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OBJECTIVE: To describe the microvascular anatomy of the equine hind limb suspensory ligament. ANIMALS: 18 hind limbs harvested from 9 adult horses euthanized for reasons unrelated to lameness. METHODS: A catheter was placed in the transected cranial tibial artery at the level of the mid-distal tibia for each hind limb and used to inject 120 to 150 mL of contrast medium (2 limbs) to identify principal vasculature using contrast-enhanced CT or India ink (11 limbs) to identify microvasculature using the Spalteholz tissue-clearing technique. Routine histologic evaluation was performed on transverse sections from 4 hind limbs. RESULTS: The hind limb suspensory ligament is principally supplied by branches of the medial and lateral plantar metatarsal arteries and, to a lesser extent, the medial and lateral plantar arteries as well as the associated proximal and distal deep plantar arches. A uniformly distributed intraligamentous microvascular supply was observed without relative deficiencies in vascularity between the proximal, midbody, and distal regions. Histologic examination supported these findings, demonstrating a network of connective tissue surrounding and entering the suspensory ligament containing cross-sections of branches of the principal vasculature. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The equine hind limb suspensory ligament has a uniformly distributed and abundant microvascular supply throughout its length, with no evidence of relative deficiency of vascular supply in any region. A region of hypovascularity does not appear to be a viable explanation for the high rate of injury to and commonality of lameness associated with the proximal hind suspensory ligament in horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lord Howe Volcanic Complex (LHVC) is part of a seamount chain associated with the detached continental crust of Zealandia. We present petrographic and geochemical data for the LHVC, including the first reported data for Balls Pyramid and the first trace element data for Lord Howe Island, clarifying the tectonic affiliation and general mantle source characteristics. Classification and discrimination diagrams based on concentrations and ratios of immobile elements, such as rare earth and high field strength elements, Th, Ti, Y, and Mg, show the LHVC comprises transitional to alkali basalts and at least two, and probably three, shield building complexes, consistent with an intraplate tectonic setting. Primitive-mantle normalised trace element patterns, variation in Dy/Yb for a restricted range of Dy/Dy*, Zr/Yb > 90, and variations in Zr/Hf and P2O5/TiO2 through the eruptive sequences indicate the mantle source may be a laterally heterogeneous enriched garnet peridotite that has undergone varying degrees of partial melting and carbonatitic metasomatism, both within the LHVC and along the Lord Howe Seamount Chain. The LHVC is thus an ideal natural laboratory for probing the probability of small intraplate volcanic fields originating via mantle plumes or from previously subducted slabs stagnating at the mantle transition zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Navicular syndrome is a common cause of forelimb lameness in horses. Beyond changes to the navicular bone itself, horses with a clinical diagnosis of navicular syndrome often have pathology associated with other components of the navicular apparatus, including the navicular bursa, deep digital flexor (DDF) tendon, collateral sesamoidean ligaments, and impar ligament. Palmar digital neurectomy (PDN) is often used as a salvage procedure for horses diagnosed with navicular syndrome that become unresponsive to medical management. There are many potential complications associated with PDN, some of which are debilitating. Case Description: This report describes two cases of navicular bone fracture with severe DDF tendinopathy and distal interphalangeal joint subluxation/hyperextension that occurred 12 and 19 weeks after bilateral forelimb PDN. Conclusion: These two cases highlight the importance of proper patient selection before PDN due to the high incidence of undiagnosed soft tissue pathology in conjunction with radiographic evidence of navicular syndrome. Advanced imaging of the digit is recommended to identify and characterize any soft tissue pathology associated with the navicular apparatus before pursuing PDN to avoid disease progression and catastrophic injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estuarine salt intrusion greatly threatens freshwater supply in surrounding lands. Physical barriers, which reduce the estuary length (L), are widely constructed to control salt intrusion. Yet, the role of L in salt intrusion remains unknown. Using a process‐based, idealized, semi‐analytical three‐dimensional model, we systematically investigate for the first time this unknown for tide‐dominated, periodically weakly stratified estuaries. Results show decreasing L significantly reduces salinities for short estuaries (L < Lw/4, with Lw the dominant tidal wavelength), but not for long estuaries. Tidal pumping remains a key salt importer in most estuaries, regardless of L. However, substantial decreases in L relative to Lw/4 can change the dominant landward salt importer from