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4. Greater male variability in daily energy expenditure develops through puberty.

Author

Haisma, Hinke, Hambly, Catherine, Hoffman, Daniel, Hoos, Marije, Hu, Sumei, Joonas, Noorjehan, Joosen, Annemiek, Katzmarzyk, Peter, Kempen, Kitty, Kimura, Misaka, Kraus, William, Kriengsinyos, Wantanee, Kuriyan, Rebecca, Kushner, Robert, Lambert, Estelle, Lanerolle, Pulani, Larsson, Christel, Lessan, Nader, Löf, Marie, Martin, Corby, Matsiko, Eric, Meijer, Gerwin, Morehen, James, Morton, James, Must, Aviva, Neuheuser, Marian, Nicklas, Theresa, Ojiambo, Robert, Pietilainen, Kirsi, Pitsiladis, Yannis, Plange-Rhule, Jacob, Plasqui, Guy, Prentice, Ross, Rabinovich, Roberto, Racette, Susan, Raichen, David, Ravussin, Eric, Redman, Leanne, Reilly, John, Reynolds, Rebecca, Roberts, Susan, Rood, Jennifer, Samaranayake, Dulani, Sardinha, Luís, Scuitt, Albertine, Silva, Analiza, Sinha, Srishti, Sjödin, Anders, Stice, Eric, Stunkard, Albert, Urlacher, Samuel, Valencia, Mauro, Valenti, Giulio, van Etten, Ludo, Van Mil, Edgar, Verbunt, Jeanine, Wells, Jonathan, Wilson, George, Wood, Brian, Yoshida, Tsukasa, Zhang, Xueying, Murphy-Alford, Alexia, Loechl, Cornelia, Luke, Amy, Pontzer, Herman, Sagayama, Hiroyuki, Westerterp, Klaas, Wong, William, Yamada, Yosuke, Speakman, John, Halsey, Lewis, Careau, Vincent, Ainslie, Philip, Alemán-Mateo, Heliodoro, Andersen, Lene, Anderson, Liam, Arab, Leonore, Baddou, Issad, Bandini, Linda, Bedu-Addo, Kweku, Blaak, Ellen, Blanc, Stephane, Bonomi, Alberto, Bouten, Carlijn, Bovet, Pascal, Brage, Soren, Buchowski, Maciej, Butte, Nancy, Camps, Stephan, Casper, Regian, Close, Graeme, Colbert, Lisa, Cooper, Jamie, Cooper, Richard, Dabare, Prasangi, Das, Sai, Davies, Peter, Deb, Sanjoy, and Nyström, Christine

Subjects
age, height, inter-individual variation, morphometry, weight, Adolescent, Young Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Adult, Puberty, Sexual Behavior, Reproduction, Energy Metabolism, Phenotype
Abstract

There is considerably greater variation in metabolic rates between men than between women, in terms of basal, activity and total (daily) energy expenditure (EE). One possible explanation is that EE is associated with male sexual characteristics (which are known to vary more than other traits) such as musculature and athletic capacity. Such traits might be predicted to be most prominent during periods of adolescence and young adulthood, when sexual behaviour develops and peaks. We tested this hypothesis on a large dataset by comparing the amount of male variation and female variation in total EE, activity EE and basal EE, at different life stages, along with several morphological traits: height, fat free mass and fat mass. Total EE, and to some degree also activity EE, exhibit considerable greater male variation (GMV) in young adults, and then a decreasing GMV in progressively older individuals. Arguably, basal EE, and also morphometrics, do not exhibit this pattern. These findings suggest that single male sexual characteristics may not exhibit peak GMV in young adulthood, however total and perhaps also activity EE, associated with many morphological and physiological traits combined, do exhibit GMV most prominently during the reproductive life stages.

Published
2023

8. Variation in human water turnover associated with environmental and lifestyle factors

Author

Yamada, Yosuke, Zhang, Xueying, Henderson, Mary ET, Sagayama, Hiroyuki, Pontzer, Herman, Watanabe, Daiki, Yoshida, Tsukasa, Kimura, Misaka, Ainslie, Philip N, Andersen, Lene F, Anderson, Liam J, Arab, Lenore, Baddou, Issad, Bedu-Addo, Kweku, Blaak, Ellen E, Blanc, Stephane, Bonomi, Alberto G, Bouten, Carlijn VC, Bovet, Pascal, Buchowski, Maciej S, Butte, Nancy F, Camps, Stefan G, Close, Graeme L, Cooper, Jamie A, Cooper, Richard, Das, Sai Krupa, Dugas, Lara R, Eaton, Simon, Ekelund, Ulf, Entringer, Sonja, Forrester, Terrence, Fudge, Barry W, Goris, Annelies H, Gurven, Michael, Halsey, Lewis G, Hambly, Catherine, Hamdouchi, Asmaa El, Hoos, Marije B, Hu, Sumei, Joonas, Noorjehan, Joosen, Annemiek M, Katzmarzyk, Peter, Kempen, Kitty P, Kraus, William E, Kriengsinyos, Wantanee, Kushner, Robert F, Lambert, Estelle V, Leonard, William R, Lessan, Nader, Martin, Corby K, Medin, Anine C, Meijer, Erwin P, Morehen, James C, Morton, James P, Neuhouser, Marian L, Nicklas, Theresa A, Ojiambo, Robert M, Pietiläinen, Kirsi H, Pitsiladis, Yannis P, Plange-Rhule, Jacob, Plasqui, Guy, Prentice, Ross L, Rabinovich, Roberto A, Racette, Susan B, Raichlen, David A, Ravussin, Eric, Redman, Leanne M, Reilly, John J, Reynolds, Rebecca M, Roberts, Susan B, Schuit, Albertine J, Sardinha, Luis B, Silva, Analiza M, Sjödin, Anders M, Stice, Eric, Urlacher, Samuel S, Valenti, Giulio, Van Etten, Ludo M, Van Mil, Edgar A, Wells, Jonathan CK, Wilson, George, Wood, Brian M, Yanovski, Jack A, Murphy-Alford, Alexia J, Loechl, Cornelia U, Luke, Amy H, Rood, Jennifer, Westerterp, Klaas R, Wong, William W, Miyachi, Motohiko, Schoeller, Dale A, Speakman, John R, and Consortium§, International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water Database

