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Buoyant Energy is a new approach to store electrical energy offshore and decentralized, based on the well-established technologies of pumped-storage hydropower. This paper focuses on the basic concept and deals with some key features this new storage solution provides. Subsequently to the explanation of the main functionality of the storage concept other important parameters like the efficiency (more than 80% are estimated), the storage capacity (approximately 1 MWh for a solution with the dimensions of 50 × 50 × 38 m) and the high adaptability that provides numerous possible locations are discussed. This is followed by a basic cost assessment which demonstrates the economic feasibility for three different scenarios. The results indicate, that the break-even point is reached between 5 and 30 years but in each case within the proposed lifetime of 50 years and more. The final case study evaluates the effects of integrating deep offshore wind power balanced by integrated Buoyant Energy units. The rising flexibility of the overall system and the direct conversion of the intermittent to a constant power source over a pre-determined period are some benefits as shown in the results.

This paper presents the offshore wind resource assessment and an offshore wind power plant optimization in the Gulf of Thailand (GoT). The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) atmospheric model, along with the NCEP/NCAR R2 reanalysis climatic database, are applied to create wind resource maps at 80 m, 100 m, and 120 m above mean sea level (amsl) in order to identify the potential surface areas for the development of offshore wind power plants. The predicted wind speeds are validated using observed wind speeds obtained from 13 met masts installed along the coastline of the GoT. Results show that the average annual mean wind speeds reach the range of 5.5–6.5 m/s in specific areas of the Bay of Bangkok, situated in the northern part of the GoT. Based on the results of the wind resource assessment and using computational fluid dynamics microscale wind flow modelings, a wind power plant optimization is performed. The technical power potential and a priority zoning for offshore wind power development is performed using wind turbine generators of 3.3–8.0 MW capacity. Depending on the wind turbine generator selected, it is found that 642–924 MW of capacity could be installed in the short-term planning; 2658 to 3825 MW of additional capacity could be added in the medium-term planning, and 2864 to 4120 MW of additional capacity in the long-term planning. These wind power plants would have an annual energy production in the order of 5.6–8 PWh in the short-term, an additional 23 to 33 PWh in the medium-term, and an additional 25 to 36 PWh in the long-term, thus avoiding CO2eq emissions in the order of 3–4.5 million tons CO2eq per year in the short-term, 13 to 18 million tons in the medium-term, and 14 to 20 million tons in the long-term. In total, depending on the wind turbine generator selected, wind power plants in the GoT could have a total installed capacity of 6000 to over 8000 MW, would generate between 50 and 75 PWh of energy per year, while avoiding emissions of 30–40 million tons CO2eq per year.

The Naturstromspeicher in Gaildorf is a natural energy storage plant, combining a pumped storage hydro-electric power station with a wind farm. The pilot project, in a rural district of Baden-Wurttemberg in the south of Germany, uses pumps from an international technology group and is the first of its kind in the world.

Due to the global concern on the increasing amount of fossil energy consumed by traditional ships, the application of renewable energy into a ship power system provides a new solution to improve the energy efficiency and to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. This study proposes a stand-alone power system on a large oil tanker including wind generation system, photovoltaic generation system, the diesel generator, and the energy storage system (ESS). Unlike on land, the wind generation on the shipboard not only relies on the natural wind speed but also the ship's course and speed. The installation of the wind turbines on the board is optimally designed, which takes the relative speed into account. In order to mitigate the intermittence of the renewable energy generation, a lead–acid battery serves as the ESS to enhance the stability of the ship power system, and the size is optimized by the multi-objective particle swarm optimization to minimize the whole system cost and CO2 emissions. Additionall...

The paper presents a research on a green power supply system (producing no carbon dioxide and other harmful emissions) in the area of Baikal Lake, for the maximum loads of 10 kW and 100 kW. The system includes photovoltaic converters, wind turbines, batteries for electric energy storage and a system for hydrogen production, storage and energy use. Calculations based on the optimization mathematical model demonstrated the efficiency of the combined use of wind and solar energy in the considered areas, as well as the simultaneous storage of electric energy and hydrogen. The electric energy storage is most efficient for short-term time intervals whereas an increase in the duration of continuous energy “standstills” up to several days makes the storage of hydrogen more cost-effective.

