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6. The Rise and Fall of a Public Debt Market in 16th-Century China : The Story of the Ming Salt Certificate

Author

Wing-kin Puk and Wing-kin Puk

Subjects
Salt industry and trade--Economic aspects--China, Debts, Public--China--History--16th century
Abstract

During the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), the government invited merchants to deliver grain in return for salt certificates with which merchants drew salt as reward. The salt certificate therefore represented a national debt, denominated in salt, the government thereby owed merchants. A speculative market of salt certificates was created in Yangzhou and brought into being powerful financiers in the early 17th century. The government, financially hard pressed, abolished the speculative market of salt certificates by franchising these financiers in return for their hereditary obligation to pay salt certificate surcharge. China was therefore deprived of a possibility to develop a public debt market. This story is a testimony to Fernand Braudel's argument of the'nondevelopment'of Capitalism in China.

Published
2016

7. Conclusion

Author

Wing Kin Puk

Published
2016

9. 3 The Lianghuai Salt Syndicate

Author

Wing-kin Puk

Subjects
Political science, History of China, Economic history, China, Syndicate, Asian studies
Published
2016

10. Glossary and Index

Author

Wing-kin Puk

Subjects
History, Index (economics), Glossary, History of China, Social science, China, Asian studies
Published
2016

14. 1 The Early Ming

Author

Wing-kin Puk

Subjects
History, History of China, Ethnology, China, Asian studies
Published
2016

15. 2 Grain, Salt, and Silver

Author

Wing-kin Puk

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Geography, chemistry, History of China, Salt (chemistry), Ancient history, China, Asian studies
Published
2016

17. Reaching out for the Ladder of Success: 'Outsiders' and the Civil Examination in Late Imperial China

Author

Wing-Kin Puk

Subjects
Social group, Competition (economics), Geography, History of China, Development economics, Gender studies, Social mobility
Abstract

The civil examination was the most important ladder of success in late imperial China; passing the examination and earning a degree was a way to achieve status without being born to it. As might be expected, the examination, or series of examinations, was extremely rigorous, and competition was fierce. While in theory the examination was open to everyone, Ho Ping-Ti’s monumental study showed that in fact it was not the case. During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) 47.5 percent of the jinshi, the highest degree, went to candidates from families where no one, for three preceding generations, had possessed even the most elementary degree. By the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) this percentage had dropped to 19.1 (Ho, 1964: 107–125). The more limited their success rate, the more likely that participants from previously uneducated and marginalized groups were being excluded. In this case, how did marginalized social groups gain access to the ladder of success?

Published
2009

19. Qian Haiyue's History of the Southern Ming and Modern Chinese Historiography.

Author

Wing-kin Puk

Subjects
*HISTORIANS, *HISTORY publishing, *HISTORIOGRAPHY, CHINESE history
Abstract

This paper explores the life and work of Qian Haiyue (1901-1968), a rarely known Chinese historian of the twentieth century. Qian's compilation of the History of the Southern Ming, a grand project that took him four decades to accomplish, virtually fell on deaf ears. It was not until 2006, or almost four decades after his tragic death, that his History of the Southern Ming was formally published. This paper argues that it was personal bad luck, as much as the paradigmic shift from traditional Chinese historiography to modern Chinese historiography, that leads to silence by which Qian and his work were engulfed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009

20. Ethnographic introduction

Author

Lagerwey, John, Centre de recherche sur les civilisations de l'Asie Orientale (CRCAO), Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Wing-kin Puk, Xinding Bi, Lagerwey, John, Lingquan Ke, École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Collège de France (CdF)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Zhenzhong Wang, École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Ji Xu

Subjects
[SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, East Asia, Chine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Asie Orientale, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2013

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