Search

En Argentina la enfermedad fue citada por Spegazzini en 1910 y señalada por primera vez en Mendoza en 1916. Desde entonces se ha manifestado con mayor o menor importancia según los años, en función de la frecuencia de precipitaciones durante el período vegetativo y el nivel de inóculo presente en el monte. El ataque a frutos en el período de crecimiento puede desvalorizar la producción, sobre todo en duraznos destinados a la elaboración de duraznos en mitades en conserva. El problema reside fundamentalmente en la dificultad de eliminar las lesiones de la enfermedad en el proceso de pelado de la fruta. EEA La Consulta Fil: Pizzuolo, Pablo. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina Fil: Lucero, Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina Fil: Boiteux, Joana. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina

In recent years, sweet and sour cherry production in Serbia has increased. Under Serbian agroecological conditions, pathogens causing leaf diseases threaten the success of sweet and sour cherry production. In the period 2012-2019, the health status of cherries was monitored in more than 30 locations. Depending on the production system, the following leaf pathogens were identified: Blumeriella jaapii, Wilsonomyces carpophilus, Mycosphaerella cerasella, Phoma prunicola, Podosphaera clandestina and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and morsprunorum race 1. Leaf pathogens caused premature defoliation, which adversely affected bud formation for the next growing season and increased susceptibility to freezing. Therefore, attention should be focused on correct leaf pathogen identification, and proper selection, application and rotation of fungicides. Poslednjih godina proizvodnja trešnje i višnje u Srbiji je povećana. U našim agroekološkim uslovima, patogeni lista ugrožavaju proizvodnju ovih perspektivnih voćnih vrsta. U periodu 2012-2019. godine praćeno je zdravstveno stanje trešnje i višnje, na više od 30 lokaliteta. avisno od sistema proizvodnje identifikovani su sledeći patogeni lista: Blumeriella jaapii, Wilsonomyces carpophilus, Mycosphaerella cerasella, Phoma prunicola, Podosphaera clandestina, Pseudomonas siringae pv. syringae i morsprunorum rasa 1. Patogeni lista izazivaju prevremenu defolijaciju, što negativno utiče na formiranje pupoljaka za narednu vegetaciju i povećanu osetljivost na izmrzavanje. Stoga pažnju treba usmeriti na ispravnu identifikaciju patogena, pravilan izbor i rotaciju fungicida različitog mehanizma delovanja, kao i optimalno vreme za njihovu primenu.

Wilsonomyces carpophilus is a necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungus with a wide host range infecting all stone fruits such as peach, plum, apricot and cherry, and almonds among the nut crops. Necrotrophs are more devastating with a complex pathogenicity mechanism and least known effector repositories. Here, we report a 29.9 megabase draft genome assembly of W. carpophilus. We explored the hybrid technology of Illumina HiSeq and PacBio sequencing technologies to get the unbiased results of sequence reads. We aligned short Illumina reads against the long PacBio reads. A total of 10,901 protein-coding genes were predicted that includes varied set of genes such as HET genes, cytochrome-p450 genes, kinases etc. We mined 2851 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in the genome assembly. We also predicted the diverse inventory of secretory proteins, transporters, primary and secondary metabolic enzymes. A total of 225 secreted proteins, hydrolases, polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, esterolytic, lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes were the most significant proteins reflecting the necrotrophic lifestyle of the W. carpophilus. We also identified 146 tRNAs and 52 rRNAs in the pathogen genome.

Prunus divaricata and Prunus armeniaca are important wild fruit trees that grow in part of the Western Tianshan Mountains in Central Asia, and they have been listed as endangered species in China. Shot-hole disease of stone fruits has become a major threat in the wild-fruit forest of the Western Tianshan Mountains. Twenty-five isolates were selected from diseased P. divaricata and P. armeniaca. According to the morphological characteristics of the culture, the 25 isolates were divided into eight morphological groups. Conidia were spindle-shaped, with ovate apical cells and truncated basal cells, with the majority of conidia comprising 3&ndash, 4 septa, and the conidia had the same shape and color in morphological groups. Based on morphological and cultural characteristics and multilocus analysis using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, partial large subunit (LSU) nuclear ribosomal RNA (nrRNA) gene, and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene, the fungus was identified as Wilsonomyces carpophilus. The 25 W. carpophilus isolates had high genetic diversity in phylogenetic analysis, and the morphological groups did not correspond to phylogenetic groups. The pathogenicity of all W. carpophilus isolates was confirmed by inoculating healthy P. divaricata and P. armeniaca leaves and fruits. The pathogen was re-isolated from all inoculated tissues, thereby fulfilling Koch's postulates. There were no significant differences in the pathogenicity of different isolates inoculated on P. armeniaca and P. divaricata leaves (p &gt, 0.05). On fruit, G053 7m3 and G052 5m2 showed significant differences in inoculation on P. armeniaca, and G010 5m2 showed extremely significant differences with G004 7m2 and G004 5m2 on P. divaricata (p &lt, 0.05). This is the first report on shot-hole disease of P. armeniaca (wild apricot) leaves and P. divaricata induced by W. carpophilus in China.