The optimum configurations of photovoltaic-micro wind hybrid power systems with battery storage are determined for 12 low windy locations in the Indian western Himalayas which will provide inputs to formulate a policy for the renewable energy based hybrid systems in the region. The objective is to utilize the available wind resource to supplement the solar resource for improving reliability and minimizing energy storage requirements of hybrid systems. In the analysis 7 micro turbines ranging from 1 kWp to 5 kWp are considered. The solar and wind resource assessment of the region shows good solar resource of 4.11–5.24 kWh/m2/day but low wind resource with wind speeds ranging from 2 to 3.6 m/s. However, wind speeds more than 5 m/s are also available for about 1000 h annually indicating potential for small wind power generation. The feasibility analysis is carried out for 12 locations using measured data for one location and NASA satellite data for other 11 locations. A 1 kWp micro-wind turbine with cut in speed of 2 m/s is found to generate maximum energy annually for these locations for a typical load. The methodology can be used for identifying optimum micro-wind PV hybrid systems for low wind locations worldwide.

The search for renewable energy sources is becoming something of great importance in the face of conventional energy sources. Clean and renewable production systems is gaining incentive to search for pieces of institutions and the government, especially the sources like the sun and the wind. There are plenty of both sources throughout the Brazilian territory and its use becomes interesting to isolated regions due to lack of network installation that enables access to electricity. This study investigates the production of energy from a hybrid system composed of photovoltaic panels and a wind turbine. These systems are adequate to meet the energy needs of isolated areas due to the high cost of electrification places with low demand and difficult to access. The project was developed at the Center of Alternative Energy and Renewable - NEAR Rural Energizing Laboratory of the Department of UNESP Rural Engineering, Faculty Agricultural Sciences, Lageado Experimental Farm, located in Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil, which was used three photovoltaic I-100 Isofoton with nominal power of 100Wp each, for a total installed 300Wp and a wind turbine AIR X-rural model SOUTHWEST WINDPOWER with nominal power of 400 W, which was obtained for a year energy production data using this system. In general, energy production ranged from 34.8 to 209 watts hybrid photovoltaic system and the wind. It was possible to observe the complementary mode of energy production systems analyzed, since the photovoltaic panels have higher yield during the day, while the wind turbine has energy production at night.

Today, electric power generated from renewable energy sources accounts for a large share of the Chinese power system. By the end of 2015, the total wind power installed capacity had reached 129 GW , ranking wind as the second largest power source following thermal power in some regions of China.

This paper summarizes the control design work that was performed to optimize the controller of a wind turbine on the WindFloat structure. The WindFloat is a semi-submersible floating platform designed to be a support structure for a multi-megawatt power-generating wind turbine. A controller developed for a bottom-fixed wind turbine configuration was modified for use when the turbine is mounted on the WindFloat platform. This results in an efficient platform heel resonance mitigation scheme. In addition several control modules, designed with a coupled linear model, were added to the fixed-bottom baseline controller. The approach was tested in a fully coupled nonlinear aero-hydroelastic simulation tool in which wind and wave disturbances were modeled. This testing yielded significant improvements in platform global performance and tower-base-bending loading.

Wind energy is boundless renewable energy which can be tapped continuously. It is clean and free energy in comparison with conventional fossil fuels. However, the high stochastic nature of the wind could affect the power quality of a grid system fed from a wind turbine system. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is a mature energy storage technology for handling wind fluctuation problems such that the generated energy could be supplied to the grid without affecting grid performance. This paper proposes a parallel connection of the CAES with a wind turbine to provide a continuous supply to the grid system with reduced wind power input fluctuations. Analysis was carried out using MATLAB Simulink to study the effectiveness of the parallel CAES system with changes in wind speed. The results were focussed on the grid's voltage and active power. The results showed that the proposed parallel CAES system was able to smooth out wind power fluctuations and able to provide continuous power supply to the grid system with lower power consumption during the CAES compression process when compared to the series CAES system.

In recent years more attention has been paid to renewable and clean sources of energy like wind. Due to the uncertainties related to wind turbines, issues of energy storage are significant. One of the most appropriate methods of energy storage is the production of hydrogen. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the capability of wind energy for producing hydrogen in the south eastern province of Sistan & Baluchestan in Iran. This paper analyzes four different wind turbines with a capacity of 300–900 kW in five locations, in Dalgan, Lutak, Mil-Nader, Nosratabad and Zahedan. In this study, two approaches were used; the actual average wind turbine power and the Weibull. It was found that EWT Directwind 500/54 provides the best capacity factor among all examined turbines with the highest value of 50.77% for the station at Lutak. Additionally, the highest energy production was from the AWE 52-900 wind turbine with an annual production of 2462.5 MWh. A wind-hydro system consisting of a power controller, a high efficiency rectifier, and an alkaline electrolyzer was considered. The proposed conversion system resulted in a linear relationship between generated wind turbine energy and the amount of hydrogen produced. Therefore, the highest amount of yearly hydrogen production (39.82 ton-H 2 ) is related to the largest examined wind turbine, installed in the station at Lutak.