Subjects
Prevention, Clean Water and Sanitation, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Exercise, Humidity, Life Style, Social Class, Water, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Child, Preschool, Child, Adolescent, Young Adult, Adult, Middle Aged, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Drinking, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Doubly Labeled Water (DLW) Database Consortium§, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Water is essential for survival, but one in three individuals worldwide (2.2 billion people) lacks access to safe drinking water. Water intake requirements largely reflect water turnover (WT), the water used by the body each day. We investigated the determinants of human WT in 5604 people from the ages of 8 days to 96 years from 23 countries using isotope-tracking (2H) methods. Age, body size, and composition were significantly associated with WT, as were physical activity, athletic status, pregnancy, socioeconomic status, and environmental characteristics (latitude, altitude, air temperature, and humidity). People who lived in countries with a low human development index (HDI) had higher WT than people in high-HDI countries. On the basis of this extensive dataset, we provide equations to predict human WT in relation to anthropometric, economic, and environmental factors.

Published
2022

9. Variability in energy expenditure is much greater in males than females

Author

Halsey, Lewis G, Careau, Vincent, Pontzer, Herman, Ainslie, Philip N, Andersen, Lene F, Anderson, Liam J, Arab, Lenore, Baddou, Issad, Bedu-Addo, Kweku, Blaak, Ellen E, Blanc, Stephane, Bonomi, Alberto G, Bouten, Carlijn VC, Bovet, Pascal, Buchowski, Maciej S, Butte, Nancy F, Camps, Stefan GJA, Close, Graeme L, Cooper, Jamie A, Das, Sai Krupa, Cooper, Richard, Dugas, Lara R, Ekelund, Ulf, Entringer, Sonja, Forrester, Terrence, Fudge, Barry W, Goris, Annelies H, Gurven, Michael, Hambly, Catherine, Hamdouchi, Asmaa El, Hoos, Marije B, Hu, Sumei, Joonas, Noorjehan, Joosen, Annemiek M, Katzmarzyk, Peter, Kempen, Kitty P, Kimura, Misaka, Kraus, William E, Kushner, Robert F, Lambert, Estelle V, Leonard, William R, Lessan, Nader, Martin, Corby K, Medin, Anine C, Meijer, Erwin P, Morehen, James C, Morton, James P, Neuhouser, Marian L, Nicklas, Theresa A, Ojiambo, Robert M, Pietiläinen, Kirsi H, Pitsiladis, Yannis P, Plange-Rhule, Jacob, Plasqui, Guy, Prentice, Ross L, Rabinovich, Roberto A, Racette, Susan B, Raichlen, David A, Ravussin, Eric, Reynolds, Rebecca M, Roberts, Susan B, Schuit, Albertine J, Sjödin, Anders M, Stice, Eric, Urlacher, Samuel S, Valenti, Giulio, Van Etten, Ludo M, Van Mil, Edgar A, Wilson, George, Wood, Brian M, Yanovski, Jack, Yoshida, Tsukasa, Zhang, Xueying, Murphy-Alford, Alexia J, Loechl, Cornelia U, Luke, Amy H, Rood, Jennifer, Sagayama, Hiroyuki, Schoeller, Dale A, Westerterp, Klaas R, Wong, William W, Yamada, Yosuke, and Speakman, John R

Subjects
Obesity, Behavioral and Social Science, Affordable and Clean Energy, Adult, Aged, Aging, Animals, Body Composition, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Mammals, Reproduction, Sex Characteristics, DLW, Energetics, Activity, Trait variability, Biological sex, Evolutionary Biology, Anthropology, Archaeology
Abstract

In mammals, trait variation is often reported to be greater among males than females. However, to date, mainly only morphological traits have been studied. Energy expenditure represents the metabolic costs of multiple physical, physiological, and behavioral traits. Energy expenditure could exhibit particularly high greater male variation through a cumulative effect if those traits mostly exhibit greater male variation, or a lack of greater male variation if many of them do not. Sex differences in energy expenditure variation have been little explored. We analyzed a large database on energy expenditure in adult humans (1494 males and 3108 females) to investigate whether humans have evolved sex differences in the degree of interindividual variation in energy expenditure. We found that, even when statistically comparing males and females of the same age, height, and body composition, there is much more variation in total, activity, and basal energy expenditure among males. However, with aging, variation in total energy expenditure decreases, and because this happens more rapidly in males, the magnitude of greater male variation, though still large, is attenuated in older age groups. Considerably greater male variation in both total and activity energy expenditure could be explained by greater male variation in levels of daily activity. The considerably greater male variation in basal energy expenditure is remarkable and may be explained, at least in part, by greater male variation in the size of energy-demanding organs. If energy expenditure is a trait that is of indirect interest to females when choosing a sexual partner, this would suggest that energy expenditure is under sexual selection. However, we present a novel energetics model demonstrating that it is also possible that females have been under stabilizing selection pressure for an intermediate basal energy expenditure to maximize energy available for reproduction.

