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709 results on '"Willingham M"'

1. Conclusions

Author

Frankel, A. E., Willingham, M. C., Compans, R. W., editor, Cooper, M., editor, Hogle, J. M., editor, Ito, Y., editor, Koprowski, H., editor, Melchers, F., editor, Oldstone, M., editor, Olsnes, S., editor, Potter, M., editor, Seadler, H., editor, Vogt, P. K., editor, Wagner, H., editor, and Frankel, Arthur E., editor

Published
1998
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20. GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION IMPROVEMENTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Author

Hammons, T.J., Willingham, M., Mak, K.N., da Silva, Malhaes, Morozowski, M., and Blyden, B.K.

Subjects
Direct energy conversion -- Research, Developing countries -- Energy policy, Hydrothermal electric power systems -- Planning, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

This paper discusses new realities in Power Development in Developing Countries as seen by the United Nations, The World Energy Council, Asia, Latin America, and Africa. At the outset, technical assistance given by. the United Nations for global sustainability projects is summarised. Power system expansion and interconnection in China, greenhouse gas emission reduction in Egypt, and integrated development of the Arab-Mediterranean Region and environmental considerations are among the projects that are highlighted. The pressing need of Developing Countries as seen by. the World Energy Council to meet energy needs without prejudice to the environment where technological advances in the production, delivery and utilization of electrical energy are central to resolving conflicts between energy and the environment is then discussed. The paper goes on to discuss power system planning in deregulated environments where the Brazilian experience is highlighted. Global dynamics and potential for an integrated African Grid is then examined. Concepts associated with the growing interest in renewable resources in Central and East Africa for domestic, continental and international utilization are synthesized. Current and future energy development proposals are discussed with emphasis on operational reliability as a basis for potential large system design. Given are generalised representations to illustrate hydroelectric potential of the Central and East African regions and the kind of centralised pool that could be developed as a result. Other studies which include the Africa-Europe and Zaire-Egypt initiatives are also discussed.

Published
1999

22. Monoclonal antibodies and immobilized antibodies

Author

Linhardt, Robert J., Abell C. W., Denney R. M., Altrock B. W., Auerbach R., Bernal S. D., Canfield R. E., Ehrlich P. H., Moyle W. R., Chan T. S., Chang T. W., Chang N. T., Cidlowski J. A., Viceps M. D., Cote R. J., Morrissey D. M., Houghton A. N., Beattie E. J., Oettgen H. F., Old L. J., Croce C. M., Cubicciotti R. S., Karu A. E., Krauss R. M., Cullor J. S., Deutsch A., Brandwein H., Platt H., Hunter D. M., Dubitsky A., Durham S. M., Dolbeare F. A., Gray J. W., Dreesman G. R., Kendall C. E., Egrie J. C., Frackelton A. R., Eisen H. N., Ross A. H., Gay S., Geirnaert G., Geltosky J. E., Goldberg E. H., Goldwasser E., Kavinsky C., Weiss T. L., Gratzner H. G., Hampar B., Zweig M., Showalter S. D., Handley H. H., Glassy M. C., Hagiwara Y., Hagiwara H., Huang C. M., Cohen S. N., Hughes J. V., Scolnick E. M., Tomassini J. E., Jefferis R., Steensgaard J., Kaplan H. S., Teng N. N. H., Earn K. S., Calvo R. F., Kass L., Kettman J. R., Norgard M. V., Khazaeli M. B., Beierwaltes W. H., England B. G., Kung P. C., Goldstein G., Lanier L., Phillips J., Lanier L., Warner N. L., Larrick J. W., Raubitschek A. R., Truitt K. E., Lazarus H., Schwaber J. F., Lewicki J., Lewis C., Olander J. V., Tolbert W. R., Milford E. L., Carpenter C. B., Paradysz J. M., Mosher D. F., Mulshine J. L., Minna J. D., Murray K. A., Neville D. M., Youle R. J., Neville D. M., Youle R. J., Nicolson M., Pastan I., Willingham M. C., Fitzgerald D. J., Pucci A., Smithyman A. M., Slade M. B., French P. W., Wijffels G., Pukel C. S., Lloyd K. O., Travassos L. R., Dippold W. G., Oettgen H. F., Old L. J., Reckel R. P., Harris J. L., Wellerson R., Shaw S. M., Kaplan P. M., Reinherz E. L., Schlossman S. F., Mener S. C., Sakamoto J., Cordon C. C., Friedman E., Finstad C. L., Enker W. E., Melamed M. R., Lloyd K. O., Oettgen J. F., Old L. J., Scannon P. J., Spitler L. E., Lee H. M., Kawahata R. T., Mischak R. P., Schlom J., Colcher D., Nuti M., Hand P. H., Austin F., Shockman G. D., Jackson D. E., Wong W., Steplewski Z., Koprowski H., Herlyn M., Strand M., Trowbridge I. S., Urdal D. L., March C. J., Dower S. K., Wands J. R., Zurawski V. R., White C. A., Dulbecco R., Allen W. R., Arnold E. C., Flasher M., Freedman H. H., Heath T. D., Shek P., Papahadjopoulos D., Ikeda M., Sakamoto S., Suzuki K., Kuboyama M., Harada Y., Kawashiri A., Takahashi E., Lee H. S., Margel S., Neville D. M., Youle R. J., Nowinski R. C., Hoffman A. S., Peterson J. W., Platt K. B., Reed D. E., Real F. X., Mattes M. J., Houghton A. N., Livingston P. O., Lloyd K. O., Oettgen H. F., Old L. J., Rembaum A., Yen R. C. K., Rosenstein R., and Schneider B.