Reaching 20/20/20 aim in Latvia without additional integration of renewable resources into electrical grid is impossible. According to energy plans installed wind power basis in Baltics will be 1566 MW. However introducing such amount of wind energy in grid is not possible without serious rearrangement in power transmission and distribution system, since wind power brings certain level of vulnerability into electrical grid due to its stochastic nature. Thus it is important to analyze possibilities of electrical grid management, especially large energy storage systems that could deal with large fluctuations in electrical system caused by wind power plants. The methodology is based on screening approach. This publication compares already available resources in Latvia which, through adaption could be used for grid management. Selected technologies are power-to-gas (P2G), due to existing gas infrastructure and storage capacities, and pumped hydro storage (PHS), due to large hydropower stations on river Daugava.

The paper is devoted to offshore wind and wave power plants as an alternative to fossil hydrocarbon power engineering. It reports classifications and an analytical survey of the state-of-the-art of main types of offshore wind and wave turbines. The features of horizontal and vertical axes turbines constructions are described. Comparison of these two types of turbines has revealed the vertical axes design advantage since their height is two to three times less and its stability, accordingly, is higher. This allows expensive concrete tower constructions to be avoided and floating pontoons to be used, which is especially important for deep-water areas. The advantages of a two-contour wind turbine consisting of a fixed stator and a rotor directly connected with an electrical generator are highlighted. Due to the special “soaring in air” block construction of the turbine, the pressure on the seabed foundation is considerably reduced, allowing all the supporting structure for a floating pontoon to be replaced. The designs of wave turbines with direct and indirect operation are considered as well, the principles of harnessing marine wave energy are discussed and industrial prototypes of power plants of foreign firms are presented. With the help of analytical expressions, the evaluation of power performances is executed and a comparison of the power density criterion of wave energy with other kinds of renewable energy is indicated. It appears that the energy density of sea waves is an order greater of similar magnitude of wind and solar energy. On the basis of the idea of floating structures, the principles of designing hybrid and cluster offshore wind and wave power stations are suggested, where, with the help of power electronics and information technology, the electric energy of separate turbogenerators is integrated into a marine power pool system with HVDC underwater cable transmission to the consumers of a continental zone.

This paper addresses the requirements of electrical energy for an isolated island of Masirah in Oman. The paper studied the possibility of using sources of renewable energy in combination with current diesel power plant on the island to meet the electrical load demand. There are two renewable energy sources used in this study, solar and wind energy. This study aimed to design and evaluate hybrid solar/wind/diesel/battery system in terms of cost and pollution. By using HOMER software, many simulation analyses have been proposed to find and optimize different technologies that contain wind turbine, solar photovoltaic, and diesel in combination with storage batteries for electrical generation. Four different hybrid power systems were proposed, diesel generators only, wind/diesel/battery, PV/diesel/battery, and PV/wind/diesel/battery. The analysis of the results shows that around 75 % could reduce the cost of energy by using PV/wind/diesel hybrid power system. Also, the greenhouse emission could be reduced by around 25 % compared with these by using diesel generators system that currently utilize in the Masirah Island. The solar/wind/diesel hybrid system is techno-economically viable for Masirah Island.

The potential of hybrid wind/solar energy system in the west coast area of Saudi Arabia is analyzed in this paper. The investigation puts emphasis on the energy production and cost of energy from both wind turbine and photovoltaic (PV) in the hybrid system. Unmet electric load and excess electricity are taken into consideration. The annual average solar irradiation and wind speed considered in this study are 5.95 kWh/m 2 /day and 3.53 m/s, respectively. MATLAB and HOMER software are used to perform the technical and economic analyses of the hybrid system. As indicated from the simulation results, the PV array shares more electricity production than the wind turbine generator if both wind turbine and PV array are utilized in the wind/solar hybrid system with the same sizes. The wind levelized cost of energy is $0.149/kWh, which is more expensive than the solar energy of $0.0637/kWh. The energy cost of the hybrid system is dominated by battery and wind turbine expenses.

This study analyzes the wind energy resources on Phuquoc Island, Vietnam. Daily wind data are collected from 2005 to 2011 in this study. The annual mean speed and power density are 6 m/s and 355 W/m2, respectively. Results show that more than 35% of the wind energy comes from the northwest. In this study, a 75 MW wind farm with 25 wind turbines is simulated by using the WAsP 10 program. The wind farm can produce over 189.636 GWh annually. In addition, the effects of wind disturbance and three-phase short circuit of the grid are analyzed using the ETAP 7.0 program.