tidal pumping to horizontal diffusion. The latter, together with gravitational circulation, weakens responses of salt intrusion to changes in tidal and river forcing in short estuaries. This study highlights the importance of considering L to understanding and mitigating salt intrusion. Plain Language Summary: Salty seawater can enter rivers through estuaries, where rivers meet the sea, thus affecting the surrounding freshwater supply and the healthy functioning of estuarine ecosystems. To mitigate the adverse impact of salt intrusion under aggravating climate change and human activities, expensive salinity barriers are commonly built around the world. These barriers result in an abrupt change in the estuary length and can substantially affect estuarine salt intrusion. This study uses a simplified computer model to understand the dependency of salt intrusion on estuary length in estuaries with small top‐to‐bottom salinity differences. Our results show that estuary length substantially influences the salinity distribution and estuaries of different lengths can respond to changes in tides and river flow contrastingly. Our study highlights the importance of considering the impact of estuary length to effectively mitigate estuarine salt intrusion. Key Points: Estuary length strongly affects tidal propagation, residual circulation, and salt intrusion in periodically weakly stratified estuariesThe dominant salt balance may change when substantially reducing estuary lengthSteady lateral shear dispersion can reduce responses of salt intrusion to forcing changes in short estuaries with weak stratification [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present measurements at the mouth of Río Maipo, a small river that discharges into an energetic surfzone on the coast of Chile, which document for the first time the plume response to infragravity (IG) wave forcing. We find that inlet dynamics are strongly modulated by IG waves; inlet discharge velocity varies by 20% in the IG band relative to peak ebb velocity. Drone imaging and measurements of surfzone salinity show that the plume edge is forced offshore and onshore, modifying plume width by 20%–50% at IG frequencies. We conclude that the observed modulation results from surfzone forcing at IG frequencies consistent with a moving break point; increased (decreased) wave amplitude generates stronger (weaker) wave‐driven circulation and forces the plume onshore (offshore). Although river water is often trapped in the surfzone, these dynamics may enhance mixing and cross‐shore dispersion of river‐borne materials. Plain Language Summary: Small coastal rivers often discharge directly into the surfzone, where the fate of river‐borne materials such as sediment, nutrients and contaminants is determined by the combined effects of buoyant plume processes, wave‐driven dynamics and turbulence. In this work we present field measurements at the mouth of Río Maipo, a small river that discharges into a very energetic surfzone on the coast of central Chile, documenting the response of the plume to infragravity (IG) wave forcing (timescales of 30–300 s) for the first time. We observe persistent velocity and salinity oscillations at IG frequencies when freshwater is leaving the estuary, and that the plume edge is moved onshore and offshore at these frequencies, in response to forcing in the wave breaking region. This work suggests that the IG forcing may influence the dispersion of freshwater and river‐borne materials in small river systems subjected to strong wave forcing. Key Points: Infragravity (IG) motions modulate the dynamics of a small river plume in the surfzoneOutflow velocity, wave breaking intensity and plume salinity all show variability at IG frequenciesThe river plume expands and contracts by 20%–50% at IG frequencies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metamorphism and partial melting of the lower crust is commonly assumed to cause depletion in heat producing elements (HPEs; K, U, Th). In the deep crust, volumetrically subordinate metasedimentary layers, which are source to crustal granites (sensu lato), host the majority of Th ± U, primarily within the REE + Th + U + Y phosphate mineral monazite. We examine the spatial and temporal distribution of Th within monazite grains in metasedimentary rocks from the lower crustal section of the Ivrea–Verbano Zone (Italy), using textural, compositional and geochronological data. We link this to outcrop and regional scale trends described by in‐field gamma‐ray spectrometry data (in‐field GRS) for the purpose of understanding how Th distribution is controlled by progressive metamorphism and partial melting. In‐field GRS data shows that the whole rock budget of Th does not change between granulite facies rocks and their unmelted equivalents but is significantly lower in rocks that have undergone more significant melt loss at ultra‐high temperature (UHT) conditions. Concurrently, the bulk Th budget of monazite increases with metamorphic grade to granulite facies conditions and is greatly reduced in UHT samples. Monazite geochronology returns dates mostly in the range 240–320 Ma with two main peaks at circa 290 and 270 Ma. Textural and chemical constraints indicate that these dates record the timing of pre‐peak to peak metamorphic