Published
2022

10. A Comparative Study of Regional-Language Immersion Education in Brittany and Wales

Author

Wilson, George

Abstract

This article compares the immersion-education systems in Brittany and Wales. The number of Welsh speakers is growing thanks to its well-developed immersion-education system. Brittany has a much less well-developed system and the number of Breton speakers is falling dramatically. Urgent action is needed if Breton is to survive. Using an approach based loosely on 'comparative history as a comparison of contrasts', the paper examines differences in political support for immersion education between the two regions. It considers the impact of this support on planning strategies and mechanisms and considers how a range of pedagogical factors including age of exposure, language-use in the classroom and teacher training are tackled in the two contexts. It finds that the Welsh system enjoys far greater political support than that of Brittany because control of the education system is in the hands of a devolved regional authority which fully supports the regional language. The situation may be about to improve for Breton owing to the publication of a recent circular authorising full-immersion education within the state-education system for the first time. The paper recommends close collaboration between the two regions moving forward in an attempt to save Breton from extinction.

Published
2023
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13. Development of perovskite-like structures for hydrogen production via two-step thermochemical water splitting

Author

Wilson, George E., Aguadero, Ainara, Cavallaro, Andrea, and Skinner, Stephen

Abstract

Hydrogen powered technologies are proposed to help mitigate climate change as low carbonemitting technologies. Devices such as fuel cells convert the chemical energy stored within hydrogen molecules via electrochemical redox processes to electrical energy for work. These technologies have the primary benefit of not emitting carbon dioxide - one of the main contributing pollutants towards the greenhouse effect. However, current commercial hydrogen production technologies require fossil fuel reactants and emit carbon dioxide as a product. Therefore, research into ways of producing hydrogen from sustainable non-polluting sources has been of keen interest within the scientific community. One such technique is high temperature thermochemical water splitting. This process uses renewable concentrated solar power to heat up and thermally reduce metal oxide compounds and induce an oxygen nonstoichiometry within the lattice. The oxygen deficiency is then removed upon reoxidising with steam and producing hydrogen gas. Numerous thermochemical redox cycles have been proposed within the literature with the main aim to lower the reduction temperatures and increase the hydrogen production volumes. This has turned the attention of the field to investigate the ABO3 perovskite structures due to their ability to support a larger oxygen deficiency at lower temperatures compared to the benchmark material, cerium oxide, CeO2. This thesis combines theoretical first principle approaches and a wide range of experimental techniques to understand and discuss three different families of perovskite and perovskite-like metal oxide structures. The main findings of this thesis can be summarised as the following: Effect of antimony incorporation on the redox kinetics of SrCoO3-d - Thermal analysis techniques observe large oxygen production volumes onset between 300 and 400 °C under an inert gas flow with increased antimony content lowering total production. - Density Functional Theory (DFT) confirms the low reduction enthalpy in the region of 0.5 eV/O atom. Increased Sb concentration and proximity to the dopant increases vacancy formation energy. 6 - Low reduction enthalpy of the material was not favourable to drive thermochemical water splitting, however isothermal redox cycling demonstrated good performance for the alternative application of thermochemical oxygen separation compared to literature materials. - Antimony donor ions are postulated to lower the cobalt crystal field splitting to support an intermediate spin electron configuration with more favourable orbital filling for fast redox kinetics (eg=1). Effect of iron incorporation in (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95Cr1-xFexO3-d perovskites for thermochemical water splitting - Thermal analysis used to observed increasing Fe content coincides with an increase the oxygen production volumes and rates - DFT used to confirm lower vacancy formation energy in positions neighbouring Fe cations. Further predicted to have favourable thermodynamic properties for thermochemical water splitting. - Thermochemical water splitting observed hydrogen production rates similar to literature materials, Ce0.75Zr0.25O2-d. - Surface analysis techniques novel to this research field revealed increased strontium segregation towards the surface that prevented cyclability of the compounds. - Strontium-enriched perovskite surfaces can undergo reconstruction to form derivative phases such as Ruddlesden-Popper oxides, An+1BnO3n+1. Computational screening of n=1 Ruddlesden-Popper oxides for thermochemical water splitting - Screening study uses a combination of well-known crystallographic principles and DFT simulations to narrow down the field of this underexplored metal oxide family for use in thermochemical water splitting. - From an initial 27,899 structures, this study outlines a potential 30 A2BO4 Ruddlesden- Popper structures that have favourable reduction thermodynamics and "synthesisable" under laboratory conditions. - A new simpler and better fitting descriptor based on the lattice enthalpy is proposed to assist future screening work of Ruddlesden-Popper oxides at significantly reduced computational expense. Investigating Ca2MnO4 Ruddlesden-Popper oxide for thermochemical water splitting - Outputted compound from the prior screening study is explored further due its abundant constituent elements and favourable reduction thermodynamics. - Thermal analysis techniques observe similar oxygen production behaviour to the (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95Cr1-xFexO3-d perovskites investigated in a previous chapter. - Hydrogen was successfully produced via thermochemical redox reactions cycling between 1000 and 800 °C, thus experimentally verifying the screening study. - Further improvements are suggested by including doping ions to alter the thermodynamics or investigating the effect of perovskite/Ruddlesden-Popper heterostructures that have previously been observed to accelerate oxidation reactions.