The article considers the biologization of plum trees protection system from shot hole disease caused by the phytopathogenic fungusWilsonomyces carpophilusin the humid subtropics of the Krasnodar region. Several biological fungicides based on different strains of the bacteriumBacillus subtilis(Alirin-B®, Bactophyt®, Gamair®, Phytosporin-M®, Vitaplan®), the bacteriumPseudomonas fluorescens(Rhizoplan®) and the fungusTrichoderma harzianum(Glyocladin® and Trichocin®) were tested on Stanley plum trees at the experimental base of the Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Sochi) in 2015–2017. According to seasonal features of shot hole disease and the results of experiments, the optimal timetable schedule for plum treatment with the fungicides was found (3 treatments in May–June).

Two new metabolites possessing the unusual 1-oxa-7-azaspiro[4.4]non-2- ene-4,6-dione core (2, 3) along with the recently described pseurotin A3 (1) were isolated from the pathogenic fungus Wilsonomyces carpophilus (previously named Stigmina carpophila). The producer organism was obtained from Prunus armeniaca collected in Iran and was identified by morphological and molecular phylogenetic methods. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive NMR spectroscopic analysis, high-resolution mass spectrometry and ECD analysis. The compounds were screened for their antimicrobial, cytotoxic, nematicidal and biofilm inhibition activities but, no significant effect was observed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation of secondary metabolites produced by W. carpophilus.

RESUMO O chumbinho do pessegueiro causado por Wilsonomyces carpophilus é uma das doenças comumente encontrada na cultura, comprometendo a área foliar e consequentemente reduzindo a produção e a qualidade dos frutos. Considerando que o comportamento desta doença é pouco conhecido, esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o progresso temporal ao longo do ciclo produtivo em diferentes genótipos de pessegueiro. O experimento foi realizado no pomar de pessegueiro do Instituto Federal Catarinense -IFC/Campus Rio do Sul. Foram avaliados os genótipos Granada, Dourado 1, Dourado 2, Douradão, Ouro, Chimarrita, Flordaprince, Premier, Aurora e Della Nona. Selecionaram-se quatro plantas de cada genótipo e avaliou-se a severidade estimada da doença semanalmente, após o inicio da brotação, em 16 folhas de cada planta com auxilio de uma escala diagramática. A curva de progresso da doença para cada um dos genótipos foi ajustada ao modelo logístico, já que a severidade observada correspondeu ao modelo e foi confirmada pela coerência entre os pontos estimados e pelo resíduo. Foi verificado que os genótipos FlordaPrince e Premier apresentaram as maiores taxas (0,329) de progresso, enquanto que Douradão a menor (0,223). Verificou-se que o genótipo Dourado 1 apresentou o pico máximo da severidade com 10,5% e que Granada teve o menor acúmulo da doença com 4,5%. Os genótipos de pessegueiro apresentaram diferentes comportamentos do progresso temporal ao chumbinho do pessegueiro. ABSTRACT Shot hole caused by Wilsonomyces carpophilus is a disease commonly found in peach orchards, affecting the leaf area and consequently reducing fruit production and quality. Considering that the behavior of this disease is scarcely known, this study aimed to evaluate the temporal progress throughout the production cycle in different peach genotypes. The experiment was carried out in a peach orchard at “Instituto Federal Catarinense”-IFC / Rio do Sul Campus. Evaluated genotypes were: Granada, Dourado 1, Dourado 2, Douradão, Ouro, Chimarrita, Flordaprince, Premier, Aurora and Della Nona. Four plants from each genotype were selected and estimated disease severity was weekly evaluated after the beginning of sprouting, on 16 leaves from each plant, using a diagrammatic scale. The disease progress curve for each genotype was adjusted to a logistic model, since the observed severity corresponded to the model and was confirmed by the consistency between the estimated points and the residue. Genotypes Flordaprince and Premier showed the highest disease rates (0.329), while Douradão (0.223) had the lowest rate. Genotype Dourado 1 showed the highest severity peak, 10.5%, and Granada had the lowest disease accumulation, 4.5%. Peach genotypes had different temporal progress behaviors to shot hole.

