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It is high time that scholars of the history of sociology abandon the Anglo American 'firsts'--African American' firsts' binary. We must admit that those Anglo American and African American sociologists writing before the late 1960s were not permanently enmeshed in static categories, but were sophisticated social scientists who learned from what they read and from their contact with other able scholars on both sides of the color lines, and who reflected on the inexorable social forces to which they were exposed-they were persons who were developing, changing and making significant contributions to the ideas that society and culture were powerful forces., As a scholar of Black Studies in general and of the history of African Americans and European Americans in the social sciences in particular, I was struck with befuddlement by [...]

Objectives: Determine, through video reviews, how often concussions occur in combat sport matches, what influence they have on the outcome, and how well non-physician personnel can be trained to recognize concussions. Methods: This is a retrospective video analysis by an 8-person panel of 60 professional fights (30 boxing and 30 mixed martial arts). Through video review, physician and non-physician personnel recorded details about each probable concussion and determined if and when they would have stopped the fight compared to the official stoppage time. Results: A concussion was recorded in 47/60 fights. The mean number of concussions per minute of fight time was 0.061 (0.047 for boxers and 0.085 for MMA). When stratifying by outcome of the bout, the mean number of concussions per minute for the winner was 0.010 compared to the loser at 0.111 concussions per minute. The fighter that sustained the first concussion ultimately lost 98% of the time. The physician and non-physician raters had high agreement regarding the number of concussions that occurred to each fighter per match. The physician raters judged that 24 of the 60 fights (11 boxing [37%]; 13 MMA [43%]) should have been stopped sooner than what occurred. Conclusion: Recognizing that the concussions often occur in combat sport matches, that the losing fighter almost always is concussed first and tends to sustain more concussions during the fight, along with the demonstration that non-physician personnel can be taught to recognize concussion, may guide policy changes that improve brain health in combat sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective short-term career counseling involves steps that positively impact students even after only one session. Some of these steps include engaging students in the career planning process before counseling, inquiring about a student's aspirations and expectations, varying the length of appointment and building an alliance with the student. These steps should be followed by an evaluation of the recommendations given to students that emphasize on post-counseling action and compliance.

An examination of the scholarship of Monroe Work revealed that he took gradual steps collecting data that contradicted those who argued that African Americans were regressing and that in the future there would be no place for them in society. This study also found that White racists could not view him in good conscience as a person who both willingly and gladly accepted his subordinate position in the southern social order., Monroe N. Work and Robert E. Park stressed black self-reliance and the capacity of African-Americans for progress. They helped fill the void left by the legacy of Marcus M. Garvey. Work in his earlier works believed that African-Americans possessed racial characteristics that were obstacles to their progress. However, after his association with W.E.B. DuBois, he became familiar with the historical achievements of Africans and it reinforced his convictions about the African-American commitment to become first-class citizens in the US.

Franz Boas stated, on the basis of anthropometric measurements, that individual merit should form the basis of one's position in the American society and not race. This was in complete opposition to the African American homogenous group theory of W.E.B. Du Bois. Boas' aim in life was to fight for the cause of the under-privileged in America. He had the support of some of the African American intelligentsia. His interaction with such as Black scholars as WEB Dubois, Carter G, Woodson, Zora Neale Hurston, and Alan Locke is discussed.

Social science scholars Frank Boas, Robert Ezra Park and Gunnar Myrdal correctly assessed the work of pre-1945 social science scholars on African Americans as relevant to the future history of American race relations social science. The pre-1945 race relations social science theories will help deepen understanding of the increasingly complex racial and ethnic issues in modern society and provide guiding principles on such issues for the future. The developing field of the history of race relations social science is likely to become a prominent part of historical studies and help create a mythistory that includes all races, ethnic groups and women.