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O presente estudo possui o escopo de analisar as alterações que a Lei de Liberdade Econômica (Lei Nº 13.874, de 20 de setembro de 2019), legou ao direito contratual brasileiro. Para que o crescimento econômico seja pujante no Brasil, se faz necessária a observação de certos princípios como o da mínima intervenção estatal, o respeito a autonomia de vontade das partes e à pessoa jurídica. O referido diploma legal surge em um momento de intensa crise econômica, mas tem como objetivo fomentar a atuação da iniciativa privada, gerando, por consequência, mais desenvolvimento e renda. Paras os fins buscados, quanto aos aspectos metodológicos, a pesquisa foi de natureza básica, com abordagem qualitativa, objetivo exploratório e bibliográfico do tipo narrativo. É possível afirmar que a nova lei representou um passo importante para o Brasil no âmbito econômico, garantindo direitos fundamentais a iniciativa privada. PALAVRAS CHAVE: Lei de Liberdade Econômica; direito contratual; iniciativa privada; crescimento econômico. ABSTRACTThis article aims to analyze the changes in the Economic Freedom Law (Law nº 13.874, of September 20, 2019), which brought to Brazilian contract law. For economic growth to be overpower in Brazil, it is necessary to observe certain principles such as minimum state intervention, respect for the autonomy of will of the parties and the legal entity. The referred legal diploma appears in a moment of intense economic crisis, but its objective is to promote the foment of the private initiative, generating, consequently, more development and income. For the purposes sought, as regards methodological aspects, the research was of a basic nature, with a qualitative approach, exploratory and bibliographic objective of the narrative type. To summarize, the new law represented an important step for Brazil in the economic sphere, guaranteeing fundamental rights to the private initiative. KEY WORDS: Economic Freedom Law; contract law; private initiative; economic growth.

Gene therapy emerged as a promising treatment option for acquired and inherited diseases. The delivery of nucleic acids relies on vectors that condense and encapsulate their cargo. Especially non-viral gene delivery systems are of increasing interest. However, accomplishing therapeutic transgene expression levels and limited tolerability of these systems remain a challenge. Therefore, we investigate in the improvement of nucleic acid delivery using depolymerized chitosan – polyethylenimine DNA complexes (dCS-PEI/DNA). These core complexes are further entrapped into chitosan-based shells, functionalized with polyethylene glycol and cell penetrating peptides. This modular approach allows to evaluate the effect of functional shell components on physico-chemical particle characteristics and biological effects. The optimized ternary complex combines a core-dCS-LPEI/DNA complex with a shell consisting of dCS-PEG-COOH, which resulted in improved nucleic acid encapsulation, cellular uptake, transfection efficiency, and transfection potency in human hepatoma HuH-7 cells and murine primary hepatocytes. Effects on transgene expression are confirmed in wild-type mice following retrograde intrabiliary infusion. After administration of only 100 ng complexed DNA, ternary complexes induce a high reporter gene signal for three days. We conclude that ternary core-shell structured particles comprising functionalized chitosan are a promising gene delivery technology for both in vitro as well as in vivo applications.

O presente trabalho tem como foco introduzir a discussão acerca do diálogo competitivo ao âmbito acadêmico. Pois além de ser uma nova forma de licitar introduzida pela Lei 14.133, é também um meio alternativo de resolução de conflitos. Outros ramos do direito já utilizam ferramentas como a conciliação, mediação, arbitragem, autodefesa, autocomposição, acordo de não persecução, etc. Entretanto o administrador não detinha ferramentas que possibilitassem uma interação mais ativa nas etapas do acordo. Tal parâmetro, se bem utilizado, fará com que as contratações junto a Administração Pública ocorram de forma mais consciente e desburocratizada, visando sempre o interesse da coletividade. Quanto aos aspectos metodológicos, a pesquisa foi de natureza básica, com abordagem qualitativa, objetivo exploratório e bibliográfico do tipo narrativo.