Wind power technology is now a reliable electricity production system. It presents an economically attractive possible solution for the continuously increasing energy demand of Lebanon. However, the stochastic behavior of wind speed leads to significant disharmony between wind energy production and electricity demand. Hence, the prospect of creating a combined wind-hydro energy station is found to be a vital issue. This paper is an attempt to analyze the design of a pumping station and the performance of a hybrid wind-hydro power plant, in two dams in Lebanon (Quaraoun and Chabrouh), in order to choose the most suitable dam to store the energy surplus produced by wind power at night. An evaluation of the amount of water that could be pumped in both dams and the energy that could be produced from the stored electricity surplus are carried out in this paper, in order to select the most suitable dam to implement the hydro pumped storage power plant and store the electricity surplus. It is shown that the energy that could be produced in the dam of Chabrouh varies between 17 MWh and 698 MWh, while in the dam of Quaraoun is between 17 MWh and 768 MWh. An analysis of the cost of the energy produced by wind turbines per kWh and the produced water per m3 are carried out in this paper as well.

In this study fixed tilt and sun tracking photovoltaic based micro wind hybrid power systems are analyzed along with determining the optimum configurations for a 6 kWp roof mounted micro wind based hybrid system using fixed and tracking photovoltaic systems to enhance the power generation potential in a low windy Indian hilly terrain with good solar resource. The main objective of the study is to enhance power generation by focusing on photovoltaic component of the hybrid system. A comparative power generation analysis of different configurations of hybrid systems with fixed tilt, monthly optimum tilt, yearly optimum tilt and 6 different sun tracking photovoltaic systems is carried out using Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables. Monthly and seasonal optimum tilt angles determined for the location vary between 0° and 60° with annual optimum tilt angle as 29.25°. The optimum configurations for all sun tracking systems except for the two axis tracking system is found to be 7 kWp photovoltaic system, one 5 kWp wind turbine, 10 batteries and a 2 kWp inverter. The optimum configuration for two axis tracking system and two types of fixed tilt systems, is found to be a 8 kWp photovoltaic system, one 5 kWp wind turbine, 10 batteries and a 2 kWp inverter. The results show that horizontal axis with monthly adjustment, horizontal axis with daily adjustment, horizontal axis with continuous adjustment and two axis tracking system generate 4.88–26.29% more energy per year than the existing fixed tilt photovoltaic system. The cost of energy is found to be more for two axis tracking than all tracking systems and fixed tilted photovoltaic system. However, two axis tracking is found to be more advantageous than other systems despite higher costs to maximize power output of the hybrid systems. The methodology followed can be applied to improve the power generation potential of photovoltaic–micro wind based hybrid systems for any location worldwide.

With the advent of a more severe energy crisis and environment contamination, wind energy, as one of the green and renewable energy resources, has attracted more and more attention worldwide [1], [2]. According to statistics issued by the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), by the end of 2014, the global installed capacity had reached 360,000 MW, while the installed capacity in China accounted for 114,763 MW, nearly one third of the total, as illustrated in Fig. 1. Meanwhile, it is envisioned in 2050 Blueprint of Wind Power Development in China that by the years 2030 and 2050, the scale of installed capacity will exceed 4 × 105 MW and 106 MW, respectively, so as to meet 8.4% and 17% of the demand for electricity nationwide, enabling wind energy to be one of five main energy resources.

This study investigates the challenges and opportunities facing the installation of a hybrid hydrogen-renewable energy system in a remote island area disconnected from any main power grid. Islands with strong wind energy potential have the potential to become self-sufficient energy generating hubs that may even export electricity or hydrogen. This study has tested whether the combination of wind and hydrogen can replace a diesel generator on one of the Faroe Islands, Mykines. The comparison is based on an evaluation of each power system's costs, efficiency, environmental impact and suitability for the Mykines. The findings from this research can help inform those seeking to design 100% renewable energy systems for remote areas, and in particular islands. Furthermore, our comparison has value for those seeking to optimize the integration of wind turbines with hydrogen energy systems.

The combination of wind and pumped storage is a useful method to compensate the fluctuation of wind power generation, which would exploit the abundant wind potential and increase wind power penetration. Taiwan Power Company (TPC) develops renewable energy actively in recent years. Moreover, TPC has started planning a high penetration wind power system and building offshore wind farms around the coast of Zhangbin, Yunlin and Penghu. The target of the offshore wind power installed capacity is up to 3 GW by 2025. However, the integration of the large scale of wind power would give huge challenges to the system operator because wind is randomly characterized. In this study, after high penetration wind power is integrated, the impacts of system frequency and the dispatch of conventional units will be discussed. Additionally, the hybrid system combing wind power with pumped-storage will be planning to reduce the effect of system frequency.

