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Decarbonizing the building sector is crucial for mitigating climate change, reducing carbon emissions, and achieving an energy production–consumption balance. This research aims to identify key design principles and strategies to enhance energy savings and analyze the integration potential of renewable energy sources (RES) such as solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass, providing in-depth technical exploration and evaluating current building developments. Moreover, the study also examines recent developments, explicitly focusing on integrating hybrid renewable energy systems, energy storage solutions, and AI-based technological innovations. Through comprehensive analysis and critical evaluation, this research provides valuable insights and practical recommendations for achieving building sustainability and advancing the transition towards a low-carbon built environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power systems are expanding comprehensively with the increase in load demand from both residential and industrial usage. Renewable energy is penetrating the power system to satisfy the power needs of the load demand. With its potential to generate power and compensate for a large portion of the load demand, wind generators make a major renewable power contribution. Power oscillations inherent in wind generator integration with the grid are a power quality issue to be addressed. Oscillation damping using flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices is a relevant solution for the power quality issue. There are multiple reasons for power oscillation. Mainly, power systems encounter fault conditions. The faults can be cleared, and the power system tries to retain stability. Sometimes, the system fails due to a longer settling time. A series-connected FACTS device utilized as a series compensator is referred to as a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC). Controlling the flow of electricity over a transmission line using this method is incredibly efficient. The capacity to switch between a capacitive and an inductive reactance characteristic is necessary. The SSSC regulates the flow of power in transmission lines to which it is linked by adjusting both the magnitude of the injected voltage and the phase angle of the injected voltage in series with the transmission line. This allows the SSSC to manage the power flow in the transmission lines. It does it by inserting a voltage that can be controlled into a transmission line in series with the fundamental frequency. This paper develops the optimally tuned SSSC in the wind-integrated grid system to dampen the oscillation. Teacher–learner-based optimization (TLBO) and gray wolf optimization (GWO) algorithms are used to tune the PI controller to improve the damping response. The obtained results show that the damping performance of the proposed controller is better than that of the other traditional controllers.

Europe's offshore wind capacity is increasing rapidly, with larger turbines installed further from shore. TenneT proposed an innovative concept, the North Sea Wind Power Hub, in which several farms are connected to an artificial island which has interconnection to surrounding countries. This aims to reduce overall costs, but studies have so far evaluated hypothetical designs rather than the specific system operators’ proposal, and focused primarily on construction costs rather than ongoing system-wide impacts. Here we develop a bottom-up capital cost estimate to compare the Power Hub with conventional point-to-point connection for offshore wind farms. We quantify its consequential impacts on regional electricity prices, the value of wind generation, fossil fuel generation and carbon emissions in 2030 using a pan-European electricity market model. We find that the Power Hub is cheaper if more than 10 GW of wind is built, as the avoided cost of multiple converter platforms offsets the cost of building an artificial island. It has profound impacts on electricity markets across Europe, especially in Britain and Ireland if they gain more interconnection to continental Europe. This impacts the economic viability of wind and gas power stations particularly, and saves 10Mt CO2 per year through reduced curtailment.

Power generation using wind has been extensively utilised, with substantial capacity add-on worldwide, during recent decades. The wind power energy sector is growing, and has turned into a great source of renewable power production. In the past decades of the 21st century, the capacity of installed wind energy has almost doubled every three years. This review paper presents the crucial facets and advancement strategies that were approved and adopted by the Government of India for intensifying the country's own power safety, by the appropriate use of existing power sources. From India's viewpoint, wind energy is not only utilized for power production but also to provide power in a more economical way. The particulars of India's total energy production, contributions of numerous renewable sources and their demand are also encompassed in this paper. After an exhaustive review of the literature, detailed facts have been identified about the present position of wind energy, with an emphasis on government achievements, targets, initiatives, and various strategic advances in the wind power sector. Wind power potential is discussed, which can assist renewable power companies to select efficient and productive locations. All analyses carried out in this paper will be incredibly valuable to future renewable energy investors and researchers. The current scenario of wind power production in India is also paralleled with that of other globally prominent countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a statistical steady-state stability analysis for transmission system planning studies in order to identify operational issues inherent in the integration of offshore wind power plants. It includes normal and contingency operation. This study considers the integration of a 1000-MW offshore wind power plant into the FirstEnergy/PJM service territory in the U.S. Great Lakes region as a case study and uses a realistic computer model of the U.S. Eastern Interconnection, a 63,000-bus test system. The results show the utility of this statistical analysis tool and its effectiveness in identification of the operational impacts as a result of the integration of offshore wind power plant.