O direito ambiental é, nos tempos modernos, tido como fundamental, sobretudo com a contemporânea ascensão dos direitos sociais. A responsabilização por eventuais danos a este bem de caráter coletivo pode ocorrer em âmbito civil, administrativo e, em ultima ratio, penal. O presente estudo teve por objetivo fazer a interligação entre princípios ambientais de aplicação civil, trazendo à tona a necessidade incontestável de reparação integral e responsabilidade solidária por eventuais lesões, visando sempre o bem comum. Chegou-se, por fim, ao entendimento de que a prevenção é o melhor meio a ser seguido, entretanto, quando já restar configurado prejuízo ambiental, a reparação deve ser efetiva de modo a devolver a coisa ao status quo original ou pecuniária, pelo princípio do poluidor-pagador. Para os fins buscados, quanto aos aspectos metodológicos, a pesquisa pode ser classificada como de natureza básica, com abordagem qualitativa, objetivo exploratório e bibliográfico do tipo narrativo.

This article reviews Null Subjects in Englishes: A Comparison of British English and Asian Englishes EUR 99.959783110633436

Os contratos são negócios jurídicos bilaterais que regulam acordos de vontades. Vários princípios precisam ser analisados quando se trata deste tema, dentre eles, sobretudo o da autonomia de vontade, da força obrigatória, da boa-fé e do consensualismo. Em tempos de pandemia, pode ficar difícil consultar um advogado de maneira presencial para redigir um contrato, é neste contexto que se apresentam os Smart Contracts (Contratos Inteligentes). O presente estudo, portanto, possui o escopo de analisar os Smart Contracts como um método alternativo para a situação atípica na qual o mundo atualmente se encontra. Buscará também salientar quais são os pontos positivos e negativos da contratação em meio virtual, como também da tecnologia reguladora no contrato digital. Para os fins buscados, quanto aos aspectos metodológicos, a pesquisa foi de natureza básica, com abordagem qualitativa, objetivo exploratório e bibliográfico do tipo narrativo. Os contratos inteligentes são promissores no cenário atual, em virtude de seu desenvolvimento ser realizado com tecnologia de extrema segurança, constituindo-se em grandes facilitadores na elaboração de acordos. Tendem a popularizar-se cada vez mais em um futuro próximo. Palavras-Chave: Contratos. Smart Contracts. Pandemia. Abstract: Contracts are bilateral legal deals that regulate will agreements. Several principles need to be analyzed when it comes to this theme, among them, especially that of autonomy of will, mandatory strength, good faith and consensualism. In times of pandemic, it can be difficult to consult a lawyer in person to draft a contract, it is in this context that Smart Contracts are presented. This study, therefore, has the scope of analyzing Smart Contracts as an alternative method for the atypical situation in which the world currently finds itself. It will also seek to highlight the positive and negative aspects of hiring in a virtual environment, as well as the regulatory technology and the digital contract. For the purposes sought, regarding the methodological aspects, the research was of a basic nature, with a qualitative approach, exploratory and bibliographic objective of the narrative type. Smart contracts are promising in the current scenario, due to their development being carried out with extremely secure technology, constituting great facilitators in the elaboration of agreements. They tend to become more and more popular in the near future. Keywords: Contracts. Smart Contracts. Pandemic.

In this work several CuO–ZnO/Al2O3 co-impregnated catalysts were tested for methanol steam reforming (MSR) in order to statistically optimize the Cu and Zn content. All catalysts showed initial deactivation, due to Cu sintering, which was detected by the BET area and transmission and scanning electronic microscopy analyses, performed before and after the reactions. The products obtained in the reactions were only H2 and CO2, and the formation of CO or coke was not verified. It was possible to adjust a second order equation to the methanol conversion (after 3 h in reaction) as a function of the Cu and Zn content, using the RStudio free program. The optimum composition obtained by the surface response methodology (RSM) was 20.7% Cu and 13.4% Zn, and the catalyst synthesized with this content (19.4% Cu–15.5% Zn) had the highest Cu area and dispersion and thus presented the highest methanol conversion, corroborating the statistical analysis.

The delivery of nucleic acids relies on vectors that condense and encapsulate their cargo. Especially nonviral gene delivery systems are of increasing interest. However, low transgene expression levels and limited tolerability of these systems remain a challenge. The improvement of nucleic acid delivery using depolymerized chitosan-polyethylenimine DNA complexes (dCS-PEI/DNA) is investigated. The secore complexes are further combined with chitosan-based shells and functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and cell penetrating peptides. This modular approach allows to evaluate the effect of functional shell components on physicochemical particle characteristics and biological effects. The optimized ternary complex combines a core-dCS-linear PEI/DNA complex with a shell consisting of dCS-PEG-COOH, which results in improved nucleic acid encapsulation, cellular uptake and transfection potency in human hepatoma HuH-7cells and murine primary hepatocytes. Effects on transgene expression are confirmed in wild-type mice following retrograde intrabiliary infusion. After administration of only 100 ng complexed DNA, ternary complexes induced a high reporter gene signal for three days. It is concluded that ternary coreshell structured nanoparticles comprising functionalized chitosan can be used for in vitro andin vivo gene delivery.

