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After the success of the reusable Falcon 9 rocket, space actors are pursuing competitive space access by developing Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLVs). While this initiative may enhance recycling rates, it may also trigger the Jevons' paradox as it amplifies the overall environmental footprint due to increased launch frequencies. It is therefore essential to quantify RLVs' impacts and identify key design drivers to enable efficient design choices while mitigating undesirable environmental effects. Consequently, this article uses a space specific Life Cycle assessment (LCA) approach to evaluate the environmental footprint, in terms of climate impact, water depletion and land use, of different RLV fleets designed to serve a forecasted European space market. The results show that the LH 2 fleet options have 2–8 times lower carbon footprint when compared to the LCH 4 fleet as a result of lower propellant consumption and lack of black carbon emissions, suggesting that the environmental burdens are mostly driven by propellant choice. Moreover, the analysis reveals a potential underestimation of climate impacts in previous LCA's by 2–3 orders of magnitude due to the absence of high altitude characterisation of rocket exhaust emissions and demised aluminium oxides. This increased forcing could lead to fleet choices surpassing the Earth's carrying capacity given by its planetary boundaries. The methodology and results within this study can support further integration of launch and reentry emissions within LCA by refining modelling techniques, improving impact characterisation and quantifying uncertainties. These advancements can ultimately enable robust eco-design strategies for launch vehicles. • Life cycle assessment of launch vehicles including impacts from stratospheric radiative forcing. • Liquid hydrogen–oxygen fuelled fleets show lower impact than the liquid methane-oxygen fleet. • Global warming impacts in a 20 year horizon were 1.4–2.5 × higher than in a 100 year horizon. • Climate impacts become up to 1000 × higher when characterising high altitude emissions. • Impacts over the fleet lifetime comparable to annual emissions of global commercial aviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To establish the burden of respiratory illness in cerebral palsy (CP) on the Western Australian health care system by quantifying the costs of respiratory hospitalizations in children with CP, compared with non‐respiratory hospitalizations. Method: A 2‐year (2014–2015) retrospective study using linked hospital data (excluding emergency department visits), in a population of children with CP in Western Australia aged 18 years and under (median age at hospitalization 7 years; interquartile range 5–12 years). Results: In 671 individuals (57% male) there were 726 emergency hospitalizations, and 1631 elective hospitalizations. Although there were more elective hospitalizations, emergency hospitalizations were associated with longer stays in hospital, and more days in an intensive care unit, resulting in a higher total cost of emergency hospitalizations than elective hospitalizations (total costs: emergency AU$7 748 718 vs elective AU$6 738 187). 'Respiratory' was the leading cause of emergency hospitalizations, contributing to 36% of all emergency admission costs. For a group of high‐cost inpatient users (top 5% of individuals with the highest total inpatient costs) the most common reason for hospitalization was 'respiratory'. Where non‐respiratory admissions were complicated by an additional respiratory diagnosis, length of stay was greater. Interpretation: Respiratory hospitalizations in CP are a significant driver of health care costs. In the paediatric group, they are a burden for a subgroup of children with CP. What this paper adds: Respiratory illness is the most costly area for unplanned, emergency hospitalizations for children and young people with cerebral palsy.The top 5% of individuals with the highest total inpatient costs account for a disproportionate amount of health care costs. What this paper adds: Respiratory illness is the most costly area for unplanned, emergency hospitalizations for children and young people with cerebral palsy.The top 5% of individuals with the highest total inpatient costs account for a disproportionate amount of health care costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmon excitation of metal electrodes is known to enhance important energy related electrochemical transformations in aqueous media. However, the low solubility of nonpolar gases and molecular reagents involved in many energy conversion reactions limits the number of products formed per unit time in aqueous media. In this Communication, we use linear sweep voltammetry to measure how electrochemical H2O reduction in a nonaqueous solvent, acetonitrile, is enhanced by excitation of a plasmonic electrode. Plasmonically excited electrochemically roughened Au electrodes are found to produce photopotentials as large as 175 mV, which can be harnessed to lower the applied electrical bias required to drive the formation of H2. As the solvent polarity increases, by an increase in the concentration of H2O, the measured photopotential rapidly drops off to ∼50 mV. We propose a mechanism by which an increase in the H2O concentration increasingly stabilizes the photocharged plasmonic electrode, lowering the photopotential available to assist in the electrochemical reaction. Our study demonstrates that solvent polarity is an essential experimental parameter to optimize plasmonic enhancement in electrochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ukrainians' resilience in the face of Russia's 2022 invasion can be explained by cumulative identity change through successive revolutions: the Orange Revolution in 2004, the Maidan Revolution or Revolution of Dignity in 2013–2014 and the current as yet unnamed war. The two phases of the war, from 2014 and 2022, have accelerated both the civic and the social construction of Ukrainian identity. Post‐post‐Soviet Ukraine is now a consolidated civic and political nation. But there is also an increased consensus on traditional nationalist mythology, defined by opposition to Russia's aggressive reimperialisation and autocratic political culture and by Ukraine's hyper‐Europeanisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the history and activities of Chicago's Irish nationalist community from the mid-19th century to the era of the Provisional IRA. Topics include the early Irish immigrant laborers and their political influence, the rise of militant nationalist organizations like the Fenian Brotherhood and Clan na Gael, and the support for Irish independence movements through events like the Easter Rising and the Anglo-Irish War.