conditions. Amphibolite facies monazite compositional zones are absent from granulite facies monazite, in contrast to examples from lower‐pressure terranes. This is consistent with the expanded stability of allanite relative to monazite with increasing pressure having an important role in determining the internal structure, composition and extent of inheritance of monazite in going from amphibolite facies to granulite facies rocks. We propose high‐pressure granulites should preserve less monazite inherited from amphibolite facies conditions than low‐pressure granulites. Monazite is preserved at all metamorphic grades and presents a mineralogical mechanism for retaining Th in residual deep crust during partial melting and after melt loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorial focuses on the Gadigal and Wangal people of the Eora Nation, Dabee people of the Wiradjuri Nation, and Wurundgeri Woi Wurrung and Bunurong Boon Wurrung peoples of the Kulin Nation, whose lands have supported the leadership of Yuwinbir. Topics include examines CRE-STRIDE was established to address health inequity using Indigenous knowledge's as it has Indigenous people's leadership across multi-level project governance structures.

Disproportionately high numbers of Aboriginal young people access residential alcohol and other drug programs in Australia. While demand is high, these programs often have low numbers of Aboriginal staff. Residential programs, however, generally offer supports that reflect features of Aboriginal health care – holistic, group-based, connected to local communities, and addressing determinants of health. The qualitative research outlined in this paper was a collaboration between a mainstream residential therapeutic community program and two Aboriginal community-controlled organisations, and Aboriginal young people and researchers, with Aboriginal research leadership. It used an Aboriginal healing framework to understand the experiences of 12 young Aboriginal people in the program, triangulated with 19 key informant interviews. This provided an opportunity to understand how Indigenous knowledge about healing related to mainstream programs and the experiences of Aboriginal young people. This moves beyond individualist and deficit-focused conceptions of youth alcohol and drug use and centres Aboriginal cultures as healing. Findings point to the need for critically self-reflective mainstream organisations, a larger Aboriginal workforce with leadership roles, partnerships with Aboriginal Elders and organisations, and an investment in Aboriginal community-controlled alcohol and other drug services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One key strategy to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality involves optimizing prepregnancy health. Although nine core indicators of preconception wellness (PCW) have been proposed by clinical experts, few studies have attempted to assess the preconception health status of a population using these indicators. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review study of patients who received prenatal or primary care, identified by pregnancy-related ICD-10 codes, at either of two health systems in geographically and socioeconomically different areas of North Carolina between October 1, 2015, and September 30, 2018. Our primary study aim was to determine the feasibility of measuring the proposed PCW indicators through retrospective review of prenatal electronic health records at these two institutions. Results: Data were collected from 15,384 patients at Site 1 and 6,983 patients at Site 2. The indicators most likely to be documented and to meet the preconception health goal at each site were avoidance of teratogenic medications (98.8% and 98.3% at Sites 1 and 2, respectively) and entry to care in the first trimester (64.5% and 73.5% at Sites 1 and 2, respectively), whereas our measures of folic acid use, depression screening, and discussion of family planning were documented less than 20% of the time at both sites. Conclusions: Differences in measuring and documenting PCW indicators across the two health systems in our study presented barriers to monitoring and optimizing PCW. Efforts to address health and wellness before pregnancy will likely require health systems and payors to standardize, incorporate, and promote preconception health indicators that can be consistently measured and analyzed across health systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapidly changing ocean conditions pose substantial challenges for coastal communities, fishermen, and managers. From 2014 to 2016, the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) experienced a marine heatwave and corollary decline in Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus). Here, we explore the 2020 closure of the directed Pacific cod federal fishery in the GOA as a case study of the needs and opportunities for managing fisheries in the context of environmental change. We build on climate-ready fishery research and conversations with experienced commercial fishermen, including Alutiiq fishers, and fishery managers to: (i) discuss ecosystem-based management in Alaska, (ii) explore early warning signs and management challenges preceding the decline of Pacific cod, (iii) recommend