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The article discusses the methods of protecting historic windmills and recognising them as valuable objects of industrial heritage. Therefore, examples of attempts to restore windmills as working mills after 2010 are discussed. Translocation combined with comprehensive renovation can be an effective and desirable method of conservation for historic windmills with a wooden structure, as it enables the restitution of these facilities as operating mills. However, one should be aware of the risks associated with this type of activity: primarily the risk of losing the historic, original substance of the mill and changing its landscape context. An important problem is the safety of the dynamic exhibition and the lack of professionals – millers specialised in the field of drive mills, who would be able to not only set up the technological process but also maintain the machines included in it on an ongoing basis. The following part of the article discusses 12 examples of attempts to restart historic windmills. These examples are divided into two categories of objects: windmills with an alternative, modern electric drive; windmills with the ability to work using only wind power. The analysed examples of windmill conservation and reactivation provide the basis for formulating lessons for future projects in Poland and abroad.

In 2011, Beeler and Hoilman generalized the game of peg solitaire to arbitrary connected graphs. Since then peg solitaire and related games have been considered on many graph classes. One of the main goals is the characterization of solvable graphs. To this end, different graph operations, such as joins and Cartesian products, have been considered in the past. In this article, we continue this venue of research by investigating line graphs. Instead of playing peg solitaire on the line graph L(G) of a graph G, we introduce a related game called stick solitaire and play it on G. This game is examined on several well-known graph classes, for example complete graphs and windmills. In particular, we prove that most of them are stick-solvable. We also present a family of graphs which contains unsolvable graphs in stick solitaire. Naturally, the fool's stick solitaire number is an object of interest, which we compute for the previously considered graph classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the methods of protecting historic windmills and recognising them as valuable objects of industrial heritage. Therefore, examples of attempts to restore windmills as working mills after 2010 are discussed. Translocation combined with comprehensive renovation can be an effective and desirable method of conservation for historic windmills with a wooden structure, as it enables the restitution of these facilities as operating mills. However, one should be aware of the risks associated with this type of activity: primarily the risk of losing the historic, original substance of the mill and changing its landscape context. An important problem is the safety of the dynamic exhibition and the lack of professionals - millers specialised in the field of drive mills, who would be able to not only set up the technological process but also maintain the machines included in it on an ongoing basis. The following part of the article discusses 12 examples of attempts to restart historic windmills. These examples are divided into two categories of objects: windmills with an alternative, modern electric drive; windmills with the ability to work using only wind power. The analysed examples of windmill conservation and reactivation provide the basis for formulating lessons for future projects in Poland and abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the emulation technique for wind turbines using two types of motor, servo motor, and induction motor. The focus is on simulating the work process of wind turbines at multi-wind velocity to test the capacity and efficiency of generating three-phase electricity. The wind turbine emulator was created by using a program and mechanical parts. The goal of this emulator is to check the efficiency of wind turbine blades at different wind speeds and to test the accuracy of the simulation method by using a different motor. The first emulator uses a 400-Watt synchronous generator from a wind turbine connected to a 400-Watt servo motor controlled by a servo amplifier. The second emulator uses a 400-Watt synchronous generator from a similar wind turbine connected to a 400-watt induction motor installed with an encoder controlled by an inverter. Motor torque is calculated by using mathematic equations from the LabVIEW program, and the data of the wind turbine blade is simulated by using the ANSYS program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Vineyard Wind offshore wind farm is going to be about 15 nautical miles out to sea from Martha's Vineyard. Especially when going from the five windmills of that experimental offshore wind farm of Block Island to the 62 of Vineyard Wind - and another 130 windmills they're planning for Vineyard Wind South. That's because these are the ones that are most economically viable right now, which is why you see fixed-bottom offshore wind turbines in the proposals for every offshore windfarm lease area. They have expertise in the actual equipment, understanding how to make an offshore wind farm happen, what surveys and observations you need to make beforehand.... But then you add the nuances of the ocean environment that we have, the continental shelf, the boulders, and the shallowness of the waters. [Extracted from the article]