• Life Cycle Engineering has been demonstrated as a viable approach for space mission design. • The life cycle sustainability impacts of SmallSats have been benchmarked for the first time. • Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis is a useful technique for identifying significant hotspots. • Improvements measures are more successful with increased levels of participant interaction. The application of Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) within the concurrent engineering process presents a viable method for assessing environmental, social and economic impacts of space missions. Despite this, the novelty of the concept within space mission design has meant that the approach has not yet been widely implemented. This paper successfully demonstrates this technique for the first time and presents LCE results of three SmallSat missions designed at the University of Strathclyde using the concurrent engineering approach. The Strathclyde Space Systems Database (SSSD) was deployed to calculate the total life cycle impacts of each mission, including the identification of common design hotspots. A novel technique called Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) was also trialled, whereby several impact categories were converted into single scores as a test case to reduce the learning curve for engineers. Overall, the LCE results indicate that the manufacturing & production of the launcher dominate the majority of impact categories. Other common hotspots were found to relate to the use of germanium as a substrate as well as the launch event. As an additional observation, in terms of the behavioural aspects, it was clear that study participants were more open to the concept of LCE with each new concurrent engineering session, evidenced by increasing levels of interaction amongst study participants. These findings are intended to provide industrial stakeholders with a preliminary benchmark relating to the general sustainability footprint of SmallSats, whilst demonstrating the viability of integrating LCE within the concurrent engineering process of space missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) region has been widely used in fungal diversity studies. Environmental metabarcoding has increased the importance of the fungal DNA barcode in documenting fungal diversity and distribution. The DNA barcode gap is seen as the difference between intra- and inter-specific pairwise distances in a DNA barcode. The current understanding of the barcode gap in macrofungi is limited, inhibiting the development of best practices in applying the nrITS region toward research on fungal diversity. This study examined the barcode gap using 5146 sequences representing 717 species of macrofungi from eleven genera, eight orders and two phyla in datasets assembled by taxonomic experts. Intra- and inter-specific pairwise distances were measured from sequence and phylogenetic data. The results demonstrate that barcode gaps are influenced by differences in intra- and inter-specific variance in pairwise distances. In terms of DNA barcode behavior, variance is greater in the ITS1 than ITS2, and variance is greater in both relative to the combined nrITS region. Due to the difference in variance, the barcode gaps in the ITS2 region are greater than in the ITS1. Additionally, the taxonomic approach of "splitting" taxa into numerous taxonomic units produces greater barcode gaps when compared to "lumping". The results show variability in the barcode gaps between fungal taxa, demonstrating a need to understand the accuracy of DNA barcoding in quantifying species richness. For taxonomic studies, variability in nrITS sequence data supports the application of multiple molecular markers to corroborate the taxonomic and systematic delineation of species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terms ‘epiphyte’ and ‘terrestrial’ are frequently misapplied in bromeliad circles. We address the background for the inaccurate usage, both semantic and botanical, and point out a way to typify bromeliads that removes ambiguity and inaccuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A naive Bayes classifier for identifying Class II YSOs has been constructed and applied to a region of the Northern Galactic Plane containing 8 million sources with good quality Gaia EDR3 parallaxes. The classifier uses the five features: Gaia G -band variability, WISE mid-infrared excess, UKIDSS and 2MASS near-infrared excess, IGAPS Hα excess, and overluminosity with respect to the main sequence. A list of candidate Class II YSOs is obtained by choosing a posterior threshold appropriate to the task at hand, balancing the competing demands of completeness and purity. At a threshold posterior greater than 0.5, our classifier identifies 6504 candidate Class II YSOs. At this threshold, we find a false positive rate around 0.02 per cent and a true positive rate of approximately 87 per cent for identifying Class II YSOs. The ROC curve rises rapidly to almost one with an area under the curve around 0.998 or better, indicating the classifier is efficient at identifying candidate Class II YSOs. Our map of these candidates shows what are potentially three previously undiscovered clusters or associations. When comparing our results to published catalogues from other young star classifiers, we find between one quarter and three quarters of high probability candidates are unique to each classifier, telling us no single classifier is finding all young stars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the Bible, reception history is about the inter-play of text and context. It is also about the capacity of stories to continue to be told, the practice of ongoing interpretation and about creativity and meaning making, often in ways that challenge the text/context divide. In exploring this challenge, I ask how a roughly drawn picture of Jesus as Ecce Homo from John's trial scene (John 19:5), a piece of devotional art from 1940s Europe, might demonstrate the capacity of texts—John 19:5 and others—to act across a range of (loosely connected) contexts. How might diverse narratives—artistic, historical, ideological, biographical—engage with thought on reception theory and trouble the distinction between text and context, so as to demonstrate the surprising expansiveness of texts and textuality? When viewed via this picture, the words on the pages of canonical text are revealed to be dynamic, travelling through the cultural and devotional history of varying locations, times and epochs. These words are in a state of flux, continually being re-written, embellished upon and otherwise shaped and changed. Following their trails in connection with this picture of Jesus, I explore the complex qualities of story and textuality. These qualities have parallel implications for John's Gospel, as an ongoing and increasingly tangled story of Empire, irony and ambivalence, a story that continues to play out in multiple, messy and often conflicting ways. Ultimately, to gather a number of narratives and to bind them within the frames of this picture becomes a way of demonstrating the slipperiness and even arbitrariness of historical reception. It elucidates the competing interests of context, scholarship and tradition, not to mention the ever-widening scope of possibilities for biblical textuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study explored how children and adolescents with a neuromuscular disorder (NMD) and their parents experienced barriers and enablers to the child's participation. Method: This was a qualitative descriptive design. Fourteen semi‐structured interviews were conducted (n = 13 mothers, n = 4 fathers, n = 8 children and adolescents) including one to three family members for each interview according to their preference. Data were analysed by content analysis, using the family of Participation‐Related Constructs (fPRC), to characterize the components of participation. Results: Meaningful participation was illustrated in the personal categories of the fPRC including the child's sense of self, preferences, and competence to perform activities. Enablers and barriers related to adaptive equipment and activity modification, social relationships, inclusion, accessibility to venues, social attitudes, and policies. Interpretation: Personal