tools to enhance adaptive capacity in fishery management. We conclude that a strong foundation of science-based management that incorporates ecosystem information and multiple ways of knowing, increased monitoring and evaluation of indicators, and new tools for managers to respond and adapt will be essential to sustainable fishery management. New mechanisms highlighted in this essay include: a GOA Fishery Ecosystem Plan, climate risk and vulnerability analyses, habitat protections, and the development of original metrics, such as food web production or function targets to inform stock assessments and fishery management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The group of over 20 autoimmune disorders classified as cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) demonstrate a variety of dermatologic manifestations, with a low propensity for systemic disease, which cause significant physical and psychosocial morbidity as well as lasting disfigurement.[1] In general they share dermatopathology findings of epidermal basement membrane vacuolar or hydropic degeneration associated with a lymphocytic infiltrate, and a direct immunofluorescence lupus band containing complement C3 and less often IgG, IgM, or IgA. Type l interferon signaling cascades in SLE are dependent upon JAK intracellular tyrosine kinases, their inhibition with tofacitinib in a murine lupus model decreased anti-double-stranded DNA antibody levels, nephritis and skin manifestations. The interferon-regulated gene signature is elevated in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and discoid lupus erythematosus and correlates with the cutaneous lupus area and severity index score. [Extracted from the article]

Gout was among the most common physical complaints encountered in the dispatches of early modern ambassadors, yet ambassadorial illnesses have received little more than anecdotal asides in the literature on early modern diplomacy and statecraft. This article argues that diplomats' experiences of negotiating gout had profound effects on the conduct and rhetoric of early modern diplomacy. Not only were early modern statesmen believed particularly susceptible to gout, but many diplomats claimed to be afflicted in ways which hindered or prevented them from fulfilling their diplomatic duties. Perhaps most troubling to early modern statesmen, though, was gout's all-too- easy instrumentalization to suit or subvert political purposes. Diplomats' negotiation of their own or interlocutors' gout demonstrates that gout was as much political as medical condition, underlining both the social construction of early modern illness and the rhetorical construction of the era's diplomatic correspondence, where gout emerges as diplomatic disease par excellence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe what a sample of men in prison believe works well for the delivery of prison-based group alcohol and other drug (AoD) treatment programs. The authors hope the findings will help inform future practise in AoD program delivery in prison.Design/methodology/approach: A qualitative research paper reporting on a thematic analysis of in-depth interviews with 30 male prisoners on their perspectives on AoD group treatment approaches.Findings: Results indicate that matching readiness and motivation to start treatment is important for group success. Program content must be relevant and delivered by empathic facilitators who maintain confidentiality. It would be advantageous if one of the program facilitators was a peer with personal experience of overcoming an AoD use disorder.Originality/value: According to the authors' knowledge, this is one of few qualitative studies into the delivery of AoD treatment for men in prison and the only study of its kind in Australia. The consumer perspective is an important element in improving quality of treatment provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To determine whether a stainless steel implant sterilized with a novel cold atmospheric plasma sterilization (CAPS) device adversely affects local tissues in rabbits and whether CAPS was as effective as steam sterilization with an autoclave to inactivate Pasteure//a multocida. ANIMALS 31 healthy New Zealand White rabbits. PROCEDURES Steam-autoclaved stainless steel implants inoculated with P multocida underwent a second steam autoclave sterilization (AIA) or CAPS (AICAPS). One AIA implant and 3 AICAPS implants were randomly placed subcutaneously at 4 sites in 21 rabbits (84 implants). These rabbits were monitored daily for 5 days for evidence of systemic illness and local tissue reactions at the implantation sites and then euthanized. Samples were taken from each implant site for bacterial culture and histologic examination. RESULTS Cultures of samples obtained from all sites were negative for bacterial growth. No significant difference was observed in mean skin thickness or erythema between AIA and AICAPS implant sites on any observed day. Also, individual histologic grades for the epidermis. dermis, subcutis. and muscle and total histologic grade were not significantly different between AIA and AICAPS implant sites. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Cold atmospheric plasma sterilization was noninferior to steam sterilization of P mu/tocida-contaminated stainless steel implants in the rabbits in the present study, However, studics of the efficacy nf CAPS for inactivation of other important bacteria are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While professional education in medicine and nursing in Australia has been implementing strategies to increase accessibility for Indigenous Australians, allied health professions remain underdeveloped in this area. Failure to improve the engagement of allied health professions with Indigenous Australians, and failure to increase the numbers of Indigenous staff and students risks perpetuating health inequities, intergenerational disadvantage, and threatens the integrity of professions who have publically committed to achieving cultural safety and health equity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. Knowing this, leaders in the allied health professions are asking "What needs to change?" This paper presents a critical reflection on experiences of a university-based Indigenous Health Unit leading the embedding of Indigenous perspectives in allied health curriculum, informed by Indigenous community connections, literature reviews, and research in the context of an emerging community of practice on Indigenous health education. Key themes from reflections are presented in this paper, identifying barriers as well as enablers for change, which include Indigenous community relationship building, education of staff and students, and collaborative research and teaching on Indigenous Peoples' allied health needs and models of care. These enablers are inherently anti-racism strategies that redress negative stereotypes perpetuated about Indigenous Australians and encourage the promotion of valuable Indigenous knowledges, principles, and practices as strategies that may also help meet the health needs of the general community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Previous studies in older adults found robust associations between executive functions (EF) and physical performance, as well as sociodemographic variation in physical performance decline. To examine these associations earlier in the adult lifespan, we investigated relations of EF, race, and sex with age-related physical performance decline during middle adulthood. Method Participants were 2,084 urban-dwelling adults (57.2% female; 57.8% African American; 37.3% living in poverty; mean baseline age = 48.1) from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study. Mixed-effects regression was used to examine interactive relations among EF, race, sex, and age (indexing time) with change in dominant and nondominant handgrip strength and lower extremity strength over approximately 5 years. All analyses adjusted for poverty status, and subsequently adjusted for education, body mass index, hypertension, and diabetes. Results There were no significant prospective associations between EF and decline in physical performance measures. Significant cross-sectional associations revealed that lower EF was associated with worse performance on all physical performance measures averaged across both time points (p <.05). A significant two-way interaction of Sex × Age (p =.019) revealed that men experienced greater age-related decline in lower extremity strength than women. Discussion Findings did not reveal prospective associations between EF and physical performance decline in middle adulthood. However, they identified robust cross-sectional associations between EF and physical performance, and unexpectedly greater decline in lower extremity strength in men than women. Ultimately, these findings may inform prevention and intervention strategies targeting groups at risk for poorer physical function status and decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplemental digital content is available in the text. OBJECTIVES: The study examined nurse leader roles, barriers, and the need for nurse leader succession planning in North Carolina (NC). BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to assess leadership capacity in NC and further the efforts of the Future of Nursing report, which calls for nurses to lead change and advance health. METHODS: This study employed an exploratory research design using the Florida Action Coalition 56-item survey of active RNs and advanced practice RNs in NC. RESULTS: Key findings include nurse leader demographics, roles, barriers, retirement and succession plans, and development needs of current leaders in NC. NC nurse leaders are predominately female, white, non-Hispanic, and older than 50 years; plan to retire within the next 10 years; and report that their organizations do not have succession plans for nursing leadership. CONCLUSIONS: Attention toward assessing nurse leadership capacity should be a priority to meet workforce needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The spatial distribution of heat producing elements (K, U, and Th) in the continental crust has long-term implications for the thermal and physical evolution of orogens. Heat producing elements, in particular Th, are most abundant in metasedimentary rock types. As such, these rock types have a significant control on the spatial distribution of heat production in the crust. The major host of the heat producing element thorium in