The Industry 4.0 has focus on connected devices and machines. It needs a number of sensors connected with each other and transfer of the information. Most of the sensors and sensor nodes require low power. In remote areas, where the power is limited, self-powered devices are more useful. Wind is available everywhere but the wind speed varies from place to place. Windmills are being used to generate electric power from the wind, however, is restricted due to large size and high cost. In this paper, it is proposed to develop a magnetic excited rotary harvester to harvest power at low wind speed. This can solve one of the major problems of frequent replacement of the battery in remote devices required for sensor and sensor nodes. To convert the rotation of the windmill to electric power, the rotation energy is converted to vibrating motion of a piezoelectric cantilever beam. The vibrations in the beam are generated with the help of interaction of magnetic field on the stator and blade mounted on the rotating shaft. The vibrations are then converted to electric charge due to the property of the piezoelectric material. An analytical model is developed and the results are compared with experiments. It is observed that at minimum wind speed of 2 m/s the estimated power is 1.06 mW while at a normal wind speed of 5 m/s power is calculated as 2.21 mW from the device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Builder (1896-0642) is the property of PWB MEDIA Zdzieblowski sp.j. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wind energy has been used by humans for thousands of years. Yet, the relatively low economic cost and availability of fossil fuels upstaged the use of wind power. Fossil fuel resources are not renewable and will decline until exhaustion in the future. At the same time, humans have become aware of the adverse effects on the environment caused by reliance on fossil fuel energy. Wind, on the other hand, is a renewable energy source with minimal adverse environmental impacts that does not involve greenhouse gas emissions. Agricultural irrigation systems use fossil fuel energy resources in various forms. Groundwater withdrawal is central to supplying agricultural water demand in arid and semi-arid regions. Such withdrawal is mostly based on water extraction with pumps powered by diesel, gasoline, or electricity (which is commonly produced by fossil fuels). This paper coupled the non-sorted genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) as the optimization tool to the mathematical formulation of the wind-powered groundwater production problem to determine the potential of wind energy for groundwater withdrawal in an arid area. The optimal safe yield and the optimal size of regulation reservoir are determined considering two objectives: (1) maximizing total extraction of groundwater and (2) minimizing the cost of reservoir construction. The safe yield and the two objectives are optimized for periods lasting 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 months over a 1-year planning horizon. This paper's methodology is evaluated with groundwater and wind-power data pertinent to Eghlid, Iran. The optimal safe yield increases by increasing the period length. Specifically, increasing the period length from 1 to 6 months increases the safe yield from 12 to 29 m3. Application of the proposed NSGA-II-based optimization of groundwater production identifies the best design and operational variables with computational efficiency and accuracy.

Windmills constitute a valuable part of cultural heritage, especially in Greece, as unique structures of popular architecture and know-how of the pre-industrial era. Their wooden mechanisms were of exceptional constructional ingenuity, with the Mediterranean ones bearing a vertical wing and a rotating roof ("trula"), with a manual torsion mechanism that allowed for operation in all wind directions. Sikinos is a small Aegean island characterized by rich landscapes, which do not have wood-producing forests, but only sparse Juniperus phoenicea shrub land mixed with evergreen hardwood species and the presence of numerous sclerophyllus vegetation species (maquis). Three abandoned windmills are still preserved on the island today, but only two of them appear to have their wooden mechanisms left. In the one windmill mechanism examined, it was found that different wood species were used to manufacture its individual parts. Oak wood was used in most of the large elements, with the exception of the sprattle beam ("zigos"), which is made of fir wood. The local juniper was not used in any crucial part of the mechanism, though it was used only as a structural material on the first floor ("anogio") flooring, along with large-diameter olive trunks. The findings of this study highlighted the thorough knowledge of the properties of various wood species and the effective use of simple tools toward the construction of functional and effective windmill mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Builder (1896-0642) is the property of PWB MEDIA Zdzieblowski sp.j. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Softball is the third most popular women's collegiate sport in the United States, with 19,680 total athletes as of the 2015–2016 season. Despite its popularity and growth in recent years, research focusing on the biomechanics of the windmill pitch and its associated shoulder injuries is relatively scarce. The incidence of shoulder injury is highest during the preseason and the beginning of the regular season. The windmill pitch can be divided into distinct phases, with the shoulder experiencing the greatest force during the delivery phase. Significant demands placed on the shoulder during the windmill pitch put pitchers at a higher risk of developing shoulder injuries than position players. Maximum shoulder compression/distraction forces during the windmill pitch have been shown to be comparable to those experienced during the baseball overhand throw, dispelling the myth that the windmill pitch is not taxing on the shoulder. Injuries associated with the high compression/distraction forces include lesions to the rotator cuff, glenoid labrum, and biceps brachii. Pitcher-specific training, cross-training, and whole-body conditioning should be incorporated into current training regimens to decrease the risk of shoulder injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Builder (1896-0642) is the property of PWB MEDIA Zdzieblowski sp.j. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2011, Beeler and Hoilman generalized the game of peg solitaire to arbitrary connected graphs. Since then peg solitaire has been considered on quite a few classes of graphs. Beeler and Gray introduced the natural idea of adding edges to make an unsolvable graph solvable. Recently, the graph invariant ms(G), which is the minimal number of additional edges needed to make G solvable, has been introduced and investigated on banana trees by the authors. In this article, we determine ms(G) for several families of unsolvable graphs. Furthermore, we provide some general results for this number of Hamiltonian graphs and graphs obtained via binary graph operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we present the dataset of mills from 1880 and 1920s–1930s in the area of the former Galicia (78,500 km2), now in Ukraine and Poland. The data was obtained as a result of manual vectorisation from 162 map sheets at scales of 1:115,200 and 1:100,000, according to the map legends. We found 4022 mill locations for 1880 and 3588 for the 1920s–1930s. We present them as vector points in shapefile, GML, GeoJSON, KML formats with attributes for seven types of mills for 1880 and ten types of mills for 1920s–1930s, and mills counted in a 10 km grid.The data can be used in economic, demographic and environmental reconstructions, e.g. to estimate historical anthropopressure related to settlement, agriculture and forestry. Mills are often associated with river structures such as floodgates, dams, and millraces and therefore they are a good example of human interference in river ecosystems. They can also be one criteria for identifying areas where the local population used traditional environmental knowledge. It can be useful for a contemporary assessment of the environment's suitability for devices using renewable energy sources. Finally, the data on the remains of former mills is suitable for the protection of cultural heritage sites that are technical monuments related to traditional food processing and industry.

