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TEAM (Texas Tech Erosion Analysis Model) is a process-based mathematical model that predicts detachment, movement, and deposition of soil particles associated with wind processes. TEAM also simulates the suspension and movement of dust above and downwind from eroding sites. The development of TEAM has been from an educational perspective to teach principles of soil physics, mathematical modeling, soil erosion, and conservation practices. TEAM is relatively easy to calibrate for a given site and is robust enough to deal with both agricultural and industrial conditions. It works for pure or nearly pure sand as found in desert and beach environments. It also works for agricultural soils with and without vegetative or residue covers. Early components of TEAM were used during Operation Desert Storm to develop stabilization treatments for sand barriers. Later, it was evaluated and adopted by the US Department of Energy in 1996 to develop a safety plan for cleaning up a Superfund site contaminated with nuclear and other contaminates. It generally predicts the rate (mass per unit width per unit time) or amount (mass per unit width for total storm duration) of soil movement with an R2 of 0.8 or better for field applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Uncommon types of cutaneous cancers are mainly cited in the literature as case reports and their etiology, pathogenesis and prognosis have to be surmised because of their rarity. Within this group exist the rare and also the unusual, for instance a relatively common carcinoma arising in a strange circumstance. Initial management of such tumors involves taking a history and performing a thorough examination, allowing a diagnosis to be made. These tend to follow one of three patterns: the lesion is confidently recognized; the lesion is unknown but a likely diagnosis can be made and; the lesion is unknown. It is within the latter two groupings that the uncommon cutaneous cancers exist. A biopsy is then performed to confirm the diagnosis. For large lesions a punch or incisional biopsy is taken which must include a portion of normal skin at the lesion edge. If the lesion is small enough to allow direct closure, an excision biopsy is performed, with a minimum margin of 2mm. Shave biopsy can be employed to confirm a diagnosis, but care must be taken that the subsequent management of the lesion is not adversely affected. With the rare tumors diagnosis can be difficult and there may not be enough tissue in a biopsy for a definitive diagnosis. The whole lesion may therefore need to be excised to obtain a confident diagnosis with further surgical treatment planned as required. Once the diagnosis is established a decision on the method of treatment can be made. The limited literature would suggest that rare skin tumors are unresponsive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, so the mainstay of treatment is surgery. When there are no established guidelines for the treatment of a particular rare tumor a pathologist can usually provide advice as to the probable nature of the lesion. This allows surgical treatment to be positioned into one of three main groups: lesions that behave like basal cell carcinomas (BCC); lesions that behave like squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and; lesions that behave like soft tissue sarcomas (STS). It is helpful to have a management plan into which each variety of rare tumor can be fitted, giving guidance as to the best and most appropriate management. Grouping treatment into BCC, SCC or STS-like treatment has been useful. As more becomes known regarding these malignancies their subsequent management can be adjusted accordingly. Currently, it would appear wise to treat each under a broader subgroup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the effect of scalp burns on common male baldness. Situation of the burn accident; Areas of the head affected; Growth of hair on the bald patch.

We investigated the effect of oral creatine supplementation (20 g d-1 for 7 days) on metabolism during a 1-h cycling performance trial. Twenty endurance-trained cyclists participated in this double-blind placebo controlled study. Five days after familiarization with the exercise test, the subjects underwent a baseline muscle biopsy. Thereafter, a cannula was inserted into a forearm vein before performing the baseline maximal 1-h cycle (test 1 (T1)). Blood samples were drawn at regular intervals during exercise and recovery. After creatine (Cr) loading, the muscle biopsy, 1-h cycling test (test 2 (T2)) and blood sampling were repeated. Resting muscle total creatine (TCr), measured by high performance liquid chromatography, was increased (P < 0.001) in the creatine group from 123.0 ± 3.8 - 159.8 ± 7.9 mmol kg-1 dry wt, but was unchanged in the placebo group (126.7 ± 4.7 - 127.5 ± 3.6 mmol kg-1 dry wt). The extent of Cr loading was unrelated to baseline Cr levels (r=0.33, not significant). Supplementation did not significantly improve exercise performance (Cr group: 39.1 ± 0.9 vs. 39.8 ± 0.8 km and placebo group: 39.3 ± 0.8 vs. 39.2 ± 1.1 km) or change plasma lactate concentrations. Plasma concentrations of ammonia (NH3) (P < 0.05) and hypoxanthine (Hx) (P < 0.01) were lower in the Cr group from T1 to T2. Our results indicate that Cr supplementation alters the metabolic response during sustained high-intensity submaximal exercise. Plasma data suggest that nett intramuscular adenine nucleotide degradation may be decreased in the presence of enhanced intramuscular TCr concentration even during submaximal exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We used Poynting fluxes and densities to investigate the stormtime thermosphere on November 10, 2004. Thermospheric energy, E th which is derived from , consists of two sources, solar ultraviolet radiation (E th UV) and the solar wind (E th SW). Responses of E th SW to interplanetary driving suggest that the thermosphere can be described by the equation dE th SW/dt=αε VS−(E th SW/τ), where ε VS represents the electric field; α and τ are constants. We show that: (1) E th SW is three times the ring-current energy; (2) αε VS is comparable with model predictions; (3) signatures of equatorward propagating disturbances were detected in neutral density profiles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Development of the low energy neutral atom (LENA) imager was originally motivated by a need to remotely sense plasma heating in the topside ionosphere, with the goal of greatly enhanced temporal resolution of an otherwise familiar phenomenon. During ground test and calibration, the LENA imager was found to respond to neutral atoms with energies well above its nominal energy range of 10-750 eV, up to at least 3-4 keV, owing to sputtering interactions with its conversion sur- face, On orbit, LENA has been found to respond to a ubiquitous neutral atom component of the solar wind, to the neutral atoms formed by magneto sheath interactions with the geocorona during periods of high solar wind pressure, and to the interstellar neutral atoms flowing through the heliosphere during the season of maximal relative wind velocity between spacecraft and interstellar medium. LENA imaging has thus emerged as a promising new tool for studying the interplanetary medium and its interaction with the magnetosphere, in addition to the ionospheric heating and outflow that result from this interaction. LENA emissions from the ionosphere consist of a fast component that can be observed at high altitudes, and slower components that evidently create a quasi-trapped extended superthermal exosphere. The more energetic emissions are responsive to solar wind energy inputs on time scales of a few minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]