motivators are critical to understanding what participation is meaningful to children and adolescents with NMDs. Social and physical supports within the child's immediate environment as well as accessibility and advocacy more widely in the community enable participation. The fPRC is a useful tool for understanding participation in these children; it informs how to support participation and suggests domains for evaluation in future intervention studies. Advocacy for participation should consider targets in the immediate and broader environments. What this paper adds: The family of Participation‐Related Constructs classified the components of participation for children and adolescents with neuromuscular disorders.Meaningful participation involved a complex interaction between personal and environmental factors.Barriers to participation included poor accessibility, lack of equipment, and social exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) vigorously pursued Irish Republican Army (IRA) fugitives in the helping secure a number of high-profile deportations and extraditions, while the State Department enforced a strict policy of visa denial against prominent leaders of Sinn Féin. It mentions initiatives made it increasingly difficult for the IRA to utilize Irish America as a source for arms procurement, financial support, and publicity.

As actors in the space sector are proposing ever more ambitious plans for the future, it is important to evaluate their consequences on the Earth's environment, which are yet poorly known. To address this gap, this study presents a streamlined Life Cycle Assessment of future space activities over the period from 2022 to 2050 based on plans that would likely drive the environmental impacts of the space sector if they were realised. Large constellations of satellites, space tourism, Moon missions, and space-based solar power were considered in a first scenario, while rocket-based point-to-point travel on Earth and Mars colonisation were also included in two other scenarios. To this aim, the model is based on data from companies' declarations and actual space systems and uses life cycle inventory and impact assessment data from the Strathclyde Space Systems Database. In the first scenario, the study finds that by 2050 proposed plans would lead to an unprecedented surge in the impacts of the space sector (×9 on climate change) and in the number of satellites in orbit (∼112,000, all from large constellations). Ozone depletion from launch events could reach significant levels (6% of annual global impacts), while in a decade emissions of black carbon and aluminium oxide from rockets may alter the radiative balance of the atmosphere as much as present-day global aviation, although these effects are uncertain and poorly understood yet. Moreover, the mass injected into the atmosphere by re-entering artificial objects would become significant (∼27× the natural level for aluminium), while its environmental consequences remain largely unquantified. In the two other scenarios, results indicate that speculative plans of rocket-based point-to-point travel on Earth and Mars colonisation could deplete ozone several times as much as all other human activities combined, while air acidification and climate change could reach several percent of annual global impacts and planetary boundaries. The mitigation of these impacts using low carbon fuels would be limited by supply availability and by the emission of non-CO2 climate forcers and ozone-destroying compounds during launch and re-entry. Consequently, environmental sustainability is identified as a potential limiting factor to the development of intense space activities and to making humanity a multi-planetary species. Furthermore, political and social acceptability could play a major role in the development of recreational space travel since it exacerbates environmental inequalities due to an unparalleled combination of economic inaccessibility and high environmental footprints per passenger. Overall, results strongly suggest that there is a pressing need to include environmental considerations in addition to technical and economic analyses in space projects definition and space systems design. • Planned space activities would lead to a surge in the impacts of the space sector. • Impacts become significant when proxy high-altitude effects of launches are included. • Footprints of passengers in recreational space flights are uniquely high. • Mitigation is limited by energy transition challenges and unavoidable impacts. • The development of intense space activities is constrained by environmental limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine how social media platform and cancer content is associated with the presence of social support in responses to young adult cancer caregivers' (YACC) posts. We retrospectively collected YACC's Facebook and/or Instagram posts and all responses from the first six months of caregiving. Eligible YACC were 18-39, caring for a cancer patient diagnosed 6 months-5 years prior, spoke English, and used social media weekly. Social media posts and responses were manually coded for five social support types, then transformed to depict the proportion of responses per post representing each type of support. Using mixed-effects models, we compared the distributions of responses with social support types by platform (Facebook vs. Instagram) and cancer content (no vs. yes). More responses contained emotional support on Instagram than Facebook (B = 0.25, Standard Error (SE)=0.09, p = 0.007). More responses with cancer content contained -validation support (B = 0.20, SE = 0.07, p = 0.002), but fewer contained emotional (B=-0.17, SE = 0.07, p = 0.02) and instrumental support (B=-0.06, SE = 0.02, p = 0.001) than posts without cancer content. Studying the responsiveness of social media followers by platform and cancer content provides a foundation for intervention development. Emphasizing the suitability of different social media platforms for particular support seeking behaviors is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recording of nocturnal flight calls opens a fascinating window into the largely hidden world of nocturnal bird migration. In 2021, I recorded calls from my backyard on most suitable nights in the spring and fall, for a total of 1,415 hours of recording over 157 nights. To the best of my knowledge, this was the most comprehensive study of nocturnal flight calls conducted in Maryland. I detected more than 164,000 flight calls that were identifiable to at least genus or family, attributed to approximately 86,000 individual birds of 133 species--at least 110 of which were thought to be overflying migrants, with the remainder local residents. Swainson's Thrush was easily the most abundant species, accounting for almost 40% of all calls, but there were 100s or 1,000s of detections for 34 other species. Seasonal patterns show a strong peak of spring migration in early May and a more protracted fall peak in mid-September through mid-October. In addition to the common migrants, I detected several unexpected county or state rarities, including Black Rail, Whimbrel, Bicknell's Thrush, Evening Grosbeak, Clay-colored Sparrow, and Connecticut Warbler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case report retrospectively reviewed competition sprinting performances by a cohort of eight female high school soccer players before and after the incidence of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Performances were split into COVID-19-positive and COVID-19-negative