pelitic metasedimentary rocks is the REE–Th phosphate monazite. We present in-field gamma ray spectrometry (in-field GRS) data integrated with grain-scale electron probe microanalysis data to reveal grain to terrane scale links in thorium distribution. In-field GRS data shows that thorium is not depleted in granulite facies residual rocks that have lost melt with respect to their subsolidus counterparts. Concurrently, the bulk thorium budget of monazite is approximately uniform within samples and if anything increases with increasing metamorphic grade. Monazite average grain size increases with metamorphic grade and prograde cores are largely preserved in granulite facies samples. Thorium is preserved in residual metasediments after melting and melt loss implying that even when melting and melt extraction is efficient it does not strip Th from granulite facies rocks. Highlights • Th preserved in granulite facies residue at both outcrop and micro-scales. • Prograde monazite zoning retained after granulite facies metamorphism and melt loss. • Abundance and total Th contained in monazite increases with metamorphic grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The holotype specimen of the Late Triassic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis is redescribed and evaluated phylogenetically for the first time, providing new anatomical information and data on the earliest dinosaurs and their evolution within the dinosauromorph lineage. Historically, Caseosaurus crosbyensis has been considered to represent an early saurischian dinosaur, and often a herrerasaur. More recent work on Triassic dinosaurs has cast doubt over its supposed dinosaurian affinities and uncertainty about particular features in the holotype and only known specimen has led to the species being regarded as a dinosauriform of indeterminate position. Here, we present a new diagnosis for Caseosaurus crosbyensis and refer additional material to the taxon--a partial right ilium from Snyder Quarry. Our comparisons and phylogenetic analyses suggest that Caseosaurus crosbyensis belongs in a clade with herrerasaurs and that this clade is the sister taxon of Dinosauria, rather than positioned within it. This result, along with other recent analyses of early dinosaurs, pulls apart what remains of the "traditional" group of dinosaurs collectively termed saurischians into a polyphyletic assemblage and implies that Dinosauria should be regarded as composed exclusively of Ornithoscelida (Ornithischia + Theropoda) and Sauropodomorpha. In addition, our analysis recovers the enigmatic European taxon Saltopus elginensis among herrerasaurs for the first time. This result suggests a greater body-size range for herrerasaurs than previously thought and provides further evidence for their presence in Europe during the Late Triassic. If this hypothesis is correct then this clade of herrerasaurs also represents the first clade of non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs known to contain large-bodied carnivorous species. The results of our analyses also highlight the distinction between the clades Herrerasauridae and Herrerasauria, as they are currently defined, and necessitate a provisional revival of the latter until future works can better resolve the relationships among these important early taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The holotype specimen of the Late Triassic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis is redescribed and evaluated phylogenetically for the first time, providing new anatomical information and data on the earliest dinosaurs and their evolution within the dinosauromorph lineage. Historically, Caseosaurus crosbyensis has been considered to represent an early saurischian dinosaur, and often a herrerasaur. More recent work on Triassic dinosaurs has cast doubt over its supposed dinosaurian affinities and uncertainty about particular features in the holotype and only known specimen has led to the species being regarded as a dinosauriform of indeterminate position. Here, we present a new diagnosis for Caseosaurus crosbyensis and refer additional material to the taxon--a partial right ilium from Snyder Quarry. Our comparisons and phylogenetic analyses suggest that Caseosaurus crosbyensis belongs in a clade with herrerasaurs and that this clade is the sister taxon of Dinosauria, rather than positioned within it. This result, along with other recent analyses of early dinosaurs, pulls apart what remains of the "traditional" group of dinosaurs collectively termed saurischians into a polyphyletic assemblage and implies that Dinosauria should be regarded as composed exclusively of Ornithoscelida (Ornithischia + Theropoda) and Sauropodomorpha. In addition, our analysis recovers the enigmatic European taxon Saltopus elginensis among herrerasaurs for the first time. This result suggests a greater body-size range for herrerasaurs than previously thought and provides further evidence for their presence in Europe during the Late Triassic. If this hypothesis is correct then this clade of herrerasaurs also represents the first clade of non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs known to contain large-bodied carnivorous species. The results of our analyses also highlight the distinction between the clades