Dünyadasert çekirdekli meyve yetiştiriciliği yapılan alanlarda Ceratocystis sp. (Ceratocystis kanseri), Cytospora sp. (Cytospora kanseri), Verticillium ve Fusariumsolgunlukları, ciddi zarara verim düşüşlerine ve ağaç kayıplarına yol açanönemli fungal etmenlerdir. Bu çalışma ile Bingöl ili merkez ilçede 2017yıllında kayısı ağaçlarında problem teşkil eden fungal etmenlerin saptanmasınaçalışılmıştır. Çalışma sonucu, kayısı ağaçlarında Monilya (Monilinia laxa Aderhold and Ruhland) Honey), Yaprak Delen (Wilsonomyces carpophilus Adaskaveg) [Stigminacarpophila (anamorph M.B. Ellıs)] ve yaprak ve meyvelerde leke yapan Alternaria sp. tespit edilmiştir. Kayısıağaçlarında %74 oranında Wilsonomyces carpophilus, %45 oranında Monilinia laxa,%15 oranında Alternaria sp. izoleedilmiştir., In the regions where stone fruits are grown in theworld, Ceratocystis sp. (Ceratocystis cancer), Cytosporasp. (Cytospora cancers,backward death), Verticillium and Fusarium wilts, significant damage tohard-seeded fruit trees, loss of yield and loss of trees. In this study, it wastried to determine the fungal factors in apricot trees in Bingöl province in2017. The presence and density of fungal agents in the central region have beendetermined. Monilinia (Monilinia laxa Aderhold andRuhland)Honey), Wilsonomyces carpophilusAdaskaveg (Stigmina carpophila(anamorph)) and Alternaria sp. Inapricot trees, 74% of Wilsonomycescarpophilus, 45% of Monilinia laxa,15% of Alternaria sp. It was isolated.

The use of plastic rain shields is a very effective method to control fruit cracking in cherry trees. In this study, the effect of plastic rain shields on fruit cracking and fruit decay was investigated in different sweet cherry cultivars. The results showed that the percentage of fruit cracking and fruit decay was significant higher in uncovered than covered cherry trees. Fungi of the genus Monilinia were the main pathogens causing fruit decay in cherry fruits. In fruit with symptoms of cracking, fungi of the genus Alternaria predominated. Finally, the effect of plastic rain shield on the development of the disease Shot Hole (Wilsonomyces carpophilus) was examined. In most of cases, the percentage of the Shot Hole disease was higher in covered than uncovered cherry trees. Differences were found among cultivars. Generally, the use of plastic rain shields is a very effective method to control fruit cracking and fruit decay on cherry trees, but they should be removed during dry periods to reduce the risk of developing of Shot Hole.

The reactions to shot-hole disease ( Stigmina carpophila ) of nine plum cultivars and seed-propagated myrobalan trees were evaluated during three years in three commercial orchards located at Nova Siri, Matera, Italy. In July 2006, May 2007, June 2007 and June 2008, shot-hole severity and twig defoliation were assessed. Pathogen pressure was higher in 2007 and 2008 than in 2006. In the three years of study, cultivar Golden Plumza was the most susceptible to the shot-hole measured by leaf severity, however it showed variable defoliation percentages in different years. The seed-propagated myrobalan trees were the most resistant, although they showed a slight degree of defoliation in 2007 and 2008. Intermediate reactions to the disease occurred in cultivars Angeleno, Autumn Giant, Fortune, Green Sun, October Sun, Santa Rosa, Sorriso di Primavera and T.C. Sun. A significant correlation between shot-hole leaf severity and twig defoliation was detected. To our knowledge, this is the first report on screening for resistance of plum cultivars to shot-hole disease.