groups, and metrics were collected using a global positioning system for each player during each game. An apparent decrease of 21.13% was found in the COVID-19-positive group's performances in distance sprinted per game in contrast to an increase of 8.43% for the COVID-19-negative group's performances. Results suggest patient-athletes experience decreases in intense sprinting performances following COVID-19 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an essential component of the outer membrane of most Gram‐negative bacteria that provides resistance to various toxic compounds and antibiotics. Newly synthesized LPS is extracted from the inner membrane by the ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter LptB2FGC, which places the glycolipid onto a periplasmic protein bridge that connects to the outer membrane. This ABC transporter is structurally unusual in that it associates with an additional protein, LptC. The periplasmic domain of LptC is part of the transporter's bridge while its transmembrane α‐helix intercalates into the LPS‐binding cavity of the core LptB2FG transporter. LptC's transmembrane helix affects the in vitro ATPase activity of LptB2FG, but its role in LPS transport in cells remains undefined. Here, we describe two roles of LptC's transmembrane helix in Escherichia coli. We demonstrate that it is required to maintain proper levels of LptC and participates in coupling the activity of the ATPase LptB to that of its transmembrane partners LptF/LptG prior to loading LPS onto the periplasmic bridge. Our data support a model in which the association of LptC's transmembrane helix with LptFG creates a nonessential step that slows down the LPS transporter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are responsible for an increasing disease and economic burden in Saudi Arabia, particularly those due to chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Efforts are being made to improve chronic disease control through greater prevention and disease management. This research examines the scope, comprehensiveness and perceived effectiveness of Saudi Arabia's national policies and strategies to prevent and control NCDs and their risk factors.Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 managers of the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia. The interviewees were public health leaders, national programme directors and programme implementation staff. The interviews were transcribed and coded into key themes.Results: Interviewee responses indicated a belief that Ministry of Health programmes for the prevention and control of NCDs have achieved initial success, but have not yet been adequately evaluated. Interviewees reported faster development and implementation of policies for tobacco, sugar-sweetened drinks and obesity than for physical activity. Major challenges identified included inefficient programme management and low community awareness. There was a reported need for greater emphasis on health promotion and improving the effectiveness of existing multisectoral coordination.Conclusion: Effective national NCD policies and strategies have a critical role to play in the control of chronic disease epidemics. In Saudi Arabia, opportunities exist to improve the policy and strategies in response to NCDs by establishing a comprehensive surveillance system and linking epidemiological surveillance with health programme evaluation, as well as using a multisectoral and integrated approach. For better management and control of NCDs, a cohesive multisectoral collaboration with a comprehensive surveillance programme and adequate evaluation is urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the study of Macdonald polynomials, J. Haglund and A. Wilson introduced a nonsymmetric polynomial analogue of the chromatic quasisymmetric function called the chromatic nonsymmetric polynomial of a Dyck graph. We give a positive expansion for this polynomial in the basis of fundamental slide polynomials using recent work of Assaf-Bergeron on flagged (P,\rho)-partitions. We then derive the known expansion for the chromatic quasisymmetric function of Dyck graphs in terms of Gessel's fundamental basis by taking a backstable limit of our expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Panobinostat in combination with olaparib reduces homologous recombination (HR) proficient tumor cell viability. • This combination favors anti-tumorigenic macrophages and enhances CD8+ T cell infiltration into tumors. • As a result, this combination targets HR-proficient ovarian tumors directly and through the tumor microenvironment. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) sensitize homologous recombination (HR)-proficient human ovarian cancer cells to PARP inhibitors (PARPi). To investigate mechanisms of anti-tumor effects of combined HDACi/PARPi treatment we performed transcriptome analysis in HR- proficient human ovarian cancer cells and tested drug effects in established immunocompetent mouse ovarian cancer models. Human SKOV-3 cells were treated with vehicle (Con), olaparib (Ola), panobinostat (Pano) or Pano+Ola and RNA-seq analysis performed. DESeq2 identified differentially expressed HR repair and immune transcripts. Luciferised syngeneic mouse ovarian cancer cells (ID8-luc) were treated with the HDACi panobinostat alone or combined with olaparib and effects on cell viability, apoptosis, DNA damage and HR efficiency determined. C57BL/6 mice with intraperitoneally injected ID8-luc cells were treated with panobinostat and/or olaparib followed by assessment of tumor burden, markers of cell proliferation, apoptosis and DNA damage, tumor-infiltrating T cells and macrophages, and other immune cell populations in ascites fluid. There was a significant reduction in expression of 20/37 HR pathway genes by Pano+Ola, with immune and inflammatory-related pathways also significantly enriched by the combination. In ID8 cells, Pano+Ola decreased cell viability, HR repair, and enhanced DNA damage. Pano+Ola also co-operatively reduced tumor burden and proliferation, increased tumor apoptosis and DNA damage, enhanced infiltration of CD8+ T cells into tumors, and decreased expression of M2-like macrophage markers. In conclusion , panobinostat in combination with olaparib targets ovarian tumors through both direct cytotoxic and indirect immune-modulating effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent philosophical literature has developed a taxonomy of scientific explanations, models, and the two basic research programmes that produce them. The first programme takes some capacity of a system and maps out how it works by breaking it down into various sub-capacities, each with their own distinct characteristics. The end goal is a functional model, a 'how-possibly' box-and-arrow type map of the functional organisation of the capacity. The second programme instead focuses on analytically decomposing a proposed mechanism that produces a phenomenon into real parts and processes. The end goal is a dynamical mechanistic model, a 'how-actually' explanation in which each model part explicitly represents the dynamics of those real parts or processes. Mechanistic models are better explanations of phenomena. Ecological psychology has, so far, widely resisted becoming a mechanistic science. This is in part due to our objections to mechanistic, Cartesian ontologies, and more recently because it's not clear we can meaningfully decompose the systems we study in order to develop such models. I will argue here that both of these concerns are unfounded, that