Published
2022
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15. Comprehensive proteogenomic characterization of rare kidney tumors

Author

Lazar, Alexander J., Paulovich, Amanda G., Antczak, Andrzej, Green, Anthony, Ma’ayan, Avi, Pruetz, Barb, Zhang, Bing, Reva, Boris, Druker, Brian J., Goldthwaite, Charles A., Jr., Birger, Chet, Mani, D.R., Chesla, David, Fenyö, David, Schadt, Eric E., Wilson, George, Kołodziejczak, Iga, John, Ivy, Hafron, Jason, Vo, Josh, Zaalishvili, Kakhaber, Ketchum, Karen A., Rodland, Karin D., Nyce, Kristen, Wiznerowicz, Maciej, Domagalski, Marcin J., Anurag, Meenakshi, Borucki, Melissa, Gillette, Michael A., Birrer, Michael J., Edwards, Nathan J., Vatanian, Negin, VanderKolk, Pamela, McGarvey, Peter B., Dhir, Rajiv, Thangudu, Ratna R., Crispen, Reese, Smith, Richard D., Payne, Samuel H., Cottingham, Sandra, Cai, Shuang, Carr, Steven A., Liu, Tao, Le, Toan, Ma, Weiping, Zhang, Xu, Lu, Yin, Shutack, Yvonne, Zhang, Zhen, Li, Ginny Xiaohe, Chen, Lijun, Hsiao, Yi, Mannan, Rahul, Zhang, Yuping, Luo, Jie, Petralia, Francesca, Cho, Hanbyul, Hosseini, Noshad, Leprevost, Felipe da Veiga, Calinawan, Anna, Li, Yize, Anand, Shankara, Dagar, Aniket, Geffen, Yifat, Kumar-Sinha, Chandan, Chugh, Seema, Le, Anne, Ponce, Sean, Guo, Shenghao, Zhang, Cissy, Schnaubelt, Michael, Al Deen, Nataly Naser, Chen, Feng, Caravan, Wagma, Houston, Andrew, Hopkins, Alex, Newton, Chelsea J., Wang, Xiaoming, Polasky, Daniel A., Haynes, Sarah, Yu, Fengchao, Jing, Xiaojun, Chen, Siqi, Robles, Ana I., Mesri, Mehdi, Thiagarajan, Mathangi, An, Eunkyung, Getz, Gad A., Linehan, W. Marston, Hostetter, Galen, Jewell, Scott D., Chan, Daniel W., Wang, Pei, Omenn, Gilbert S., Mehra, Rohit, Ricketts, Christopher J., Ding, Li, Chinnaiyan, Arul M., Cieslik, Marcin P., Dhanasekaran, Saravana M., Zhang, Hui, and Nesvizhskii, Alexey I.

Published
2024
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18. Total energy expenditure is repeatable in adults but not associated with short-term changes in body composition

Author

Rimbach, Rebecca, Yamada, Yosuke, Sagayama, Hiroyuki, Ainslie, Philip N, Anderson, Lene F, Anderson, Liam J, Arab, Lenore, Baddou, Issaad, Bedu-Addo, Kweku, Blaak, Ellen E, Blanc, Stephane, Bonomi, Alberto G, Bouten, Carlijn VC, Bovet, Pascal, Buchowski, Maciej S, Butte, Nancy F, Camps, Stefan GJA, Close, Graeme L, Cooper, Jamie A, Das, Sai Krupa, Dugas, Lara R, Ekelund, Ulf, Entringer, Sonja, Forrester, Terrence, Fudge, Barry W, Goris, Annelies H, Gurven, Michael, Hambly, Catherine, El Hamdouchi, Asmaa, Hoos, Marije B, Hu, Sumei, Joonas, Noorjehan, Joosen, Annemiek M, Katzmarzyk, Peter, Kempen, Kitty P, Kimura, Misaka, Kraus, William E, Kushner, Robert F, Lambert, Estelle V, Leonard, William R, Lessan, Nader, Martin, Corby K, Medin, Anine C, Meijer, Erwin P, Morehen, James C, Morton, James P, Neuhouser, Marian L, Nicklas, Theresa A, Ojiambo, Robert M, Pietiläinen, Kirsi H, Pitsiladis, Yannis P, Plange-Rhule, Jacob, Plasqui, Guy, Prentice, Ross L, Rabinovich, Roberto A, Racette, Susan B, Raichlen, David A, Ravussin, Eric, Reynolds, Rebecca M, Roberts, Susan B, Schuit, Albertine J, Sjödin, Anders M, Stice, Eric, Urlacher, Samuel S, Valenti, Giulio, Van Etten, Ludo M, Van Mil, Edgar A, Wells, Jonathan CK, Wilson, George, Wood, Brian M, Yanovski, Jack, Yoshida, Tsukasa, Zhang, Xueying, Murphy-Alford, Alexia J, Loechl, Cornelia U, Luke, Amy H, Rood, Jennifer, Schoeller, Dale A, Westerterp, Klaas R, Wong, William W, Speakman, John R, and Pontzer, Herman

Subjects
Nutrition, Pediatric, Clinical Research, Obesity, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Metabolic and endocrine, Adipose Tissue, Adult, Bayes Theorem, Body Composition, Child, Databases, Factual, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Isotope Labeling, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Water, Weight Gain, IAEA DLW Database Consortium
Abstract