An assessment of the wind potential in the western sector of Russia's arctic zone is given, which testifies that there is high wind intensity in the Barents Sea and White Sea coastal regions. According to the meteorological stations data, the annual average wind velocities in this zone are in the range from 5 to 8 m/s at a height of around 10 m, which is an obvious prerequisite for using windmills in the power and heat-supply systems of remotely located consumers in the north. Another important prerequisite is that there is a winter maximum of wind intensity, which coincides with the winter maximum of energy demand for space heating needs. This helps incorporate the wind energy into the space heating load schedule, decrease the heating boiler house operation time, and achieve essential fuel saving. Based on the results from synchronous observations of the outdoor air temperature and wind velocity in the Kola Peninsula's northern coast, which determine the heat consumption amounts, the annual heating load schedule of coastal consumers is considered, and the possible participation of a boiler house and windmills in covering this schedule is shown. Based on the study results, it has been evaluated whether it is feasible to supplement the heat-supply scheme with heat accumulators that can store energy surpluses in the strong wind periods and then produce them, in the periods of low wind power, for covering the heating load schedule, as necessary. The incorporation of heat accumulators makes it possible to utilize the wind energy to a fuller extent, to minimize its idle rejections, decrease the boiler house operation time, and achieve lower fuel consumption and operation costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater aquifers are key sources of water in arid and semiarid regions. Fossil fuels are commonly used to power water-well pumps. The adverse effects of greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use have led to the search for alternative clean energy sources to extract groundwater. A key factor in assessing the viability of wind energy use in groundwater extraction is the safe yield of groundwater production that can be derived by using windmills to power water wells. This paper presents and tests simulation and optimization models developed to estimate the safe yield of groundwater production derivable from the joint application of wind energy to water extraction and water storage for irrigation.

Copyright of Al Malweah for Archaeological & Historical Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current day customary windmills have numerous downsides. My paper proposes a choice to conquer the downsides. These options are FLYING WINDMILLS. The breeze Is a lot steadier at heights, so you settle the score more preferred position over ordinary windmills In this NEW GENERATION WINDMILLS. Flying windmills have points of interest over their l and-based partners which Is in light of elements, for example, shapes of the l and day by day warming and cooling designs, frequently face possibly Inadequate wind or fierce breezes, requiring costly plans. No such Impediments happen In the jet stream, where air moves close continually and at a few times the speed that It does at 100 feet off the ground, permitting considerably more energy to be caught from each square meter of wind. Flying windmills are significantly more favorable as It has impromptu age: gadgets with a sensibly basic tie framework don't need to be forever introduced In one spot. They could be shipped out to any location that required them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]