ecological psychology is actually perfectly capable of developing mechanistic models, and that therefore we should do so, in order to gain the benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interface theory is the hypothesis that inferential, representational theories of perception entail that fitness, not truth, dictates the evolution of perceptual systems. They show, with simulations, that "veridical" perceptual mappings (ones that preserve at least some of the structure of the world) are routinely out-competed by "non-veridical" interfaces (ones that make no attempt to preserve that structure). They therefore take particular aim at the direct perception, ecological approach to perception and work to show that such a system, even if technically an option, would never be selected for by evolution. This paper defends the ecological approach from this novel, existential attack by showing that the ecological hypothesis is so different in kind to the inferential, representational view of perception that it simply falls outside the scope of interface theory's critiques; ecological psychology remains a viable scientific endeavor. This analysis will show that, far from being a radical new approach to perception, interface theory is simply a clear and elegant formalization of mainstream representational psychology, and any implications interface theory may have belong solely to that branch of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water-polo players frequently perform overhead throws that could result in shoulder imbalances. For overhead throws, execution of the ‘eggbeater kick’ (cyclical movement of the legs) is required to lift the body out of the water. Although a symmetrical action, inter-limb differences in task execution could lead to knee frontal plane projection (FPPA) differences. The present study examined imbalances shoulder and knee FPPA in female players. Eighteen competitive female field players (24.1 ± 5.5 years, 1.68 ± 0.06 m, 72.9 ± 13.3 kg) had their shoulder strength assessed in a shot-mimicking position with a portable dynamometer, standing and seated (isolating the shoulder contribution). Anterior: posterior and shooting: non-shooting shoulder comparison were made. Additionally, players performed a drop jump. Knee FPPA was recorded from digitising and comparing the frames just before landing and at stance phase. During standing, players exhibited higher shooting: non-shooting asymmetry (p = 0.032) in the anterior contraction direction, while during seated the shooting shoulder anterior: posterior asymmetry was higher (p = 0.032). Interlimb knee FPPA asymmetry was higher in the stance phase (p = 0.02). Despite the overhead throwing and egg-beater demands impacting differently on each limb, considerable asymmetries do not develop, suggesting the overall training requirements (e.g. swimming, resistance training) were sufficient to maintain the asymmetry within desirable limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inelastic wedge deformation likely plays an important role in the generation of tsunami and ocean acoustic waves in accretionary subduction margins. In an elastic dislocation model, whether or not the fault breaks the trench has a significant effect on seafloor deformation and resulting tsunami. However, this boundary condition is less important when significant inelastic deformation in the overriding wedge occurs, because large seafloor uplift can occur with little or no slip at the trench. Here we incorporate wedge plasticity in fully coupled dynamic rupture and tsunami simulations for a buried fault in the Cascadia subduction zone with realistic fault geometry, bathymetry, and velocity structure. A linearized Eulerian approach is verified and used to simulate gravity waves in the ocean. Our coupled models show that the inelastic deformation of wedge sediments can significantly contribute to seafloor uplift, producing tsunami heights at least twice as large as in purely elastic simulations, whilst generating weaker ocean acoustic and seismic waves. Inelastic wedge deformation is therefore an important mechanism to consider in tsunami hazard assessment in the Cascadia subduction zone. These results have important implications for tsunami generation and early warning in accretionary and other sediment‐filled margins worldwide. Plain Language Summary: Thick sediments in accretionary plate margins, such as the Cascadia subduction zone, can significantly affect tsunamigenesis and excitation of ocean acoustic and seismic waves. Due to weak strength wedge sediments can fail inelastically under dynamic stresses during an earthquake. Our fully coupled models of earthquake rupture and tsunami in the Cascadia subduction zone show that the inelastic deformation of wedge sediments produces tsunami several times larger than in purely elastic deformation models. Meanwhile, inelastic deformation reduces the excitation of most ocean acoustic and seismic waves, which poses challenges in using these waves for tsunami early warning. Inelastic wedge deformation should be incorporated into more accurate tsunami hazard assessment in the Cascadia subduction zone and other sediment‐filled margins worldwide. Key Points: Inelastic wedge deformation can significantly contribute to tsunamigenesis in the Cascadia subduction zoneA linearized Eulerian approach for modeling ocean gravity waves is verified by a semi‐analytical approachInelastic wedge deformation significantly reduces excitation of ocean acoustic and seismic waves [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines competing Crimean Tatar, Russian and Ukrainian views of Crimean Tatar history as they have developed since the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, via an examination of popular history and publistika. Crimean Tatar writing insists on the core principle of indigenous rights. In order to marginalise this discourse, Russian historiography adopts a neocolonial settler framing and a mythology of 'ancient Russian' Crimea, much of it derived from earlier Tsarist (late nineteenth century) and Soviet (1950s) historiography. Ukraine generally rather neglected the Crimean Tatar issue before 2014, but a new historiography of Crimean Tatar–Cossack cooperation and parallel state-building has emerged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Electronic Health Records (EHRs) can contribute to the earlier detection and better treatment of chronic diseases by improving accuracy and accessibility of patient data. The Saudi Ministry of Health (MOH) implemented an EHR system in all primary health care clinics (PHCs) as part of measures to improve their performance in managing chronic disease. This study examined the perspective of physicians on the current scope and content of NCDs management at PHCs including the contribution of the EHR system. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 physicians working in chronic disease clinics at PHCs covering a range of locations and clinic sizes. The participants were selected based on their expertise using a combination of purposive and convenience sampling. The interviews were transcribed, analyzed and coded into the key themes. Results: Physicians indicated that the availability of the EHR helped organise their work and positively influenced NCDs patient encounters in their PHCs. They emphasised the multiple benefits of EHR in terms of efficiency, including the accuracy of patient documentation and the availability of patient information. Shortcomings identified included the lack of a patient portal to allow patients to access information about their health and lack of capacity to facilitate multi-disciplinary care for example through referral to allied health services. Access to the EHR was limited to MOH primary healthcare centres and clinicians noted that patients also received care in private clinics and hospitals. Conclusion: While well regarded by clinicians, the EHR system impact on patient care at chronic disease clinics is not being fully realised. Enabling patient access to their EHR would be help promote self-management, a core attribute of effective NCD management. Co-ordination of care is another core attribute and in the Saudi health system with multiple public and private providers, this may be substantially improved if the patients EHR was accessible wherever care was provided. There is also a need for enhanced capacity to support improving patient's nutrition and physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft processors are often used within field-programmable gate array (FPGA) designs in radiation hazardous environments. These systems are susceptible to single-event upsets (SEUs) that can corrupt both the hardware configuration and software implementation. Mitigation of these SEUs can be accomplished by applying triple modular redundancy (TMR) techniques to the processor. This article presents fault injection and neutron radiation results of a Linux-capable TMR VexRiscv processor. The TMR processor achieved a $10\times $ improvement in SEU-induced mean fluence to failure with a cost of $4\times $ resource utilization. To further understand the TMR system failures, additional post-radiation fault injection was performed with targets generated from the radiation data. This analysis showed that not all the failures were due to single-bit upsets, but potentially caused by multibit upsets, nontriplicated IO, and unmonitored nonconfiguration RAM (CRAM) SEUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cells must build and maintain at least one membrane that surrounds essential cellular components and provides structural integrity. Gram-negative bacteria possess an inner membrane, which separates the aqueous cytoplasmic and periplasmic compartments, and an outer membrane, which surrounds the periplasm. The outer membrane is an asymmetric bilayer with phospholipids in its inner leaflet and lipopolysaccharides in its outer leaflet. This structure provides cellular integrity and prevents the entry of many toxic compounds into the cell. Constructing the outer membrane is challenging, since its lipid constituents must be synthesized within the inner membrane, transported across the periplasm, and ultimately assembled into an asymmetric structure. This review highlights major recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism and structure of the intermembrane, multi-protein machine that transports lipopolysaccharide across the cell envelope. Although our understanding of phospholipid transport is very limited, we also provide a brief update on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Patients with IPF have altered lung microbiota, with bacterial burden within the lungs associated with mortality; previous studies have suggested benefit with co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole).Objective: To determine the efficacy of co-trimoxazole in patients with moderate and severe IPF.Design, Setting, and Participants: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel randomized trial of 342 patients with IPF, breathlessness (Medical Research Council dyspnea scale score >1), and impaired lung function (forced vital capacity ≤75% predicted) conducted in 39 UK specialist interstitial lung disease centers between April 2015 (first patient visit) and April 2019 (last patient follow-up).Interventions: Study participants were randomized to receive 960 mg of oral co-trimoxazole twice daily (n = 170) or matched placebo (n = 172) for between 12 and 42 months. All patients received 5 mg of folic acid orally once daily.Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was time to death (all causes), lung transplant, or first nonelective hospital admission. There were 15 secondary outcomes, including the individual components of the primary end point respiratory-related events, lung function (forced vital capacity and gas transfer), and patient-reported outcomes (Medical Research Council dyspnea scale, 5-level EuroQol 5-dimension questionnaire, cough severity, Leicester Cough Questionnaire, and King's Brief Interstitial Lung Disease questionnaire scores).Results: Among 342 individuals who were randomized (mean age, 71.3 years; 46 [13%] women), 283 (83%) completed the trial. The median (interquartile range) duration of follow-up was 1.02 (0.35-1.73) years. Events per person-year of follow-up among participants randomized to the co-trimoxazole and placebo groups were 0.45 (84/186) and 0.38 (80/209), respectively, with a hazard ratio of 1.2 ([95% CI, 0.9-1.6]; P = .32). There were no statistically significant differences in other event outcomes, lung function, or patient-reported outcomes. Patients in the co-trimoxazole group had 696 adverse events (nausea [n = 89], diarrhea [n = 52], vomiting [n = 28], and rash [n = 31]) and patients in the placebo group had 640 adverse events (nausea [n = 67], diarrhea [n = 84], vomiting [n = 20], and rash [n = 20]).Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with moderate or severe IPF, treatment with oral co-trimoxazole did not reduce a composite outcome of time to death, transplant, or nonelective hospitalization compared with placebo.Trial Registration: ISRCTN Identifier: ISRCTN17464641. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is an effective intervention for treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Early improvement during high-frequency left-sided (HFL) stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is an important predictor of longer-term outcome, but most patients benefit later in their treatment course. We examined patients without early improvement with HFL to determine whether augmentation with additional stimulation approaches improved treatment outcome.Methods: 139 participants received HFL in a measurement-based care paradigm. Participants who achieved < 20% improvement by treatment 10 could continue with HFL (N = 17) or receive one of two augmentation strategies: bilateral stimulation (BL; HFL followed by low-frequency stimulation of right DLPFC) (N = 69) or intermittent theta-burst priming of left DLPFC (iTBS-P) (N = 17) for their remaining treatment sessions. The primary outcome was the percent reduction in depressive symptoms at treatment 30.Results: Participants who achieved < 20% improvement by treatment 10 and continued with HFL showed limited benefit. iTBS-P participants had significantly greater improvement, while those receiving BL trended toward improved outcomes. Ten sessions of either augmentation strategy appeared necessary to determine the likelihood of benefit.Conclusions: Augmentation of early non-response to HFL appears to improve rTMS outcomes, with a novel iTBS-P strategy surpassing both continued HFL or BL treatment in participants with < 20% improvement after 10 treatments. These findings suggest that measurement-based care with addition of augmented stimulation for those not showing early improvement may yield superior rTMS treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Movement systems are massively redundant, and there are always multiple movement solutions to any task demand; motor abundance. Movement consequently exhibits 