A spatial and temporal analysis of wind power generation characteristics was conducted in order to determine the implications of intermittent wind generation dynamics on the profile of the electric loads that must be balanced by dispatchable electrical generators on the electric grid. A parametric analysis was conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of the typical magnitudes of wind power fluctuations on different timescales, power variation range, typical daily and seasonal wind profiles to wind farm size and regional distribution. A methodology to evaluate wind dynamics based on power spectral density analyses have been developed. Results indicate that increasing the size of a local wind farm significantly reduced the magnitude of wind power fluctuations on timescales faster than 12 h, with the largest reductions occurring at the fastest timescales. Additional reductions in power fluctuations can be achieved with the implementation of local and regional distribution of wind turbines in disperse high wind areas. In these cases, it was discovered that the timescale band within which the largest reductions in power fluctuations occurred was dependent on regional geographic features, and did not necessarily correspond to the fastest timescales. In addition, it was also discovered that the aggregation of wind power from different regions could produce a more uniform frequency distribution of power fluctuation reductions. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

As China expands the renewable share in its power system, coal power is regulated to balance load by adjusting output to meet system demand at all times. In 2016, the Chinese government required existing coal fleets to conduct flexibility retrofits to accommodate more renewable power. We conduct this study to evaluate how coal power retrofits could affect wind integration and emissions at a system level. By constructing a balancing model that respects China's unique quota-based dispatch rules, we use real data from provincial dispatch center of Jilin Province to compare wind power integration and system emissions before and after coal power retrofits. We find that coal power retrofits can significantly reduce wind curtailment from 31 to 7% in our base simulation model. However, emission reductions achieved from coal power retrofits are subject to diminishing marginal returns. We suggest policy efforts to proceed with the strategy of coal power retrofits but carefully evaluate both economic and environmental costs associated with different technologies to reduce pollution and implement from the least expensive ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Flexibility in plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging can reduce the ancillary cost effects of wind variability and uncertainty on electric power systems. In this paper, we study these benefits of PEV charging, demonstrating that controlled PEV charging can reduce costs associated with wind uncertainty and variability. Interestingly, we show that the system does not require complete control of PEV-charging loads to mitigate the negative cost impacts of wind variability and uncertainty. Rather, PEV owners giving the system a two-hour window of flexibility in which to recharge their vehicles provides much of the benefits that giving full charging control does.

This paper presents a new mathematical model to design a fast charging facility (FCF) with distributed energy resources (DERs) to provide flexibility services in wind integrated power grids. Two different ownership structures of the FCF and wind generation facility (WGF) are considered. The DER options considered for FCF design are solar photovoltaic (PV) units and battery energy storage systems. The effects of wind power uncertainty on power system operations are mitigated through the designed FCF with DERs via the upward and downward flexibility provisions. Monte Carlo simulations are used to simulate the uncertainties in PV and wind generation, and market price. Studies considering an 18 MW WGF and the National Household Travel Survey 2009 data are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the flexibility provisions from the proposed design of FCF with DERs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new evolutionary hybrid algorithm (HA) has been proposed in this work for environmental optimal power flow (EOPF) problem. The EOPF problem has been formulated in a nonlinear constrained multi objective optimization framework. Considering the intermittency of available wind power a cost model of the wind and thermal generation system is developed. Suitably formed objective function considering the operational cost, cost of emission, real power loss and cost of installation of FACTS devices for maintaining a stable voltage in the system has been optimized with HA and compared with particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSOA) to prove its effectiveness. All the simulations are carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment taking IEEE30 bus as the test system.

As a result of the increased integration of power converter-connected variable speed wind generators (VSWG), which do not provide rotational inertia, concerns about the frequency stability of interconnected power systems permanently arise. If the inertia of a power system is insufficient, wind power plants’ participation in the inertial response should be required. A trendy solution for the frequency stability improvement in low inertia systems is based on utilizing so-called “synthetic” or “virtual” inertia from modern VSWG. This paper presents a control scheme for the virtual inertia response of wind power plants based on the center of inertia (COI) frequency of a control area. The PSS/E user written wind inertial controller based on COI frequency is developed using FORTRAN. The efficiency of the controller is tested and applied to the real interconnected power system of Southeast Europe. The performed simulations show certain conceptual advantages of the proposed controller in comparison to traditional schemes that use the local frequency to trigger the wind inertial response. The frequency response metrics, COI frequency calculation and graphical plots are obtained using Python.

In the coming years the geographical distribution of wind farms in Great Britain is expected to change significantly. Following the development of the “round 3” wind zones (circa 2025), most of the installed capacity will be located in large offshore wind farms. However, the impact of this change in wind-farm distribution on the characteristics of national wind generation is largely unknown. This study uses a 34-year reanalysis dataset (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) from National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (NASA-GMAO)) to produce a synthetic hourly time series of GB-aggregated wind generation based on: (1) the “current” wind farm distribution; and (2) a “future” wind farm distribution scenario. The derived data are used to estimate a climatology of extreme wind power events in Great Britain for each wind farm distribution. The impact of the changing wind farm distribution on the wind-power statistics is significant. The annual mean capacity factor increased from 32.7% for the current wind farm distribution to 39.7% for the future distribution. In addition, there are fewer periods of prolonged low generation and more periods of prolonged high generation. Finally, the frequency and magnitude of ramping in the nationally aggregated capacity factor remains largely unchanged. However, due to the increased capacity of the future distribution, in terms of power output, the magnitude of the ramping increases by a factor of 5.