Published
1987
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25. MYRF Is a Membrane-Associated Transcription Factor That Autoproteolytically Cleaves to Directly Activate Myelin Genes

Author

ffrench-Constant, C, Bujalka, H, Koenning, M, Jackson, S, Perreau, VM, Pope, B, Hay, CM, Mitew, S, Hill, AF, Lu, QR, Wegner, M, Srinivasan, R, Svaren, J, Willingham, M, Barres, BA, Emery, B, ffrench-Constant, C, Bujalka, H, Koenning, M, Jackson, S, Perreau, VM, Pope, B, Hay, CM, Mitew, S, Hill, AF, Lu, QR, Wegner, M, Srinivasan, R, Svaren, J, Willingham, M, Barres, BA, and Emery, B

Abstract

The myelination of axons is a crucial step during vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) development, allowing for rapid and energy efficient saltatory conduction of nerve impulses. Accordingly, the differentiation of oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the CNS, and their expression of myelin genes are under tight transcriptional control. We previously identified a putative transcription factor, Myelin Regulatory Factor (Myrf), as being vital for CNS myelination. Myrf is required for the generation of CNS myelination during development and also for its maintenance in the adult. It has been controversial, however, whether Myrf directly regulates transcription, with reports of a transmembrane domain and lack of nuclear localization. Here we show that Myrf is a membrane-associated transcription factor that undergoes an activating proteolytic cleavage to separate its transmembrane domain-containing C-terminal region from a nuclear-targeted N-terminal region. Unexpectedly, this cleavage event occurs via a protein domain related to the autoproteolytic intramolecular chaperone domain of the bacteriophage tail spike proteins, the first time this domain has been found to play a role in eukaryotic proteins. Using ChIP-Seq we show that the N-terminal cleavage product directly binds the enhancer regions of oligodendrocyte-specific and myelin genes. This binding occurs via a defined DNA-binding consensus sequence and strongly promotes the expression of target genes. These findings identify Myrf as a novel example of a membrane-associated transcription factor and provide a direct molecular mechanism for its regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation and CNS myelination.

Published
2013

27. Myelin Gene Regulatory Factor Is Required for Maintenance of Myelin and Mature Oligodendrocyte Identity in the Adult CNS

Author

Koenning, M, Jackson, S, Hay, CM, Faux, C, Kilpatrick, TJ, Willingham, M, Emery, B, Koenning, M, Jackson, S, Hay, CM, Faux, C, Kilpatrick, TJ, Willingham, M, and Emery, B