'repetition without repetition', where movement outcomes are preserved but the kinematic details of the movement vary across repetitions. The uncontrolled manifold (UCM) concept is one of several methods that analyses movement variability with respect to task goals, to quantify repetition without repetition and test hypotheses about the control architecture producing a given abundant response to a task demand. However, like all these methods, UCM is under-constrained in how it decomposes a task and performance. In this paper, we propose and test a theoretical framework for constraining UCM analysis, specifically the perception of task-dynamical affordances. Participants threw tennis balls to hit a target set at 5m, 10m or 15m, and we performed UCM analysis on the shoulder-elbow-wrist joint angles with respect to variables derived from an affordance analysis of this task as well as more typical biomechanical variables. The affordance-based UCM analysis performed well, although data also showed thrower dynamics (effectivities) need to be accounted for as well. We discuss how the theoretical framework of affordances and affordance-based control can be connected to motor abundance methods in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease in which the joint lining or synovium becomes highly inflamed and majorly contributes to disease progression. Understanding pathogenic processes in RA synovium is critical for identifying therapeutic targets. We performed laser capture microscopy (LCM) followed by RNA sequencing (LCM‐RNAseq) to study regional transcriptomes throughout RA synovium.Synovial lining, sublining, and vessel samples were captured by LCM from seven patients with RA and seven patients with osteoarthritis (OA). RNAseq was performed on RNA extracted from captured tissue. Principal component analysis was performed on the sample set by disease state. Differential expression analysis was performed between disease states based on log2 fold change and q value parameters. Pathway analysis was performed using the Reactome Pathway Database on differentially expressed genes among disease states. Significantly enriched pathways in each synovial region were selected based on the false discovery rate.RA and OA transcriptomes were distinguishable by principal component analysis. Pairwise comparisons of synovial lining, sublining, and vessel samples between RA and OA revealed substantial differences in transcriptional patterns throughout the synovium. Hierarchical clustering of pathways based on significance revealed a pattern of association between biologic function and synovial topology. Analysis of pathways uniquely enriched in each region revealed distinct phenotypic abnormalities. As examples, RA lining samples were marked by anomalous immune cell signaling, RA sublining samples were marked by aberrant cell cycle, and RA vessel samples were marked by alterations in heme scavenging.LCM‐RNAseq confirms reported transcriptional differences between the RA synovium and the OA synovium and provides evidence supporting a relationship between synovial topology and molecular anomalies in RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The longer HIV-1 actively replicates before ART, the more complex the reservoir. • Questions remain about the efficacy of bNAb therapy in tissues. • Phenotype but not genotype of provirus can predict virus rebound during ATI. • In vitro potency is a relative metric that affects in vivo efficacy. • Multiple strategies exist to overcome the genetic diversity of the HIV-1 reservoir. Genetic diversity in the latent proviral reservoir of HIV-1 infected individuals poses a challenge to cure strategies. It has become increasingly evident that diversity increases proportionally with length of active infection, and that functional and/or sterilizing cure strategies will need to overcome this obstacle in individuals who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) during chronic infection. Analyzing the results of analytic treatment interruption (ATI) has allowed for the evaluation of such therapeutic strategies in HIV+ individuals. Strategies to overcome the genetic diversity of the HIV-1 reservoir include antibody combinations, pre-screening individuals for bNAb sensitivity, focusing on low-diversity individuals as well as targeting host proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-molecule-level measurements are bringing about a revolution in our understanding of chemical and biochemical processes. Conventional measurements are performed on large ensembles of molecules. Such ensemble-averaged measurements mask molecular-level dynamics and static and dynamic fluctuations in reactivity, which are vital to a holistic understanding of chemical reactions. Watching reactions on the single-molecule level provides access to this otherwise hidden information. Sub-diffraction-limited spatial resolution fluorescence imaging methods, which have been successful in the field of biophysics, have been applied to study chemical processes on single-nanoparticle and single-molecule levels, bringing us new mechanistic insights into physiochemical processes. However, the scope of chemical processes that can be studied using fluorescence imaging is considerably limited; the chemical reaction has to be designed such that it involves fluorophores or fluorogenic probes. In this article, we review optical imaging modalities alternative to fluorescence imaging, which expand greatly the range of chemical processes that can be probed with nanoscale or even single-molecule resolution. First, we show that the luminosity, wavelength, and intermittency of solid-state photoluminescence (PL) can be used to probe chemical transformations on the single-nanoparticle-level. Next, we highlight case studies where localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) scattering is used for tracking solid-state, interfacial, and near-field-driven chemical reactions occurring in individual nanoscale locations. Third, we explore the utility of surface- and tip-enhanced Raman scattering to monitor individual bond-dissociation and bond-formation events occurring locally in chemical reactions on surfaces. Each example has yielded some new understanding about molecular mechanisms or location-to-location heterogeneity in chemical activity. The review finishes with new and complementary tools that are expected to further enhance the scope of knowledge attainable through nanometer-scale resolution chemical imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) is a transient episode of neurological dysfunction. Rapid access TIA clinics have been set up as integrated 'one-stop' clinics that aim to investigate, diagnose, educate and implement treatment to reduce the risk of further TIA/stroke.Objective: This study aimed to examine how TIA consultations were conducted by observing the consultations and then interviewing patients.Methods: This ethnographic study observed fifteen patient-clinician consultations where a diagnosis of TIA was made within three different TIA outpatient clinics in the East Midlands. All fifteen patients, their accompanying family-members/carers and three stroke clinicians were interviewed. Data analysis was informed by the constant comparative approach.Results: There was considerable variation in the conduct of these consultations across sites and clinicians. This resulted in variation in patient experience and knowledge after the consultation including the ability to recognize TIA-associated risk factors and their management. As TIA symptoms resolve, patients