Low total energy expenditure (TEE, MJ/d) has been a hypothesized risk factor for weight gain, but repeatability of TEE, a critical variable in longitudinal studies of energy balance, is understudied. We examine repeated doubly labeled water (DLW) measurements of TEE in 348 adults and 47 children from the IAEA DLW Database (mean ± SD time interval: 1.9 ± 2.9 y) to assess repeatability of TEE, and to examine if TEE adjusted for age, sex, fat-free mass, and fat mass is associated with changes in weight or body composition. Here, we report that repeatability of TEE is high for adults, but not children. Bivariate Bayesian mixed models show no among or within-individual correlation between body composition (fat mass or percentage) and unadjusted TEE in adults. For adults aged 20-60 y (N = 267; time interval: 7.4 ± 12.2 weeks), increases in adjusted TEE are associated with weight gain but not with changes in body composition; results are similar for subjects with intervals >4 weeks (N = 53; 29.1 ± 12.8 weeks). This suggests low TEE is not a risk factor for, and high TEE is not protective against, weight or body fat gain over the time intervals tested.

Published
2022

22. Physical activity and fat-free mass during growth and in later life

Author

Westerterp, Klaas R, Yamada, Yosuke, Sagayama, Hiroyuki, Ainslie, Philip N, Andersen, Lene F, Anderson, Liam J, Arab, Lenore, Baddou, Issaad, Bedu-Addo, Kweku, Blaak, Ellen E, Blanc, Stephane, Bonomi, Alberto G, Bouten, Carlijn VC, Bovet, Pascal, Buchowski, Maciej S, Butte, Nancy F, Camps, Stefan GJA, Close, Graeme L, Cooper, Jamie A, Das, Sai K, Cooper, Richard, Dugas, Lara R, Ekelund, Ulf, Entringer, Sonja, Forrester, Terrence, Fudge, Barry W, Goris, Annelies H, Gurven, Michael, Hambly, Catherine, Hamdouchi, Asmaa El, Hoos, Marije B, Hu, Sumei, Joonas, Noorjehan, Joosen, Annemiek M, Katzmarzyk, Peter, Kempen, Kitty P, Kimura, Misaka, Kraus, William E, Kushner, Robert F, Lambert, Estelle V, Leonard, William R, Lessan, Nader, Martin, Corby K, Medin, Anine C, Meijer, Erwin P, Morehen, James C, Morton, James P, Neuhouser, Marian L, Nicklas, Theresa A, Ojiambo, Robert M, Pietiläinen, Kirsi H, Pitsiladis, Yannis P, Plange-Rhule, Jacob, Plasqui, Guy, Prentice, Ross L, Rabinovich, Roberto A, Racette, Susan B, Raichlen, David A, Ravussin, Eric, Reynolds, Rebecca M, Roberts, Susan B, Schuit, Albertine J, Sjödin, Anders M, Stice, Eric, Urlacher, Samuel S, Valenti, Giulio, Van Etten, Ludo M, Van Mil, Edgar A, Wells, Jonathan CK, Wilson, George, Wood, Brian M, Yanovski, Jack, Yoshida, Tsukasa, Zhang, Xueying, Murphy-Alford, Alexia J, Loechl, Cornelia U, Luke, Amy H, Pontzer, Herman, Rood, Jennifer, Schoeller, Dale A, Wong, William W, Speakman, John R, Branth, Stefan, Colbert, Lisa H, De Bruin, Niels C, Dutman, Alice E, Elmståhl, Sölve, Fogelholm, Mikael, Harris, Tamara, Heijligenberg, Rik, Jorgensen, Hans U, Larsson, Christel L, Rothenberg, Elisabet M, McCloskey, Margaret, Meijer, Gerwin A, Pannemans, Daphne L, Schulz, Sabine, Van den Berg-Emons, Rita, Van Gemert, Wim G, and Wilhelmine, W

Subjects
Prevention, Aging, Clinical Research, Nutrition, Adipose Tissue, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Composition, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Energy Metabolism, Exercise, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult, physical activity level, age, energy expenditure, body composition, doubly labeled water, International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water database group, Engineering, Medical and Health Sciences, Nutrition & Dietetics
Abstract

BackgroundPhysical activity may be a way to increase and maintain fat-free mass (FFM) in later life, similar to the prevention of fractures by increasing peak bone mass.ObjectivesA study is presented of the association between FFM and physical activity in relation to age.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, FFM was analyzed in relation to physical activity in a large participant group as compiled in the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water database. The database included 2000 participants, age 3-96 y, with measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE) and resting energy expenditure (REE) to allow calculation of physical activity level (PAL = TEE/REE), and calculation of FFM from isotope dilution.ResultsPAL was a main determinant of body composition at all ages. Models with age, fat mass (FM), and PAL explained 76% and 85% of the variation in FFM in females and males