The “Hydrogen Office building (HO)” presents a wind–hydrogen energy system, located in Fife/Scotland, which has been set-up to demonstrate the role of hydrogen in reducing the impact of wind intermittency in a grid-tied microgrid. The main components of the system are a wind turbine, alkaline electrolyser, hydrogen storage and a PEM fuel cell. The building demand is met by the wind turbine, while the fuel cell provides back-up power to the ground floor when wind power is unable to meet the demand. Accurate modelling of wind–hydrogen systems allows their successful implementation and operation, however, most of the currently available simulation tools do not provide consistent methods to represent the dynamic behaviour of such systems which is essential for their precise design, control, performance optimisation and economic study. Previous research lacks global methodologies for a whole-system scope simulation. Moreover, experimental validation is missing in most of these models and no guidelines are given for parameter estimation, which are essential for replicability. This paper presents a comprehensive methodology for the modelling, simulation and performance evaluation of wind–hydrogen systems, while including experimental validation and guidelines for parameters estimation. The developed model encompasses usability, adaptability, dominant dynamics accuracy and reliability that makes it able to assess different systems prior and after their installation. The proposed model has succeeded to depict the HO dynamic behaviour accurately with an error of less than 2% in average. The model has also been successfully utilised to evaluate the HO system performance. Evaluation criteria includes: average energy production, stand-alone operation and round-trip efficiency among others. Quantitative analysis has showed how this methodology can contribute to improve the design and performance of such systems.

Wind energy is the world's fastest growing energy source. Specifically in the recent decade, offshore wind energy is the technology that has developed the fastest due to the stronger and stable winds produced at sea and the huge areas where it can be employed. Electricity production from wind sources has seen high growth along with wind turbine capacity, foreseeing a linear evolution in the next decade. Additionally, it has been well demonstrated recently that the larger the power per wind turbine unit installed, the lower the levelized cost of energy. Second-generation high-temperature superconductor synchronous generators with direct-drive technology (2GHTSDDSG) for offshore wind energy applications have recently emerged as an alternative to consider instead of permanent-magnet direct-drive synchronous generators (PMDDSG), due to their lower dimensions and low weight per megawatt. This paper contains a detailed “cradle-to-gate” life-cycle assessment of the 15-MW 2GHTSDDSG and PMDDSG, using GaBi 6 commercial software and PE International Professional and Ecoinvent 2.2 databases, as a result of quantifying each component required for the production. After a detailed inspection of each component fabrication, conclusions and recommendations are obtained and presented.

The electricity production in the island of S. Vicente is based on fossil fuel and wind and, although there are significant wind resources, they are not fully used because of its intermittent nature. In a previous work, we proposed solutions to tackle this issue. Since this island does not have fresh water available, excess wind electricity can be provided directly to desalination units that can produce desalinated water to supply the population. Other solution studied previously was the use of desalinated water in a pumped hydro system to store the remaining excess wind electricity. In this paper, the scenarios modelled previously are updated with more recent data on energy and water consumption and the respective annual costs are estimated. The results show that with the current wind power and desalination capacity installed in S. Vicente, and with the installation of a pumped hydro system, it is possible to have, by 2020, more than 36% of electricity production from renewable energy sources, together with 59% of the water supplied to the population produced from wind electricity, with costs 10% lower than those forecasted for that year. If the installation of more wind power and desalination capacity is considered, renewable energy sources production can reach 78% (53% wind and 25% hydro), with 93% of wind desalinated water, with about 20% decrease of costs in relation to those predicted for 2020.

Grid integration of wind power plants is complicated by wind variability and the technical characteristics of wind generators. The generation mix is evolving in today?s power system as conventional coal plants reach the end of their useful lives and are being displaced by cleaner technology such as wind and gas. At high levels of wind power penetration, the need for ancillary services increases, while the traditional resources that provide those services may become less available or economically feasible. Developing wind plant controls that allow performance more like that of conventional generation presents the opportunity for wind plants to provide a full range of ancillary services.

