulfate, ammonium and nonvolatile cations were the main influencing factors for variations in aerosol pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geological background of the No. 1 branch tunnel of the mountainous area integrated pipe gallery of the Winter Olympic Games is complex. In order to scientifically guide the routing and location selection of the No. 1 branch tunnel, the main engineering geological problems of the No. 1 branch tunnel of the integrated pipe gallery were analyzed through the comprehensive survey technology methods of geological mapping, drilling, engineering geophysical prospecting, in-situ test, hydrological test and indoor test. The research show that the fracture of fault zone, water inrush and water gushing, and the stability of surrounding rock are prominent engineering geological problems of No. 1 branch tunnel. On this basis, the geological route selection principle of No. 1 branch tunnel of utility tunnel was determined. Combined with building information modeling(BIM) three-dimensional model, the schemes of north line and south line were compared, and the south line scheme with relatively better geological conditions was determined. This study can provide some reference for the underground engineering in mountainous areas with similar engineering geological conditions or problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Terminology is the property of China Terminology Magazine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Alpine mountain ecosystem shows strong interactions between abiotic and biotic parameters. They also receive high attention from human activities (natural tourism, trekking, skiing, etc.). However, as the potential disturbance risk areas in alpine mountains are increasing, it is necessary to understand the relationship between environmental factors and plant communities. This is also the key consideration for the coming international events such as the Winter Olympic Games, which could generate uncontrolled ecosystem issues not previously studied. The Yin Mountains in Chongli district, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province, China will be the core area of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games. We hypothesize that disturbances will be caused, therefore, the previous relationships between the habitat factors and plant community and the main environmental limiting factors before hosting them must be assessed to design future restoration plans. Therefore, we used the two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and market basket analysis (MBA) for vegetation classification in 91 sampling plots. Plant community and relationships among environmental variables (altitude, slope position, aspect, direction, inclination, soil porosity, soil bulk density, organic matter content and soil pH) were investigated through the trend correspondence (DCA) and canonical correspondence analyses (CCA). Also, the TWINSPAN was used to classify the vegetation into 6 different groups. CCA analysis showed that i) the spatial variation of soil moisture and the content of soil organic matter are the main factors limiting the development of shrub and herb communities; ii) the distribution of different forest communities was mainly affected by terrain factors (altitude, aspect and slope position); iii) the dynamic changes of vegetation communities in different altitudes were affected by the fluctuation of environmental factors and human disturbance, and the shrubs and herbaceous plants in mid-to-high altitude areas (above 1400 m) generally show the process of transformation from the pioneer community to transitional community in the competition. We concluded that under the strong interference of human activities in the core construction area of the Olympic venues, higher damage intensity and lower resilience in the low altitude area is observed compared with the pioneer community. Whereas in the low altitude area (below 1400m) with a fragile ecological environment, although the plant diversity and coverage are poor, the potential impact and damage degree of the Olympic Games are greatly reduced due to the distance from the construction area of the core venues and good resilience. This information can help land managers and policymakers to anticipate human disturbances on plant communities and support guiding the most efficient ecological restoration after the Winter Olympic Games in 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Architectural Journal / Jian Zhu Xue Bao is the property of Architectural Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper contributes to the cultural world city networks (WCNs) study by examining a Winter Olympics Games (WOGs)-based city network with the enhanced intercity connection framework that highlights the role of multiple actors and their mutual influences in formatting WCNs based on international sports events (ISEs). Drawing upon the data of six WOGs from 2002 to 2022, it reveals the variability and instability of the cultural events-based WCNs. The variable WOGs-based WCNs are characterized by the decentralization process in that host cities are non-westernized, network nodes of non-western cities increase and east Asian cities rise. While high-level city connections are relatively stable, low-level city connections are subject to changing. The changing structure of WOGs-based city networks is shaped by the mutual influences of multiple actors including organizing committees, sports federations, corporations and TV medias. They interact in the way that one actor promotes the involvement of other actors in the network formation with the interaction conditioned by the factors of economic development, governmental interventions, geographical constraints, and cultural differences, the promotional influence of actors and the complexity of impact mechanisms has led to the emergence of an unstable network structure. The paper enriches the understanding of diverse WCNs by highlighting the decentralized dynamics in ISEs-based WCNs and the role of the mutual influences between multiple actors in the network evolution. • Propose an improved framework for intercity connections caused by International Sports Events • Identify an enhanced, unstable city network structure with hierarchical differences in connections' stability. • Highlight the role of mutual influences between different actors in formatting world city network based on Olympic Games. • Investigate the complex evolution mechanism of event-based world city networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Environment is the foundation for human survival. Sustainable development is the main direction of social progress and the common choice of human progress. The development of the Winter Olympic Games is closely related to the progress of mankind and society. Therefore, it is particularly important to study the sustainable development of the Winter Olympic Games. Based on this, an Internet-based wireless sensor for Winter Olympic environment information acquisition scheme is proposed. The hardware and sensor modules of the wireless sensor are designed, and the adaptive weighting algorithm is used to fuse several wireless sensor nodes. By testing and analyzing the communication ability of a single wireless sensor node and the error rate under different distance, the data is collected for the environment information of a Winter Olympic sports field. The results of the data collection are very close to the actual environmental parameters. It shows that the wireless sensor network system based on the Internet has strong stability and reliability in data collection. It can provide effective data support for the information management research of sustainable development of Winter Olympic Games.