Published
2021

23. Energy compensation and adiposity in humans

Author

Careau, Vincent, Halsey, Lewis G, Pontzer, Herman, Ainslie, Philip N, Andersen, Lene F, Anderson, Liam J, Arab, Lenore, Baddou, Issad, Bedu-Addo, Kweku, Blaak, Ellen E, Blanc, Stephane, Bonomi, Alberto G, Bouten, Carlijn VC, Buchowski, Maciej S, Butte, Nancy F, Camps, Stefan GJA, Close, Graeme L, Cooper, Jamie A, Das, Sai Krupa, Cooper, Richard, Dugas, Lara R, Eaton, Simon D, Ekelund, Ulf, Entringer, Sonja, Forrester, Terrence, Fudge, Barry W, Goris, Annelies H, Gurven, Michael, Hambly, Catherine, Hamdouchi, Asmaa El, Hoos, Marije B, Hu, Sumei, Joonas, Noorjehan, Joosen, Annemiek M, Katzmarzyk, Peter, Kempen, Kitty P, Kimura, Misaka, Kraus, William E, Kushner, Robert F, Lambert, Estelle V, Leonard, William R, Lessan, Nader, Martin, Corby K, Medin, Anine C, Meijer, Erwin P, Morehen, James C, Morton, James P, Neuhouser, Marian L, Nicklas, Theresa A, Ojiambo, Robert M, Pietiläinen, Kirsi H, Pitsiladis, Yannis P, Plange-Rhule, Jacob, Plasqui, Guy, Prentice, Ross L, Rabinovich, Roberto A, Racette, Susan B, Raichlen, David A, Ravussin, Eric, Reilly, John J, Reynolds, Rebecca M, Roberts, Susan B, Schuit, Albertine J, Sjödin, Anders M, Stice, Eric, Urlacher, Samuel S, Valenti, Giulio, Van Etten, Ludo M, Van Mil, Edgar A, Wells, Jonathan CK, Wilson, George, Wood, Brian M, Yanovski, Jack, Yoshida, Tsukasa, Zhang, Xueying, Murphy-Alford, Alexia J, Loechl, Cornelia U, Luke, Amy H, Rood, Jennifer, Sagayama, Hiroyuki, Schoeller, Dale A, Wong, William W, Yamada, Yosuke, Speakman, John R, and group, the IAEA DLW database

Subjects
Nutrition, Obesity, Clinical Research, Oral and gastrointestinal, Stroke, Metabolic and endocrine, Cancer, Cardiovascular, Affordable and Clean Energy, Adiposity, Energy Intake, Energy Metabolism, Humans, IAEA DLW database group, Homo sapiens, activity, basal metabolic rate, daily energy expenditure, energy compensation, energy management models, exercise, trade-offs, weight loss, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Developmental Biology
Abstract

Understanding the impacts of activity on energy balance is crucial. Increasing levels of activity may bring diminishing returns in energy expenditure because of compensatory responses in non-activity energy expenditures.1-3 This suggestion has profound implications for both the evolution of metabolism and human health. It implies that a long-term increase in activity does not directly translate into an increase in total energy expenditure (TEE) because other components of TEE may decrease in response-energy compensation. We used the largest dataset compiled on adult TEE and basal energy expenditure (BEE) (n = 1,754) of people living normal lives to find that energy compensation by a typical human averages 28% due to reduced BEE; this suggests that only 72% of the extra calories we burn from additional activity translates into extra calories burned that day. Moreover, the degree of energy compensation varied considerably between people of different body compositions. This association between compensation and adiposity could be due to among-individual differences in compensation: people who compensate more may be more likely to accumulate body fat. Alternatively, the process might occur within individuals: as we get fatter, our body might compensate more strongly for the calories burned during activity, making losing fat progressively more difficult. Determining the causality of the relationship between energy compensation and adiposity will be key to improving public health strategies regarding obesity.

Published
2021

28. Daily energy expenditure through the human life course

Author

Pontzer, Herman, Yamada, Yosuke, Sagayama, Hiroyuki, Ainslie, Philip N, Andersen, Lene F, Anderson, Liam J, Arab, Lenore, Baddou, Issaad, Bedu-Addo, Kweku, Blaak, Ellen E, Blanc, Stephane, Bonomi, Alberto G, Bouten, Carlijn VC, Bovet, Pascal, Buchowski, Maciej S, Butte, Nancy F, Camps, Stefan G, Close, Graeme L, Cooper, Jamie A, Cooper, Richard, Das, Sai Krupa, Dugas, Lara R, Ekelund, Ulf, Entringer, Sonja, Forrester, Terrence, Fudge, Barry W, Goris, Annelies H, Gurven, Michael, Hambly, Catherine, Hamdouchi, Asmaa El, Hoos, Marjije B, Hu, Sumei, Joonas, Noorjehan, Joosen, Annemiek M, Katzmarzyk, Peter, Kempen, Kitty P, Kimura, Misaka, Kraus, William E, Kushner, Robert F, Lambert, Estelle V, Leonard, William R, Lessan, Nader, Martin, Corby, Medin, Anine C, Meijer, Erwin P, Morehen, James C, Morton, James P, Neuhouser, Marian L, Nicklas, Teresa A, Ojiambo, Robert M, Pietiläinen, Kirsi H, Pitsiladis, Yannis P, Plange-Rhule, Jacob, Plasqui, Guy, Prentice, Ross L, Rabinovich, Roberto A, Racette, Susan B, Raichlen, David A, Ravussin, Eric, Reynolds, Rebecca M, Roberts, Susan B, Schuit, Albertine J, Sjödin, Anders M, Stice, Eric, Urlacher, Samuel S, Valenti, Giulio, Van Etten, Ludo M, Van Mil, Edgar A, Wells, Jonathan CK, Wilson, George, Wood, Brian M, Yanovski, Jack, Yoshida, Tsukasa, Zhang, Xueying, Murphy-Alford, Alexia J, Loechl, Cornelia, Luke, Amy H, Rood, Jennifer, Schoeller, Dale A, Westerterp, Klaas R, Wong, William W, Speakman, John R, and Consortium§, IAEA DLW Database