Deploying renewable energy systems (RES) to supply electricity faces many challenges related to cost and the variability of the renewable resources. One possible solution to these challenges is to hybridize RES with conventional power systems and include energy storage units. In this study, the feasibility analysis of a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)-wind-battery hybrid system is presented as a microgrid for a university campus-scale community on a Mediterranean island. Models for PV and wind turbine systems are presented to estimate energy production, and net present cost (NPC) and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) are used as economic metrics. A parametric study is performed with hourly time-steps to determine the sizes of energy generation and storage units to minimize the NPC for a small community as the case study. Two alternate configurations with and without storage are proposed. In both cases, the resulting LCOE is 0.15 USD/kWh while the current electricity tariff for the analyzed location was 0.175 USD/kWh in 2015. This lower unit cost of electricity leads to a lower NPC considering a 25-year lifetime. Different estimated and measured solar irradiance and wind speed data sets are used to evaluate the performance of the designed microgrid. Sensitivity analysis on different available weather data sets shows that the uncertainty in wind resource estimations is much higher than the uncertainty in solar resource estimations. Moreover, the results show that solar and wind resources could be utilized synergistically for the studied location.

Crete Island is rich in renewable energy resources such as wind and solar. Likewise other European territories, renewable sources already are being explored for power production. Currently a large amount of wind energy on Crete is curtailed during certain daily periods as a result of reduced demand and minimum operating levels on thermal generators. Reducing wind power curtailment magnitude requires additional sources of flexibility in the grid, and electric energy storage is one of them. This paper address wind generation curtailment minimization through the storage of wind energy surplus. NaS (sodium sulfura) battery modelling is used in this study in order to shift wind generation from off-peak to on-peak through a technical-economic analysis, considering the total annualized cost of the storage system and the wind power curtailment based on an annual basis. The obtained results are based on real data, which includes Crete Island demand, renewable and conventional power generation.

In many countries fossil fuels are used as the main source to generate electricity, but due to the increase in energy consumption and the rapid depletion of the fossil fuel resources, the demand of alternate energy sources such as solar, wind or hydro power becomes high [1]. In this paper wind energy as an alternate energy resource for electric power generation is proposed in the form of a small wind farm for grid-connected application in Perlis Malaysia. The monthly wind speed data of Perlis which is the smallest state of Malaysia were measured and the wind mill parameters such as Air Density, Blade Length, Power Coefficient and Blade Length were calculated. The mechanical output power of the proposed wind turbine form is calculated to check out its performance and reliability. The results showed that the proposed wind energy power generating system is a good choice and can be implemented in Malaysia to provide enough power for small towns and rural areas.

This paper summarizes the main elements of provisional calculations and charts which are sufficient to justify proposals for construction of a wind power station with the pre-designed capacity of 50 MW. Methodology of wind power potential assessment at the point of construction is given, a layout of the construction site and the structure of a wind farm are developed. The offered below materials make it possible to perform the first stages of the design.

Being highly dependent of imported fossil fuels for its electricity generation, Thailand has an ambitious target for the integration of renewable energy in its electricity portfolio. This paper presents the offshore wind resource map of the Gulf of Thailand, with the objective of identifying the potential areas for grid connected offshore wind power development. A coupled numerical mesoscale atmospheric model and a microscale wind flow model, along with long-term global reanalysis climate data, are used to generate high resolution (200 m) wind resource maps at heights of 40 m, 80 m, 100 m, and 120 m above sea level. The offshore wind resource maps are validated using measured wind speeds obtained from 28 meteorological towers installed along the coast of the Gulf of Thailand. The site selection of potential areas for offshore wind power development is assessed with a multi-criteria decision making analysis. Specifically to the Bay of Bangkok, results show that a technical power potential in the order of 3000 MW could be developed to generate an annual energy production estimated in the order of 6 TWh/year. For the whole Gulf of Thailand, a technical power potential estimated at 7000 MW could generate in the order of 15 TWh/year.

In most isolated sites situated in south Algeria, the diesel generators are the major source of electrical energy. Indeed, the power supply of these remote regions still poses order problems (technical, economical and ecological). The electricity produced with the help of diesel generators is very expensive and responsible for CO2 emission. These isolated sites have significant wind energy potential. Hence, the use of twinning wind-diesel is widely recommended, especially to reduce operating deficits. The objective of this paper is to study the global modeling of a hybrid system which compounds wind turbine generator, diesel generator and storage system. This model is based on the control strategy to optimize the functioning of the hybrid system and to consolidate the gains to provide proper management of energy sources (wind, diesel, battery) depending on the load curve of the proposed site. The management is controlled by a controller which ensures the opening/closing of different power switches according to meteorological conditions (wind speed, air mass, temperature, etc).