This study aims to better understand how South Korean sport tourists show their preferences for Winter Olympic travel products. Comparing a series of discrete choice model (DCM) techniques, this study also investigates what attributes comprising PyeongChang Winter Olympic travel products are considered by sport tourists important and how they make trade-offs among those attributes for purchasing an optimal product. Study findings suggest that respondents place distinctive importance on each attribute to yield their greatest amount of utility through jointly considering a set of Olympic travel product attributes. Results also indicate that sport tourists put high willingness-to-pay values for multiple opportunities of attending skating competitions and popular tournaments while they show strong interests in more sightseeing and recreational experiences. Based on different DCM estimation results, several management strategies are presented for developing quality Olympic travel products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to explore the concept of legacy in mega sporting events. More precisely, it examines how one of the smallest cities to host the Olympic Winter Games, Lillehammer in 1994, more than 25 years after the Games, has a rather positive legacy of the investments in sporting facilities, opposite to a majority among the hosts of the Winter Games. The research, which entailed qualitative documentary analysis (e.g. bidding documents, government guarantees, white papers and minutes of meetings in the Parliament, supplemented with interviews), shows how the concept was changed after Lillehammer was awarded the event in 1988. Lillehammer went from an extreme compact Games model to place the venues in five municipalities. Also important was the establishment of government funding to maintain the different arenas. For many hosts of mega/major events, sport facilities end up with a negative legacy because of poor or insufficient planning. Today, the ‘after-use fund’ has been depleted, which is challenging for Lillehammer because several municipalities in the Olympic region are also responsible for the funding. It remains to be seen if the positive legacy will remain positive in the years to come.

The new trends of the integration of competitive sports psychology and emerging technologies were explored, and the research approach and service system of competitive sports psychology in China, guided by the practice and innovation in the Winter Olympic Games service were put forward. Based on the review of the new progress of psychometrics, cognitive neuroscience, wearable devices and neurofeedback technology, the potential promotion of the research and application of competitive sports psychology pushed by the fusion innovation of emerging technology was considered, combined with the application update of the emerging technology in the computer science. The practice of psychological technology service for 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games were explored and the future development was proposed such as: the gradual breakthrough of science orientated by competitive sports service; more complete, fast and in-depth psychometric methods, a dynamic service process including mental feature extraction, competition state prediction and real-time feedback training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was the outcome of one-on-one battles between players in the defensive phase of the game. We conducted an indirect observation of 10 National Hockey League matches and 10 2018 Winter Olympic Games matches, focusing on the frequency of successful one-on-one battles in the defensive phase of the game and how and in which zone they occurred. We recorded each succesful one-on-one battle in the defensive phase of the game, in all three zones of the ice hockey rink. We assumed that there is a statistically significant relationship between the successful one-on-one battles in the defensive phase of the game and the final result of an ice hockey match. We used the Mann- Whitney U-Test to determine a relationship between success in one-on- one battles and the final result of a match and we used the significance test of two relative values to compare the acquired data. To find out the effect size, we calculated Cohen r. We determined the 5% statistical significance level in both statistical tests. The relationship between success at one-on-one battles in the defensive phase of the game and the final result a of match has proven to be statistically significant. We calculated the number of successful one-on-one battles according to methods of stealing the puck and the zones of the ice rink, and confirmed our hypotheses. In the matches of the National Hockey League we observed that there was a higher number of successful one-on-one battles than at the Winter Olympics Games in 2018. Using the information that we obtained, we concluded that it is possible to gain an advantage when creating a training programme by instructing players of each position what is required of them in one-on-one