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3. Morbid and Mortal Inequities among Indigenous People in Canada and the United States during the COVID-19 Pandemic Critical Review of Relative Risks and Protections

Author

Williams, Naomi G, Alberton, Amy M, and Gorey, Kevin M

Subjects
Canada, Social Work, COVID-19, morbidity, strengths-based, Social and Behavioral Sciences, mortality, Indigenous, United States, rapid review, American Indian, structural violence, research synthesis, incidence, resilience
Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic focused the world’s attention on gross racialized health inequities and injustices. For political and scientific reasons much less is known about the plight of Indigenous peoples than about other ethnic groups. In fact, some of the early pandemic evidence suggested that Indigenous peoples, while clearly experiencing prevalent structural violence probably also experience certain cultural protections. Aiming to begin to clarify their relative risks and protections, we conducted a rapid critical research review and sample-weighted synthesis or meta-analysis of the publishedand gray literature on four COVID-19-relevant outcomes in Canada and the United States between January 1, 2020 and August 1, 2021: vaccination, infection, severe infection, and death rates. Twenty-nine Indigenous-non-Indigenous comparative surveys or cohorts that observed 33, typically age-standardized, incidence or mortality rates or their proxies were included. Consistent with structural violence theory, we found that Indigenous peoples were significantly more likely to be infected, to experience severe COVID-19 illness, or to die as a result of their illness, Indigenous mortal risks (RR = 2.45) being significantly greater than Indigenous morbid risks (RR = 1.40). Consistent with cultural strengths theory, vaccinations seemed equitably distributed (RR = 1.02) with a suggestion of greater vaccine willingness among Indigenous peoples in some places. Clearly, much work remains to be done to decolonize Indigenous research and ultimately practices and policies in North America. Indigenous knowledge user-researcher teams and their allies have much to teach about cultural and ultimately, policy protections.

Published
2022

4. Motor vehicle collision-related injuries and deaths among Indigenous Peoples in Canada: Meta-analysis of geo-structural factors.

Author

Williams, Naomi G., Gorey, Kevin M., and Alberton, Amy M.

Subjects
*CAUSES of death, *CINAHL database, *ONLINE information services, *PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems, *META-analysis, *SYSTEMATIC reviews, *RURAL conditions, *DISEASES, *ABORIGINAL Canadians, *WOUNDS & injuries, *METROPOLITAN areas, *MEDLINE
Abstract

Introduction: Indigenous Peoples are much more likely than non-Indigenous Peoples to be seriously injured or die in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). This study updates and extends a previous systematic review, suggesting that future research ought to incorporate social--environmental factors. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published and grey literature on MVCs involving Indigenous Peoples in Canada between 2010 and 2020. We focussed on personal (e.g. driving an old vehicle) and community social--environmental--economic factors (e.g. prevalent low socioeconomic status). Results: Eleven comparative cohorts that resulted in 23 at minimum, age-standardised, mortality or morbidity rate outcomes were included in our meta-analysis. Indigenous Peoples were twice as likely as non-Indigenous Peoples to be seriously injured (rate ratio [RRpooled] = 2.18) and more than 3 times as likely to die (RRpooled = 3.40) in MVCs. Such great risks to Indigenous Peoples do not seem to have diminished over the past generation. Furthermore, such risks were greater on-reserves and in smaller, rural and remote, places. Conclusion: Such places may lack community resources, including fewer transportation and healthcare infrastructural investments, resulting in poorer road conditions in Indigenous communities and longer delays to trauma care. This seems to add further evidence of geo-structural violence (geographical and institutional violence) perpetrated against Indigenous Peoples in yet more structures (i.e. institutions) of Canadian society. Canada's system of highways and road-ways and its remote health-care system represent legitimate policy targets in aiming to solve this public health problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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5. Position statement: Research and reconciliation with Indigenous People in rural health journals.

Author

Lock, Mark John, McMillan, Faye Beverley, Bennett, Bindi, Martire, Jodie Lea, Warne, Donald, Kidd, Jacquie, Williams, Naomi G., Roberts, Russell, Worley, Paul, and Hutten-Czapski, Peter

Subjects
PUBLISHING, CULTURE, SERIAL publications, ATTITUDE (Psychology), PRACTICAL politics, LANGUAGE & languages, GROUP identity, INDIGENOUS peoples, RURAL health, MEDICAL research
Abstract

The authors reflect on the position statement of the rural health journals "Canadian Journal of Rural Medicine" (CJRM), "Australian Journal of Rural Health" (AJRH), and "Rural and Remote Health" (RRH) on research and reconciliation with Indigenous peoples in academic journal publishing. Topics include the right of Indigenous Nations to determine, define and name their cultural identity, and the need to end research colonialism.

Published
2022
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