As the world-wide supply of fossil fuel sources decreases, the need for efficient energy conservation in addition to developing green energy technologies becomes critical. Wind energy is now regarded as one of the most rapidly expanding energy sources in the world. However, due to the high cost for the foundation of large turbines and the high wind speed (over 12 m/s) required, it is very difficult to establish inland wind power plants. In order to solve issues mentioned above, experiments were performed using the small wind power system operated in a low wind speed. In this research, inland wind condition was first analyzed, and 300 W and 1 kW small wind power generators were then installed on a roof and efficiencies of generating electricities were compared.

This paper addresses the annual energy storage requirements of small islanded electricity systems with wind and photovoltaic (PV) generation, using hourly demand and resource data for a range of locations in New Zealand. Normalised storage capacities with respect to annual demand for six locations with winter-peaking demand profiles were lower for wind generation than for PV generation, with an average PV:wind storage ratio of 1.768:1. For two summer-peaking demand profiles, normalised storage capacities were lower for PV generation, with storage ratios of 0.613:1 and 0.455:1. When the sensitivity of storage was modelled for winter-peaking demand profiles, average storage ratios were reduced. Hybrid wind/PV systems had lower storage capacity requirements than for wind generation alone for two locations. Peak power for storage charging was generally greater with PV generation than with wind generation, and peak charging power increased for the hybrid systems. The results are compared with those for country-scale electricity systems, and measures for minimising storage capacity are discussed. It is proposed that modelling of storage capacity requirements should be included in the design process at the earliest possible stage, and that new policy settings may be required to facilitate a transition to energy storage in fully renewable electricity systems.

With the largest installed capacity in the world, wind power in China is experiencing a $\sim 20\%$ curtailment during operation. The large portion of the generation capacity from inflexible combined heat and power (CHP) is the major barrier for integrating this variable power source. This paper explores opportunities for increasing the flexibility of CHP units using electrical boilers and heat storage tanks for better integration of wind power. A linear model is proposed for the centralized dispatch for integrated energy systems considering both heat and power, with detailed modeling of the charging processes of the heat storage tanks. The model balances heat and power demands in multiple areas and time periods with various energy sources, including CHP, wind power, electrical boilers, and heat storage. The impact of introducing electrical boilers and heat storage systems is examined using a simple test system with characteristics similar to those of the power systems in Northern China. Our results show that both electrical boilers and heat storage tanks can improve the flexibility of CHP units: introducing electrical boilers is more effective at reducing wind curtailment, whereas heat storage tanks save more energy in the energy system as a whole, which reflect a different heating efficiency of the two solutions.

Wind and solar power production depends on available energy resources, which are not always accessible, a backup system has to be introduced to cover unpredictable energy deficiency in systems with large quantities of wind and solar power. This publication introduces a model to simulate a system with wind power generation and electricity storage.

Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is one of the most promising mature electrical energy storage technologies. CAES in combination with renewable energy generators connected to the main grid or installed at isolated loads (remote areas for example) are a viable alternative to others energy storage technologies. Indeed, because of the advantage of fast response, high economic performance and small environmental impacts, CAES has an extensive application prospect. In this paper, recent technological advances in CAES are examined. This review includes an examination of the different topologies of power systems integrating CAES and wind turbines (as power source), an overview of air and thermal storage systems, and an examination of CAES in a distributed application such as wind-diesel compressed air hybrid system used to supply the remote areas.

The work is concerned with the development and creation a new type of wind power set (NTWPS) low powered with horizontal-axis of wind turbine, which has increased degree of wind energy use. On the bases of innovative ways of usage the wind energy to NTWPS proposed a new wind turbines with rotating rotor and stator, as well as variants of the synchronous AC generator with a fixed stator and two rotating rotors.

The Venezuelan government has established more aggressive policies and incentives for renewable energy resources in recent time, especially in terms of wind power. Although several academic efforts to make publically available wind energy resource data in Venezuela, there is a lack of information in terms of local wind resource putting in risk development in areas where potential is good enough for commercial exploitation. The objective of this paper is to presents a very comprehensive wind resource assessment at Los Taques, Venezuela based on on-site observation anemometry. This is unique paper because it is the first ever wind energy assessment in Los Taques using hourly data recorded during three years in an on-site ground weather station contrary to studies based on daily values based on radar or satellite data. The applied methodology has been developed based on the characteristic of the data obtained from the on-site anemometry. Results of wind energy assessment and evaluations on a 100 MW wind farm shows the wind energy resource available in Los Taques is enough for commercial use and the results.