Subjects
Aging, Nutrition, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Basal Metabolism, Body Composition, Body Weight, Child, Child, Preschool, Energy Metabolism, Exercise, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Young Adult, IAEA DLW Database Consortium, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Total daily energy expenditure ("total expenditure") reflects daily energy needs and is a critical variable in human health and physiology, but its trajectory over the life course is poorly studied. We analyzed a large, diverse database of total expenditure measured by the doubly labeled water method for males and females aged 8 days to 95 years. Total expenditure increased with fat-free mass in a power-law manner, with four distinct life stages. Fat-free mass-adjusted expenditure accelerates rapidly in neonates to ~50% above adult values at ~1 year; declines slowly to adult levels by ~20 years; remains stable in adulthood (20 to 60 years), even during pregnancy; then declines in older adults. These changes shed light on human development and aging and should help shape nutrition and health strategies across the life span.

Published
2021

31. Special report: The Quadrennial Defense Review

Author

Wilson, George C., and others

Subjects
APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITURES - Armed Forces - United States, FRINGE BENEFITS, INACTIVATION OF INSTALLATIONS AND UNITS - Armed Forces, NATIONAL GUARD - Army, RESERVE FORCES - Army - United States
Abstract

por

Published
1997

32. Bridging the gap (hispanics in the military)

Author

Wilson, George C.

Subjects
HISPANICS, MINORITIES, RECRUITING AND ENLISTMENT - Armed Forces - United States, COURAGE, MEDAL OF HONOR
Abstract

illus por chart

Published
1997

33. When Korea calls

Author

Wilson, George C.

Subjects
ARMY POSTS, AMERICAN - Korea (South), MILITARY LIFE, TOURS OF DUTY, KOREA (SOUTH), AMERICANS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Abstract

illus por

Published
1996

34. In Venezuela with the Green Berets

Author

Wilson, George C.

Subjects
ARMY - United States - Training, VENEZUELA, COMBINED OPERATIONS, MILITARY AID TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES - Venezuela, SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES - United States
Abstract

illus

Published
1996

35. Death trap in Iraq

Author

Wilson, George C.

Subjects
OPERATION - Desert Storm, UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE, OPERATION - Desert Storm - Personal Narratives
Abstract

illus por

Published
1996

37. Special operators: Losers now winners

Author

Wilson, George C., and others

Subjects
SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND, SPECIAL OPERATIONS, OPERATION - Desert Storm - Personal Narratives
Abstract

illus tab por

Published
1993

38. A standard calculation methodology for human doubly labeled water studies.

Author

Speakman, John R, Yamada, Yosuke, Sagayama, Hiroyuki, Berman, Elena SF, Ainslie, Philip N, Andersen, Lene F, Anderson, Liam J, Arab, Lenore, Baddou, Issaad, Bedu-Addo, Kweku, Blaak, Ellen E, Blanc, Stephane, Bonomi, Alberto G, Bouten, Carlijn VC, Bovet, Pascal, Buchowski, Maciej S, Butte, Nancy F, Camps, Stefan GJA, Close, Graeme L, Cooper, Jamie A, Creasy, Seth A, Das, Sai Krupa, Cooper, Richard, Dugas, Lara R, Ebbeling, Cara B, Ekelund, Ulf, Entringer, Sonja, Forrester, Terrence, Fudge, Barry W, Goris, Annelies H, Gurven, Michael, Hambly, Catherine, El Hamdouchi, Asmaa, Hoos, Marije B, Hu, Sumei, Joonas, Noorjehan, Joosen, Annemiek M, Katzmarzyk, Peter, Kempen, Kitty P, Kimura, Misaka, Kraus, William E, Kushner, Robert F, Lambert, Estelle V, Leonard, William R, Lessan, Nader, Ludwig, David S, Martin, Corby K, Medin, Anine C, Meijer, Erwin P, Morehen, James C, Morton, James P, Neuhouser, Marian L, Nicklas, Theresa A, Ojiambo, Robert M, Pietiläinen, Kirsi H, Pitsiladis, Yannis P, Plange-Rhule, Jacob, Plasqui, Guy, Prentice, Ross L, Rabinovich, Roberto A, Racette, Susan B, Raichlen, David A, Ravussin, Eric, Reynolds, Rebecca M, Roberts, Susan B, Schuit, Albertine J, Sjödin, Anders M, Stice, Eric, Urlacher, Samuel S, Valenti, Giulio, Van Etten, Ludo M, Van Mil, Edgar A, Wells, Jonathan CK, Wilson, George, Wood, Brian M, Yanovski, Jack, Yoshida, Tsukasa, Zhang, Xueying, Murphy-Alford, Alexia J, Loechl, Cornelia U, Melanson, Edward L, Luke, Amy H, Pontzer, Herman, Rood, Jennifer, Schoeller, Dale A, Westerterp, Klaas R, Wong, William W, and IAEA DLW database group

Subjects
IAEA DLW database group, doubly labeled water, free-living, total energy expenditure, validation
Abstract

The doubly labeled water (DLW) method measures total energy expenditure (TEE) in free-living subjects. Several equations are used to convert isotopic data into TEE. Using the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) DLW database (5,756 measurements of adults and children), we show considerable variability is introduced by different equations. The estimated rCO2 is sensitive to the dilution space ratio (DSR) of the two isotopes. Based on performance in validation studies, we propose a new equation based on a new estimate of the mean DSR. The DSR is lower at low body masses (