As principais doenças foliares que ocorrem em pessegueiro, em Lapa e Araucária, municípios do Estado do Paraná (Brasil), são a ferrugem (Tranzschelia discolor) e o furo-de-bala (Wilsonomyces carpophilus). A primeira causa desfolha logo após a colheita, e a segunda está sempre presente nos pomares, entretanto seus efeitos não são claramente conhecidos e também faltam metodologias para avaliação dessa doença. O presente trabalho objetivou elaborar escala diagramática para furo-de-bala e comparar incidência e severidade de furo-de-bala e da ferrugem em dois sistemas de manejo: produção integrada e convencional. A escala diagramática para furo de bala foi elaborada no primeiro ano de avaliação, selecionando-se folhas com diferentes níveis de severidade, sendo estabelecidos os níveis mínimo e máximo da doença no campo, e os demais níveis foram interpolados de acordo com a acuidade visual. Para comparar os dois sistemas de produção, foram instaladas duas áreas experimentais em duas regiões produtoras (Lapa e Araucária), comparando-se produção integrada (PI) e produção convencional (PC) em duas safras (2002-2003 e 2003-2004), em pomares comerciais de pessegueiro, cultivar 'Chimarrita'. O tratamento PI foi conduzido seguindo as normas técnicas do sistema de PI para pêssego, e o tratamento PC, seguindo o manejo utilizado pelo produtor em cada área. Para avaliar as doenças, foram quantificadas se a incidência e a severidade do furo-de-bala e da ferrugem em ramos marcados, de outubro a abril, nas duas safras. Além disso, foi determinada a desfolha no período de avaliação. A escala diagramática desenvolvida estabeleceu seis níveis de severidade para furo-de-bala, podendo ser indicada para avaliações de comparação entre sistemas e monitoramento da doença no campo. Em Araucária, a incidência e a severidade de furo-de-bala tiveram comportamento inverso entre os anos, sendo menor na PI em primeira safra e maior na segunda, a ferrugem foi menos severa e provocou menor desfolha na PI, no primeiro ano. Em Lapa, não foram observadas diferenças entre os sistemas para furo-de-bala; e para ferrugem, a produção convencional foi melhor, não sendo indicado reduzir pulverizações nesta fase em áreas com alto inóculo do patógeno.

The effects of temperature and wetness duration on infection of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) and peach (Prunus persica L.) by Wilsonomyces carpophilus (Lev.) Adaskaveg, Ogawa & Butler were determined under controlled conditions. Young foliage of cherry seedlings and peach trees was inoculated with a conidial suspension of W. carpophilus and subjected to wetness periods of 0–24 h at temperatures of 5–30°C. On cherry, disease severity increased with wetness duration at each temperature tested, e.g., at 15°C, severity increased from no lesions at wetness durations < 1 h to 0.1, 1.9, 6.8, and 9.1 lesions/cm2 after 6, 12, 18, and 24 h, respectively. After 24 h of wetness, the maximum disease severity of 10.5 lesions/cm2 was obtained at 20°C. Although severity values were different, the general responses to temperature and wetness period were similar on peach. Multiple-regression equations using temperature and wetness duration as independent variables adequately described infection of cherry and peach foliag...

Almond fruits were inoculated with suspensions containing 103, 104 or 105 conidia per mL of Wilsonomyces carpophilus beginning when fruits emerged from the hypanthium and continuing at approximately weekly intervals until they reached full size and embryo development began. More small than mid-sized fruits fell and abscission ceased when fruits reached maximum size. Abscission of mid-sized fruits generally increased with increasing inoculum concentration, and lesions were most abundant on mid-sized fruits. The kernel quality of infected and healthy fruits were compared in 1994 and 1995. Mid- to full-sized fruits were inoculated one or three times with 10 conidia per mL of W. carpophilus. Kernels from inoculated and non-inoculated fruits did not differ in weight, length, or percentage of kernels covered with gum deposits or incompletely filled.

Sintetisan je novi kompleks gvožđa (II) s ditiokarbamatnim ligandom kalijum-3-ditiokarboksi- 3-aza-5-aminopentanoatom dihidratom. Sastav sintetisanog kompleksa je potvrđen elementnom analizom, Ir i UV spektroskopijom, mjerenjem magnetnog momenta i električne vodljivosti.Spektar kompleksa sugeriše tridentatnu koordinaciju daap liganda s Fe(II)jonom preko dva dušika i jednog kisika. Inhibicijski efekt kompleksa ispitan je na fitopatogenoj gljivi Wilsonomyces Carpophilus. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na zanemarivu inhibicijsku aktivnost dobijenog spoja u odnosu na komercijalni fungicid - mankozeb.

Severe spring outbreaks of shot hole disease are often accompanied by leaf fall and fruit drop. Although fruit are shed in response to defoliation, the direct effect of shot hole infection on developing fruit was not known. When fruit at various stages of development were inoculated with high concentrations of the shot hole pathogen, very young and midsized fruit fell, whereas older fruit were retained. Typical shot hole lesions developed on midsized fruit, and full-sized fruit became resistant to infection when embryo development began. Infection did not affect kernel weight, but caused a slight, economically unimportant reduction in kernel length.

