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Many studies have shown that early-life experiences can contribute to later life cognitive reserve and resilience. However, there is evidence to suggest that later life experiences and lifestyle choices can also play a vital role in the brain's ability to respond to and compensate for neural insults associated with aging. Engaging in a diversity of behaviorally, socially, and cognitively rich activities may forge new neural pathways that can perhaps provide greater flexibility in confronting the challenges associated with accumulating brain pathology. Studies of cognitively normal individuals with pathology and of individuals who have aged exceptionally well may provide insights that are generalizable to the overall elderly population.

The authors describe job market experiences of new PhD economists, 2007-10. Using information from PhD programs' job candidate Web sites and original surveys, they present information about job candidates' characteristics, preferences, and expectations; how job candidates fared at each stage of the market; and predictors of outcomes at each stage. Some information in this article updates findings of prior studies. However, design features of the data used in this article may result in findings that are more generalizable. This article is unique in comparing premarket expectations and preferences with post-market outcomes on the new PhD job market. It shows that outcomes tend to align with premarket preferences, and candidates' expectations are somewhat predictive of their outcomes. Several analyses also shed light on subgroup differences.

This paper explores the examination procedures and protocols for the DBA degree through a survey of universities offering the degree in Australia. The findings indicate general consistency among institutions in understanding the differences between a DBA and PhD, and a relatively uniform acceptance of key criteria for assessment of the DBA. However, in some instances the information provided to examiners of DBA theses was either unavailable or limited, or did not articulate clearly the differences between a DBA and PhD and how these differences are to be addressed when examining a DBA thesis. A framework is provided for assisting potential examiners of DBA theses and graduate schools or business faculties in their drafting of DBA examination guidelines in order to obtain a level of consistency in DBA examination procedures and protocols.

Purpose--To explore the nature component parts, degree structure and purpose intended outcomes of the Doctor of Business Administration DBA degree, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the degree as they stand presently, using Australian experience. Design/methodology/approach?-A review of DBA programme offerings in Australia identified commonalities and differences in these offerings, and provided information necessary to propose strategic and theoretical implications of DBA education. Findings--The paper demonstrates areas of confusion surrounding the purpose and nature of the DBA degree, especially as a research degree in comparison to the PhD. It concludes that quality controls are needed to ensure that this growing addition to management education adds to, and aids, the goal of strengthening management research, in ways that link theoretical insights with management practice. Research limitations/implications--Theoretical and practical implications of the DBA degree are offered, as well as the extent to which the DBA addresses the educational needs of students and its benefits to the university. Practical implications--The paper provides data useful to administrators interested in establishing a DBA degree in their institution, for researchers wishing to further explore and contribute to the discourse regarding the calibre and content of DBA degrees, and for students wishing to learn more about the fundamental differences between the PhD and the DBA. Originality/value--This paper provides new information about the way the DBA degree is developing in an Australian context, and offers advice on issues that need attention in order to further ground the DBA in a combined research and practitioner ethic.