situations during matches, and increasing the amount of training in the one-on-one situation according to player position and zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to explore the concept of legacy in mega sporting events. More precisely, it examines how one of the smallest cities to host the Olympic Winter Games, Lillehammer in 1994, more than 25 years after the Games, has a rather positive legacy of the investments in sporting facilities, opposite to a majority among the hosts of the Winter Games. The research, which entailed qualitative documentary analysis (e.g. bidding documents, government guarantees, propositions and minutes of meetings in the Parliament, supplemented with interviews), shows how the concept was changed after Lillehammer was awarded the event in 1988. Lillehammer went from an extreme compact Games model to place the venues in five municipalities. Also important was the establishment of government funding to maintain the different arenas. For many hosts of mega/major events, sport facilities end up with a negative legacy because of poor or insufficient planning. Today, the 'after-use fund' has been depleted, which is challenging for Lillehammer because several municipalities in the Olympic region are also responsible for the funding. It remains to be seen if the positive legacy will remain positive in the years to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine how coaches differentiate athletes with successful and non-successful development during a cross-country (XC) skiing talent transfer (TT) program. Methods: We conducted qualitative, semi-structured interviews with seven Norwegian coaches working with a group of 23 Chinese summer endurance athletes transferring from running, rowing, and kayaking to the winter endurance sport XC skiing over a six-month training period. The athletes were grouped as either high (n = 9), moderate (n = 3), or low responders (n = 11) based on objective performance development, quantified using laboratory testing. The interview guide contained six sections: physiological development, technical development, psychological characteristics, training and recovery routines, athlete background, and considerations about the effectiveness of TT initiatives in general. Results: The assessments of the coaches revealed that greater development of both physiological and technical capacities among the high-responding TT athletes were associated with higher motivation, as well as superior ability to deal with adversity in the development process. Conclusion: The coaches considered the TT program to be effective; however, successful transfer of athletes to a world class level in a complex sport such as XC skiing requires a multidisciplinary selection process and a longer time frame than the six-month period used in the current project.

Organization of any winter Olympic game, often called as «White Olympics», requires interfacing between sports, technology and glaciology. History of the Olympic winter games and the Norwegian figure skater Sonia Henie, first and the only three-time Olympic champion (1928, 1932, 1936) in ladies figure skating, is presented in the article. Leaving the amateurish sport, Henie became a Hollywood star of the ballet on ice. She was introduced to the inventor Frank Zamboni, who created the ice re-surfacer (the ice-cleaning combine) to restore the ice on skating rinks. Using the combine by Henie during her tours in the United States served to advertise this machine, and the name Zamboni had become a trademark for machines «Zamboni».

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rozprawy Naukowe is the property of Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Capital Institute of Physical Education is the property of Shoudu Tiyu Xueyuan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study is to present the current state of scientific knowledge on the Winter Olympic Games (2000 to present-day) and their urban and tourism-related impacts. To achieve this, a scoping review was performed using established methodology. Of the 1694 English and French peer-reviewed sources identified from 14 different databases, 47 met the specific inclusion criteria and were retained for analysis. Findings were divided into three sections according to our objectives: (1) methodological profiles of the selected articles; (2) urban impacts; (3) tourism-related impacts. First, the reviewed sources – mainly qualitative – generally showed that mega-events such as the Winter Olympic Games are a catalyst for the urban renewal of host cities. However, these urban transformations must be part of a global scenario to ensure long-term viability. Although research shows that the Games represent an opportunity for the development of the tourism industry, the scoping review showed mixed results in terms of tourist flows and the enhancement of the city’s image. The concluding remarks identify the limitations of this study and offer opportunities and areas of research regarding the next Winter Games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]