Abstract

Although the transcription factors required for the generation of oligodendrocytes and CNS myelination during development have been relatively well established, it is not known whether continued expression of the same factors is required for the maintenance of myelin in the adult. Here, we use an inducible conditional knock-out strategy to investigate whether continued oligodendrocyte expression of the recently identified transcription factor myelin gene regulatory factor (MRF) is required to maintain the integrity of myelin in the adult CNS. Genetic ablation of MRF in mature oligodendrocytes within the adult CNS resulted in a delayed but severe CNS demyelination, with clinical symptoms beginning at 5 weeks and peaking at 8 weeks after ablation of MRF. This demyelination was accompanied by microglial/macrophage infiltration and axonal damage. Transcripts for myelin genes, such as proteolipid protein, MAG, MBP, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, were rapidly downregulated after ablation of MRF, indicating an ongoing requirement for MRF in the expression of these genes. Subsequently, a proportion of the recombined oligodendrocytes undergo apoptosis over a period of weeks. Surviving oligodendrocytes gradually lose the expression of mature markers such as CC1 antigen and their association with myelin, without reexpressing oligodendrocyte progenitor markers or reentering the cell cycle. These results demonstrate that ongoing expression of MRF within the adult CNS is critical to maintain mature oligodendrocyte identity and the integrity of CNS myelin.

Published
2012

28. Modulation of the apoptotic response of human myeloid leukemia cells to a diphtheria toxin granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor fusion protein

Author

Ae, Frankel, Pd, Hall, Burbage C, Vesely J, Willingham M, Kapil Bhalla, and Rj, Kreitman

Subjects
Leukemia, Myeloid, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Humans, Apoptosis, Diphtheria Toxin
Abstract

It has previously been shown that human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can be fused to a truncated diphtheria toxin (DT) to produce a recombinant fusion toxin that kills GM-CSF receptor-bearing cells. We now report that DT388-GM-CSF induces apoptosis and inhibition of colony formation in semisolid medium in receptor positive cells, and that the induction of apoptosis correlates with GM-CSF-receptor occupancy at low ligand concentrations. Also, the induction of apoptosis correlates with the inhibition of protein synthesis and is inversely related to the amount of intracellular antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl2 and Bc1XL). Nine myeloid leukemia cells lines and four nonmyeloid leukemia cell lines were incubated with 0.7 nmol/L of 125I-GM-CSF in the presence or absence of excess cold GM-CSF and bound label measured. High affinity receptor numbers varied from 0 to 291 molecules per cell. Cells were incubated with varying concentrations of recombinant fusion toxin for 48 hours and incorporation of 3H-leucine (protein synthesis), segmentation of nuclei after DAPI staining (apoptosis), and colony formation in 0.2% agarose (clonogenicity) were measured. DT388-GM-CSF at 4 x 10(-9) mol/L inhibited colony formation 1.5 to 3.0 logs for receptor positive cell lines. Protein synthesis and apoptosis IC50s varied among cell lines from greater than 4 x 10(-9) mol/L to 3 x 10(-13) mol/L. GM-CSF-receptor occupancy at 0.7 nmol/L GM-CSF-ligand concentration correlated with the protein synthesis IC50. Similarly, the protein synthesis inhibition and apoptosis induction correlated well, except in cells overexpressing Bcl2 and BclXL, in which 25- to 150-fold inhibition of apoptosis was observed. We conclude that DT388-GM-CSF can kill acute myeloid leukemia blasts but that apoptotic sensitivities will depend on the presence of at least 100 high affinity GM-CSF receptors/cell and the absence of overexpressed antiapoptotic proteins.

Published
1997

47. Supply-Side Energy Efficiency In A Competitive Market

Author

Hammons, T.J., primary, McConnach, J., additional, Papp, M.D., additional, Garrity, T.F., additional, Stoll, H.G., additional, Peletz, L.J., additional, Norris, D., additional, Bozzuto, C., additional, Kennedy, B., additional, Mak, K.P., additional, and Willingham, M., additional

Published
1997
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49. Generation and Transmission in Developing Countries

Author

Hammons, T.J., primary, Willingham, M., additional, Mak, K.P., additional, Dussan, M.I., additional, deFranco, N., additional, daSilva, J.M., additional, Meisen, P., additional, Rudnick, H., additional, Morokowski, M., additional, and Blyden, B.K., additional

Published
1996
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