Herrerasauridae and Herrerasauria, as they are currently defined, and necessitate a provisional revival of the latter until future works can better resolve the relationships among these important early taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child to parent violence (CPV) involves continual and cumulative abusive actions perpetrated by children and adolescents towards their parents or caregivers. This abuse produces short-term distress and ongoing long-term harmful consequences for parents and their families. Practitioners, researchers and policy-makers are increasingly challenged to identify, conceptualize and respond to this form of family violence. A major challenge is that parents and caregivers under-report this abuse so there is a lack of awareness and understanding of their psychological experiences in relation to CPV. This research adopts an interpretative phenomenological approach to explore the psychological experience of CPV. Interviews were conducted with six New Zealand mothers and two grandmothers who all experienced CPV. This abuse was experienced as an 'emotional bloody roller coaster' of unconditional love through to hatred; as 'judgement' - self-blame and others' blame of their parenting skills; and the 'absent father' in their adolescents' lives was drawn on as an explanation for the abuse. Taken together, these psychological experiences identify the silencing of CPV is related to parents' conflicting emotions towards their children, their thoughts and feelings about themselves and how other people view them, and the impact of an absent father figure in their children's everyday lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We examined associations of physical intimate partner violence (PIPV) with selected mental health disorders using a nationally representative sample of emergency department (ED) discharges corresponding to men and women (18-64 years) from the 2010 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. Methods: PIPV was determined using International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) external cause of injury code E967.3 (battering by spouse or partner). ICD-9-CM clinical classification of discharge diagnoses was used to identify mental health disorders. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: PIPV prevalence was estimated at 0.36 per 1000 ED discharges. The strongest correlates of PIPV were alcohol-related (ORadj = 3.02, 95% CI: 2.62-3.50), adjustment (ORadj = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.56-3.58), intentional self-harm (ORadj = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.05-1.89), anxiety (ORadj = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.07-1.40), drug-related (ORadj = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.01-1.47), and mood (ORadj = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.04-1.31) disorders. PIPV's association with alcohol-related disorders was stronger among women (ORadj = 3.22, 95% CI: 2.79-3.72) versus men (ORadj = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.42-2.77). Similarly, drug-related disorders were stronger correlates of PIPV among women (ORadj = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.09-1.60) versus men (ORadj = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.31-1.16). Conclusions: In EDs, PIPV was linked to several mental health disorders, with women experiencing comorbid PIPV and substance use more frequently than men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First infrared transmittance and reflectance data for droplet-covered glass windows. • The droplet contact angle varied from 26 to 76o and surface area coverage up to 60%. • In most cases, the droplets reduce the transmittance due to absorption and/or back-scattering. • Measurements agree well with predictions from Monte Carlo ray-tracing simulations. • Solar transmittance of water droplet-covered glass windows can decrease significantly. Water droplets are commonly observed on the inner or outer surface of solar energy conversion systems due to rain or condensation. These droplets affect the systems' efficiency and thermal load. This study experimentally and numerically investigates infrared radiation transfer through semitransparent windows covered with droplets on their front or back sides. In order to validate our previously developed numerical code and to facilitate the systematic characterization of the samples, acrylic droplets (instead of water) were deposited onto glass windows with contact angle ranging from 26 to 76° and projected surface area coverage from 0% to 60%. The measured transmittance of glass windows with slightly absorbing droplets on the front increased while the reflectance decreased with increasing contact angle and surface coverage due to antireflection effects. For slightly absorbing droplets on the back with contact angles larger than the critical angle for total internal reflection at the droplet/air interface, the transmittance decreased by up to a factor 2 with increasing contact angle and surface area coverage. In the infrared spectral range when droplets were strongly absorbing, the window transmittance decreased by up to a factor 2.5 with increasing surface coverage for droplets either on the front or back sides. Experimental