The breathing technique is a determining factor for the singer's sound quality and consequently crucial for the choral sound. However, very little is known about possible influences of the conductor's preparatory gesture on the way choral singers inhale before the beginning of a piece (respectively every subsequent phrase). The conducting literature does not discriminate between out- and inward preparatory gestures and even describes them as equivalent, but previous studies suggest that singers assign different types of inhalation to different preparatory gestures. It may therefore be assumed that the type of preparatory gesture has a direct influence on the singer's inhalation and tone production, and the aim of this study is hence to examine possible effects of two contrasting preparatory gestures on the singer's inhalation type and the resulting tone quality.In our within-subjects study design, 18 healthy choral singers (9 male/ 9 female) were recruited to participate in a laboratory experiment. The participants were asked to sing a tone suitable for their voice register in response to different video stimuli. These consisted of two conducting-videos, each showing a different preparatory gesture, and two control conditions with an animated bar and an arrow indicating the desired breathing type. The singers reacted to 10 sets of videos, each set consisting of the four stimuli in randomized order. For evaluation of the breathing behavior and vocal output during the different experimental conditions, chest wall kinematics of upper rib cage, abdominal rib cage and abdomen were measured via 3D motion capture and voice samples were recorded. The obtained data were filtered and compared using the repeated measures analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey test for significant results. The level of significance was set at P0.05.The results of the study show significant differences in volume of the abdomen between the two different gestures (FIn contrast to the existing conducting literature, which does not discriminate between out- and inward preparatory gestures, the results of this study show that the conductor's choice of trajectory direction and form of the preparatory gestures elicit spontaneous, gesture-specific reactions in singers' breathing behavior as well as the corresponding loudness and sound quality.

This Master’s thesis introduces a framework for modelling the impact of climate change on global agri-food supply chains. The approach uses the natural catastrophe impact model CLIMADA and considers three distinct types of climate impacts. First, direct climate impacts on agricultural production due to rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns. Second, indirect climate impacts associated with countries’ net climate impacts within their trade portfolio of agricultural commodities. And third, indirect economic impacts in downstream sectors that depend on agricultural inputs through one or more layers of dependency. To assess the outputs of the different impact assessments, risk metrics that focus on changes in the frequency and intensity of average and high-intensity impacts at different global warming levels are presented. The results make use of the contrasting examples of maize and wheat to reveal distinct patterns of direct climate impacts across crops and major exporting countries. The assessment of the transmission of impacts along with trade flows highlights the transboundary nature of climate impacts. Furthermore, it shows that countries that depend on few trading partners have higher net impacts than those with a diversified trade portfolio. Finally, the results emphasize the significance of downstream indirect economic impacts in relation to direct impacts. Climate impact studies focusing on direct impacts alone therefore may substantially underestimate economic consequences. Three case studies act as proofs of concept of the modelling framework and are presented alongside the results. Furthermore, relevant insights for assessing compounding and cascading impacts and associated consequences for global climate adaptation efforts are discussed. Despite apparent limitations, the simplicity and global comprehensiveness of the presented modelling framework allow identifying hotspots of climate impacts in agricultural production regions, within trade portfolios, and across networks of economic dependency. This thesis thereby contributes to a growing field of literature that aims at informing policymakers and private actors along agri-food supply chains with comprehensive data on climate impacts in a globalized world.

Pediatric endocarditis, a rare entity in developed countries, remains a challenging diagnosis to make in children. We present an uncommon etiology of shortness of breath on exertion (SOBOE) in a 7-year-old male presenting with two weeks of nocturnal fever, malaise and fatigue following a viral prodrome. Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) led to suspicion for a ventricular septal defect (VSD) with tricuspid valve (TV) endocarditis, which was ultimately confirmed by formal echocardiography. This ultrasound diagnosis allowed emergency clinicians to order blood cultures under the suspicion of endocarditis as well as expedited antibiotic treatment.