Published
2021

40. Proteogenomic insights suggest druggable pathways in endometrial carcinoma

Author

Antczak, Andrzej, Anurag, Meenakshi, Bauer, Thomas, Birger, Chet, Birrer, Michael J., Borucki, Melissa, Cai, Shuang, Calinawan, Anna, Carr, Steven A., Castro, Patricia, Cerda, Sandra, Chan, Daniel W., Chesla, David, Cieslik, Marcin P., Cottingham, Sandra, Dhir, Rajiv, Domagalski, Marcin J., Druker, Brian J., Duffy, Elizabeth, Edwards, Nathan J., Edwards, Robert, Ellis, Matthew J., Eschbacher, Jennifer, Fam, Mina, Fevrier-Sullivan, Brenda, Francis, Jesse, Freymann, John, Gabriel, Stacey, Getz, Gad, Gillette, Michael A., Godwin, Andrew K., Goldthwaite, Charles A., Grady, Pamela, Hafron, Jason, Hariharan, Pushpa, Hindenach, Barbara, Hoadley, Katherine A., Huang, Jasmine, Ittmann, Michael M., Johnson, Ashlie, Jones, Corbin D., Ketchum, Karen A., Kirby, Justin, Le, Toan, Ma'ayan, Avi, Madan, Rashna, Mareedu, Sailaja, McGarvey, Peter B., Modugno, Francesmary, Montgomery, Rebecca, Nyce, Kristen, Paulovich, Amanda G., Pruetz, Barbara L., Qi, Liqun, Richey, Shannon, Schadt, Eric E., Shutack, Yvonne, Singh, Shilpi, Smith, Michael, Tansil, Darlene, Thangudu, Ratna R., Tobin, Matt, Um, Ki Sung, Vatanian, Negin, Webster, Alex, Wilson, George D., Wright, Jason, Zaalishvili, Kakhaber, Zhang, Zhen, Zhao, Grace, Dou, Yongchao, Katsnelson, Lizabeth, Gritsenko, Marina A., Hu, Yingwei, Reva, Boris, Hong, Runyu, Wang, Yi-Ting, Kolodziejczak, Iga, Lu, Rita Jui-Hsien, Tsai, Chia-Feng, Bu, Wen, Liu, Wenke, Guo, Xiaofang, An, Eunkyung, Arend, Rebecca C., Bavarva, Jasmin, Chen, Lijun, Chu, Rosalie K., Czekański, Andrzej, Davoli, Teresa, Demicco, Elizabeth G., DeLair, Deborah, Devereaux, Kelly, Dhanasekaran, Saravana M., Dottino, Peter, Dover, Bailee, Fillmore, Thomas L., Foxall, McKenzie, Hermann, Catherine E., Hiltke, Tara, Hostetter, Galen, Jędryka, Marcin, Jewell, Scott D., Johnson, Isabelle, Kahn, Andrea G., Ku, Amy T., Kumar-Sinha, Chandan, Kurzawa, Paweł, Lazar, Alexander J., Lazcano, Rossana, Lei, Jonathan T., Li, Yi, Liao, Yuxing, Lih, Tung-Shing M., Lin, Tai-Tu, Martignetti, John A., Masand, Ramya P., Matkowski, Rafał, McKerrow, Wilson, Mesri, Mehdi, Monroe, Matthew E., Moon, Jamie, Moore, Ronald J., Nestor, Michael D., Newton, Chelsea, Omelchenko, Tatiana, Omenn, Gilbert S., Payne, Samuel H., Petyuk, Vladislav A., Robles, Ana I., Rodriguez, Henry, Ruggles, Kelly V., Rykunov, Dmitry, Savage, Sara R., Schepmoes, Athena A., Shi, Tujin, Shi, Zhiao, Tan, Jimin, Taylor, Mason, Thiagarajan, Mathangi, Wang, Joshua M., Weitz, Karl K., Wen, Bo, Williams, C.M., Wu, Yige, Wyczalkowski, Matthew A., Yi, Xinpei, Zhang, Xu, Zhao, Rui, Mutch, David, Chinnaiyan, Arul M., Smith, Richard D., Nesvizhskii, Alexey I., Wang, Pei, Wiznerowicz, Maciej, Ding, Li, Mani, D.R., Zhang, Hui, Anderson, Matthew L., Rodland, Karin D., Zhang, Bing, Liu, Tao, and Fenyö, David

Published
2023
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43. Study: Services have too many top officers

Author

Wilson, George C.

Subjects
OFFICERS - Armed Forces - United States - Study and Teaching, GENERAL OFFICERS - Armed Forces - United States - Study and Teaching, FLAG OFFICERS - United States - Study and Teaching
Published
1998

44. Iraq's shell game with nuclear plans

Author

Wilson, George C.

Subjects
NUCLEAR WEAPONS - Iraq, NUCLEAR WEAPONS - International Control, IRAQ - Foreign Policy, INTELLIGENCE, MILITARY - United States, UNITED NATIONS - Security Measures
Abstract

por

Published
1998

45. West Point's new gym draws ire of Guard group

Author

Wilson, George C.

Subjects
MILITARY ACADEMY, WEST POINT, NY, INTERSERVICE RIVALRY, APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITURES - Army - United States
Abstract

illus

Published
1998

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