may reduce their need to seek health care services in addition to demonstrating reduced concordance with secondary stroke prevention. Health professionals recognize that this single appointment provides patients with a large amount of information which may be difficult to process. Importantly, there was little discussion about future symptoms and how to respond. A management plan, which considered a patient's health belief, knowledge and encouraged the involvement of family members, improved information recall.Conclusions: TIA is a complex medical diagnosis with multiple risk factors that may make the management complex and hence difficult for patients to undertake. Our findings found variability in the conduct, provision of information and patient understanding. Guidance on nationally agreed consultation framework may prove useful. Improved patient education may include individualized/sustained education utilizing multidisciplinary team members across family/primary and secondary care, video or greater online education and improved general public education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superspace of rank n is a Q-algebra with n commuting generators x1, . . . , xn and n anticommuting generators θ1, . . . , θn. We present an extension of the Vandermonde determinant to superspace which depends on a sequence a = (a1, . . . , ar) of nonnegative integers of length r ≤ n. We use superspace Vandermondes to construct graded representations of the symmetric group. This construction recovers hook-shaped Tanisaki quotients, the coinvariant ring for the Delta Conjecture constructed by Haglund, Rhoades, and Shimozono, and a superspace quotient related to positroids and Chern plethysm constructed by Billey, Rhoades, and Tewari. We define a notion of partial differentiation with respect to anticommuting variables to construct doubly graded modules from superspace Vandermondes. These doubly graded modules carry a natural ring structure which satisfies a 2-dimensional version of Poincaré duality. The application of polarization operators gives rise to other bigraded modules which give a conjectural module for the symmetric function Δ ek−1 en appearing in the Delta Conjecture of Haglund, Remmel, and Wilson. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a high acuity diagnosis that requires prompt recognition and developed system responses to reduce morbidity and mortality. There is a paucity of literature describing active duty (AD) military personnel with STEMI syndromes at military treatment facilities (MTFs). This study aims to describe AD military members with STEMI diagnoses, military treatment facility management, and subsequent military dispositions observed.Materials and Methods: We performed a single-center, retrospective review of all STEMI diagnoses at San Antonio Military Medical Center (SAMMC) from January 2008 to June 2018. Patients met inclusion in the analysis if they were (1) AD personnel in the United States Air Force (USAF) or United States Army (USA) and (2) presented with electrocardiogram findings and cardiac biomarkers diagnostic of a STEMI diagnosis. ASCVD and STEMI diagnoses were confirmed by board certified interventional cardiologists with coronary angiography. The 2017 American College of Cardiology (ACC) STEMI clinical performance and quality measures were used as the standard of care metrics for our case reviews.Results: A total of 236 patients were treated for STEMI at SAMMC during the study period. Eight (3.4%) of these cases met inclusion criteria of being AD status at the time of diagnosis. Five (63%) of the AD STEMI diagnoses were USA members, three (37%) were USAF members, 50% were Caucasian, and 100% were male sex. The average age and body mass index were 46.3 ± 5.5 years old and 28.5 ± 3.1 kg/m 2, respectively. Preexisting cardiovascular risk factors were present in six (75%) of the individuals with hypertension being most common (63%). The eight patients had a baseline average low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of 110 ± 39 mg/dL, total cholesterol of 180 ± 49 mg/dL and calculated 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) 3.9 ± 1.6%. 100% of patients underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) within 90 minutes of presentation (average door-to-balloon time 59.3 ± 24 min). Single-vessel disease was found in all eight patients and seven of them underwent drug-eluting stent placement (average number of stents 2 ± 1.5). Performance and quality measures were met in all applicable categories including door-to-balloon times, discharge medical therapies, and cardiac rehabilitation enrollments for 100% AD personnel. Reported adverse events included two stent thromboses and two vascular complications. Three of eight individuals (37.5%) were diagnosed with behavioral health disorders secondary to their acute coronary syndrome. Medical retirement secondary to STEMI diagnosis occurred in 87.5% of subjects and all study personnel medically retired within 24 months (average 12.8 ± 7.9 months).Conclusions: AD personnel represent a small minority of MTF STEMI diagnoses and present with lower risk cardiovascular profiles. AD personnel received standard STEMI management compared to national performance measures, and were deployment ineligible after STEMI diagnoses. Further studies are needed to definitively explore the appropriate military dispositions for members with STEMI diagnoses and acute coronary syndromes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most common and lethal histological subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer. HGSOC with cyclin E1 gene (CCNE1) amplification and bromodomain and extraterminal 4 (BRD4) amplification have been associated with poor outcomes. Our objective was to evaluate clinical outcomes of HGSOC with co-amplification of CCNE1 and BRD4 and high protein expression of cyclin E and BRD4. Copy number amplification data were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for 579 HGSOC. Reverse phase protein array (RPPA) TCGA data were used to determine cyclin E and BRD4 protein expression in 482 HGSOC. Cyclin E and BRD4 protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) was evaluated in a tissue microarray (TMA) of 110 HGSOC. Measured clinical outcomes were survival and platinum sensitivity. Of 30% of HGSOC with amplifications in CCNE1 or BRD4, 8% have both CCNE1 and BRD4 amplification. Protein expression of cyclin E and BRD4 are positively correlated, both by RPPA (r = 0.23; p < 0.001) and by IHC (r = 0.21; p = 0.025). Patients with CCNE1 and BRD4 co-amplified HGSOC have worse overall survival than patients without amplifications, 39.94 vs 48.06 months (p = 0.029). High protein expression of cyclin E, but not BRD4, was associated with poor overall survival (HR 1.62, 1.04–2.53, p = 0.033) and platinum resistance (p = 0.016). HGSOC with CCNE1 and BRD4 co-amplification are associated with poor overall survival. Further studies are warranted to determine the use of protein expression by IHC as a surrogate marker for CCNE1 and BRD4 co-amplified HGSOC. • Homologous recombination (HR) proficient high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOC) are associated with poor clinical outcomes. • About 30% of HGSOCs have amplifications in CCNE1 and/or BRD4 and 8% have co-amplifications in CCNE1 and BRD4. • CCNE1 and BRD4 amplifications are associated with increased protein expression in HGSOC. • Elevated cyclin E protein expression by immunohistochemistry is associated with platinum resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]