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This study is an analysis of current energy and transport taxation and carbon relevant subsidies in Luxemburg, utilizing an Environmentally Extended Input-Output model. The method allows to not only calculate direct taxation and emissions that are produced and paid by a sector, but also indirect emissions and taxation that is paid and produced indirectly because of the interconnectedness of the value chains. Besides current carbon-related taxation, we also ran the model for four fictional taxation scenarios, with further versions including a sensitivity analysis for selected scenarios with a varying ETS price. The analysis is based on Eurostat data on greenhouse gas emissions, taxation and sectoral connections of international economies (FIGARO-tables). Descriptive statistics show that Luxembourg had the highest GHG emissions per capita of all EU countries in 2019, while a relatively large share of energy and transport taxes was paid by non-residents. Therefore, we extended the model and introduced non-resident corporations and non-resident households in addition to the usual units, such as (resident) households and industries, in the model. In one of the fictional scenarios, we analyzed the effects of the planned carbon tax in Luxembourg in 2023 (30 Euros per ton of CO2). In the short run, this tax would generate almost 295 million Euros of revenues, in addition to already existing carbon-related taxation (1 billion Euros in 2019) if emissions stayed at their 2019 levels. In all scenarios, non-resident corporations would bear the brunt of carbon taxation, as these produced around one third of greenhouse gas emissions in Luxembourg in 2019. Energy and transport taxation in 2019 was very unevenly distributed in Luxembourg, when considering the emissions of the respective economic unit. While sectors such as agriculture paid only one Euro per emitted ton of CO2, construction and mining paid around 300 Euros for the same pollution. Moreover, we found that a selected list of carbon subsidies in Luxembourg amount to 417 million Euros, whereas entities not located in Luxembourg (foreign households and corporations) profit the most of these, while households located in Luxembourg profit the least. We suggest that policy makers in Luxembourg should come up with a taxation scheme that is stronger connected to GHG and CO2 emissions and carbon-related subsidies should be abolished to a large extent.

Die vorliegende Studie des Instituts für Höhere Studien (IHS) soll das System der Förderinstitutionen in Österreich in den Blick nehmen und Handlungsempfehlungen ableiten. Da selbst die effizienteste Förderinstitution nur so gut sein kann wie die zugrundeliegende staatliche Förderpolitik, mit deren Umsetzung und Abwicklung sie beauftragt ist, soll der folgende Abschnitt 2 zunächst die allgemeinen ökonomischen Aspekte von Förderpolitik darstellen. Hier soll herausgearbeitet werden, unter welchen Bedingungen Förderung überhaupt wirksam und effizient sein kann und inwieweit ein gelungenes Förderabwicklungssystem dazu einen Beitrag leistet. In Abschnitt 3 soll dann zunächst das aktuelle System der Förderinstitutionen in Österreich abgegrenzt und dargestellt werden. Anhand geeigneter Parameter soll es anschließend mit den Systemen in anderen Ländern verglichen werden; ein Schwerpunkt soll dabei auf dem deutschen System und der Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) liegen, da es sich zum Teil deutlich vom österreichischen unterscheidet und daher in mehrfacher Hinsicht für einen Vergleich besonders interessant ist. Abschnitt 4 wird dann aus den Erkenntnissen der vorgelagerten Abschnitte und auf der Grundlage eines Surveys der Weltbank einen Analyserahmen konstruieren, der Kriterien und Indikatoren enthalten soll, entlang derer sich gut funktionierende und effiziente Förderinstitutionssysteme beschreiben lassen. Abschnitt 5 wird diesen Analyserahmen dann auf das österreichische System anwenden und daraus Schlussfolgerungen und Handlungsempfehlungen ableiten.

This study examines the economic effects of the redistribution of different CO2-taxes on a sectoral level in Austria. Data on six fictional tax scenarios from previous studies is utilized. These scenarios are based on three different tax rates, targeting all emissions and only emissions which are harmful to the climate, respectively. The additional tax income is then redistributed to the economic sectors (excluding households) via tax cuts targeting on payroll fringe costs. The analysis shows that the economic sectors are unevenly affected by taxing and redistributing. While the primary sector, the mining sector and the production of goods would carry the main gross burden, the service sector (without traffic related services) would see a gross relief. The uneven distribution of the gross effects between sectors varies substantially depending on tax rate and tax basis.

The purpose of this study is the examination of the Austrian system of taxes and duties relating to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, especially regarding tax exemptions and subsidies. Methodically we utilize an environmentally extended input-output analysis. The study is structured into three parts. First, we evaluate direct taxes and duties aimed at reducing CO2 emissions as well as (partial) exemptions and subsidies relating hitherto. Particular attention is paid to the distribution of burdens and benefits between companies (distributed by sectors) and households. Secondly, we assess the resulting indirect effects by looking at CO2 emissions along the respective value chains in Austria and abroad. In the case of Austria, the indirect taxes and duties relating to CO2 are calculated as well. For the first two parts, our results demonstrate an uneven distribution of the tax burden in favor of companies. While companies pay taxes and duties directly related to CO2 emissions in the amount of approximately 3.5 bn. Euros, households pay 5.3 bn. Euros. Moreover, tax exemptions and subsidies are mainly tailored to benefit businesses (2.67 bn. Euros for companies; 0.65 bn. Euros for households). On average, households pay 127 Euros per directly generated ton of CO2 and companies are charged with 41 Euros. An inclusion of the indirect effects leads to a slightly more balanced distribution. Finally, we calculate both direct and indirect effects of three hypothetical CO2 taxes on economic sectors and selected components of the final demand. Based on all CO2 emissions, in the three scenarios the direct total tax burden would increase by 2.2 bn, 5.2 and 6.9 bn Euros compared to the current energy taxes, respectively. The households would once again carry the main burden of the considered taxes, which also holds true if the indirect effects are considered as well. If only CO2 emissions which are harmful to the climate are considered, the overall tax burden decreases considerably in all three scenarios.