Wind energy generation has been projected to continue to play a key role in the decarbonization of developed global economies. Over the past decades, wind power generation has seen dramatic growth. More than 35 GW of new wind power capacity was brought online in 2013, making the global total installed power around 318 GW at the end of 2013, and the average annual growth rate over the last 10 years has been around 21% [1]. Onshore wind energy technology is well established and mature. As the onshore wind market approaches saturation, development programs of offshore wind farms are underway in many countries. In 2013, 1.63 GW of new offshore capacity was added, making an installed total of 7.05 GW. Figure 1 shows a global distribution of offshore wind power generation at the end of 2013 [2].

© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.The study investigates alternative energy scenarios for Bozcaada island, Turkey. The island has good wind and solar energy potentials while connecting to the grid. So, it is considered a grid connected and standalone system in the study. The system consists of a photovoltaic (PV) array, a wind turbine, an electrolyzer, hydrogen storage, a fuel cell (FC) and a converter as the main equipment. Six scenarios, grid, grid/wind, grid/PV, grid/wind/PV, wind/FC, and wind/PV/FC, are simulated using the hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER) tool to define the optimum systems. The HOMER examines the systems according to their net present costs (NPC) and cost of energy (COE). The results show that the most suitable grid connected system is the grid/wind as $0.103/kW h although the electricity price of the grid is $0.17/kW h. The optimum system in the standalone scenarios is the wind/PV/FC with a cost of $0.836/kW h. Also, the effects of some parameters, such as wind speed, solar radiation and cost of the equipment, on the system type and COE are examined by using sensitivity analyses. Finally, these systems are investigated from environmental point of view considering CO2 production.

This paper describes essence of work of offshore wind power electric plants and crucial aspects of their building and operating. Prospects for development of global, European and domestic markets of offshore wind power industry have been delineated. A comparative analysis of environmental impact of an offshore and land-based 2MW wind power electric plant has been performed by using LCA method and Ecoindex – 99 (Ekowskaźnik 99) modelling.

In this paper, the system modeling and multi-agent control algorithm in isolated wind hybrid power systems are proposed. The multi-agent control is a new type of the hybrid control method that is made up of wind turbine, diesel generator, battery, and dumpload. Fourteen different modes of operations of the wind hybrid power system are performed by wind speed changes and the SOC of battery. Simulation results show that the efficient operations under various wind variations in isolated wind hybrid power systems can be obtained using proposed algorithms.

This paper addresses on a wind power system with BESS(Battery Energy Storage System). The concerned system consists of four parts: the wind speed production model, the wind turbine model, configure capacity of the battery energy storage, battery model and control of the BESS. First of all, we produce wind speed by 4-component composite wind speed model. Secondly, the maximum available wind power is determined by analyzing the produced wind speed and the characteristic curve of wind power. Thirdly, we configure capacity of the BESS according to wind speed and characteristic curve of wind speed-power. Then, we propose a control strategy to track the power reference. Finally, some simulations have been demonstrated to visualize the feasibility of the proposed methodology.

The integration between renewable energy systems (RESs) and oil shale system ensures reliable power generation source with a competitive energy generation cost when compared to costs of conventional systems. In addition, this integration will prevent considerable amount of CO2 emissions. This study aims to determine the size of a grid-tied hybrid system in Al-Tafilah, Jordan that maximizes the yearly overall fraction of demand met with levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) equal to or lower than the local cost of electricity generation. In addition, the effect of the integration of lithium-ion batteries as short-term energy storage systems (ESSs) will be investigated in addition to the effect of carbon social cost on the economics of the system. The maximum FH by the hybrid system in Al-Tafilah is 97.2% with ESS and 96.9% without ESS where 70.4% of the demand is met by the 12 MW oil shale system; however, to achieve these fractions, enormous installed capacity of photovoltaic (PV) and wind is required where 99% of the energy production is excess and LCOE is larger than COEcon. The maximum FH with LCOE equals to COEcon can be achieved by 12 MW oil shale, 3.5 MW PV, and 6 MW wind turbines without ESS. Such size will have FH of 87.23%, capacity factor of 46.1%, RES fraction of 16.9%, net present value (NPV) of 34.8 million USD, and a payback period of 4.8 years.

A methanesulfonate lead flow battery (MLB) stack under control is proposed. The same electrolyte was used as both the negative and positive electrodes without film separation avoiding maintenance costs and short life. MLB is designed and related charging discharging character is studied. Furthermore, the remote island case study is given and related control system is implemented. Wind turbine determines the volatility and uncertainty of wind power unit mass grid, which will seriously affect the power system operation state, wind power grid problem increasingly prominent. So that it will solve off-grid, abandoned wind and other problems that Non-grid wind power using local storage by methanesulfonate lead flow battery stack.