As principais doenças foliares que ocorrem em pessegueiro, em Lapa e Araucária, municípios do Estado do Paraná (Brasil), são a ferrugem (Tranzschelia discolor) e o furo-de-bala (Wilsonomyces carpophilus). A primeira causa desfolha logo após a colheita, e a segunda está sempre presente nos pomares, entretanto seus efeitos não são claramente conhecidos e também faltam metodologias para avaliação dessa doença. O presente trabalho objetivou elaborar escala diagramática para furo-de-bala e comparar incidência e severidade de furo-de-bala e da ferrugem em dois sistemas de manejo: produção integrada e convencional. A escala diagramática para furo de bala foi elaborada no primeiro ano de avaliação, selecionando-se folhas com diferentes níveis de severidade, sendo estabelecidos os níveis mínimo e máximo da doença no campo, e os demais níveis foram interpolados de acordo com a acuidade visual. Para comparar os dois sistemas de produção, foram instaladas duas áreas experimentais em duas regiões produtoras (Lapa e Araucária), comparando-se produção integrada (PI) e produção convencional (PC) em duas safras (2002-2003 e 2003-2004), em pomares comerciais de pessegueiro, cultivar 'Chimarrita'. O tratamento PI foi conduzido seguindo as normas técnicas do sistema de PI para pêssego, e o tratamento PC, seguindo o manejo utilizado pelo produtor em cada área. Para avaliar as doenças, foram quantificadas se a incidência e a severidade do furo-de-bala e da ferrugem em ramos marcados, de outubro a abril, nas duas safras. Além disso, foi determinada a desfolha no período de avaliação. A escala diagramática desenvolvida estabeleceu seis níveis de severidade para furo-de-bala, podendo ser indicada para avaliações de comparação entre sistemas e monitoramento da doença no campo. Em Araucária, a incidência e a severidade de furo-de-bala tiveram comportamento inverso entre os anos, sendo menor na PI em primeira safra e maior na segunda, a ferrugem foi menos severa e provocou menor desfolha na PI, no primeiro ano. Em Lapa, não foram observadas diferenças entre os sistemas para furo-de-bala; e para ferrugem, a produção convencional foi melhor, não sendo indicado reduzir pulverizações nesta fase em áreas com alto inóculo do patógeno. The main leaf diseases on peach in Araucaria and Lapa counties, both in the state of Parana, Brazil, are rust (Tranzschelia discolor) and shot hole (Wilsonomyces carpophilus). The first one causes defoliation just after the harvesting, and the second one is always present in the orchards, though its effects are not well known due to the lack of assessment methodology for that disease. This research aimed to develop a diagrammatic scale for shot hole and compare the incidence and severity of leaf diseases in integrated (PI) and conventional (PC) management systems. The shot hole diagrammatic scale was developed in the first year of assessment by selecting leaves with different levels of severity; the minimum and maximum levels of the disease in the fields were established and the other levels were intercalated according to visual accuracy. In order to compare the two production systems - PI and PC, two experimental sites were set in two producing areas (Araucaria and Lapa) with three-year-old commercial peach orchards, cultivar 'Chimarrita', which were evaluated during the 2002/3 and 2003/4 seasons. The PI system was carried out according to techniques recommended for peach PI and the PC was carried out as the system applied by the growers in each area. In order to evaluate the diseases, the incidence and severity of shot hole and rust were quantified in marked branches, from October to April, in two seasons. In addition, defoliation was also determined during the evaluation period. The designed diagrammatic scale established six levels of shot hole severity and can be recommended for the assessment to compare production systems and to monitor the disease in the field. In Araucaria the incidence and severity of shot hole presented inverse behavior between the years, and was lower in the PI system in the first season and higher in the second, whereas rust was less severe and caused less defoliation in the PI system in the first year. In Lapa no differences were observed between the systems in relation to shot hole; as for rust, the conventional management was better. Therefore it is not recommended to reduce pulverization in areas where there is high inoculum of the pathogen.

Temperature and duration of wetness period during the inoculation influenced the development of shot-hole disease on almond leaves caused by Wilsonomyces carpohilus (Stigmina carpophila). In controlled environment studies, a 14-hr wetness period resulted in 0.1 and 4.5 lesions per leaf after 10 days at 8 and 22°C, respectively. Extended wetness periods during the infection period increased the number of lesions per leaf regardless of the temperature . Numbers of lesions increased as temperature was increased from 8 to 22°C for wetness periods greater than 12 hr (...)