measurements were in excellent agreement with numerical predictions obtained using the Monte Carlo ray-tracing method. Then, the experimentally-validated simulation tool was used to predict the solar transmittance and emittance of glass windows covered with water droplets. The solar transmittance was found to decrease significantly with water droplets on either side depending on the time of day while the emittance remained unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olfaction and chemical signaling play an important role in the mating behaviors of many taxa, yet there is minimal empirical research on human putative pheromones. A mixture of five volatile fatty acids secreted vaginally, identified and named "copulins," significantly increase in concentration during the follicular phase and decrease in concentration during the luteal phase in nonpill using women. Men exposed to copulins exhibit an increase in testosterone, are inhibited in discriminating the attractiveness of women's faces, and behave less cooperatively. According to Anisogamy, Sexual Selection and Parental Investment Theory, mammalian males, having low cost and high benefit from any copulatory interaction, may adaptively utilize any useful cues to identifying ovulating females and adjust their behavior accordingly in order to maximize their potential reproductive success. In the current study, we attempted a replication of Jutte and Grammer's finding indicating copulins inhibit the ability of men to discriminate attractiveness of women's faces, and we examined the role of copulins in self-reported mate-guarding behaviors and self-perceived sexual desirability. We utilized a randomized placebo-controlled design and as predicted, results indicated men exposed to copulins were more likely to rate themselves as sexually desirable to women and, on average, the copulin group rated women's faces as more attractive than controls. There were no significant findings with mate guarding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies explore the components of sexual satisfaction as specified by college students. This cross-sectional study examined sexual satisfaction at the event level for undergraduate students (n = 1,090), focusing on differences between males/females. Survey results revealed for both males and females, being comfortable with a partner, experiencing orgasm, and having a partner "with skills" predicted sexual satisfaction. Satisfied males reported feeling safe with their partners, spent time touching/kissing, and had "romantic" partners. Satisfied females had partners with previous sexual experience, whom they desired, and vice-versa. These findings can inform comprehensive sexuality education efforts to incorporate the teaching of satisfaction into sexual health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe an engineered family of highly antigenic molecules based on GFP-like fluorescent proteins. These molecules contain numerous copies of peptide epitopes and simultaneously bind IgG antibodies at each location. These 'spaghetti monster' fluorescent proteins (smFPs) distributed well in neurons, notably into small dendrites, spines and axons. smFP immunolabeling localized weakly expressed proteins not well resolved with traditional epitope tags. By varying epitope and scaffold, we generated a diverse family of mutually orthogonal antigens. In cultured neurons and mouse and fly brains, smFP probes allowed robust, orthogonal multicolor visualization of proteins, cell populations and neuropil. smFP variants complement existing tracers and greatly increase the number of simultaneous imaging channels, and they performed well in advanced preparations such as array tomography, super-resolution fluorescence imaging and electron microscopy. In living cells, the probes improved single-molecule image tracking and increased yield for RNA-seq. These probes facilitate new experiments in connectomics, transcriptomics and protein localization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Monakoff iron oxide–Cu–Au (IOCG) deposit, located to the north east of Cloncurry within the Eastern Succession of the Mount Isa Inlier, Queensland, Australia, is characterised by high concentrations of F and Ba, with a host of other enriched elements including Co, Ag, Mn, REE, U, Pb, Zn and Sr. This gives the deposit a characteristic gangue assemblage dominated by fluorite, barite and calcite. The nearby E1 deposit, located 25 km to the NNE of Monakoff, and the large Ernest Henry deposit, 3 km to the west of E1, also contain abundant fluorite, barite and calcite in late stage assemblages. The three deposits, therefore, constitute a distinct group of IOCG deposits within the district, based on their F-rich geochemical and mineralogical affinities. The Monakoff ore zone is hosted in dilational openings along a shear zone developed within metasediments and metavolcanic rocks at the boundary between competent hangingwall rocks of the Toole Creek Volcanics and footwall rocks of the Mount Norna Quartzites. Four stages of alteration and mineralisation are recognised: Stage 1 garnet–biotite alteration; Stage 2 biotite–magnetite alteration; Stage 3 main F–Ba-ore mineralisation; and a Stage 4 pyrite–alloclasite Au–Co–As overprint. The E1 deposit has a more complex history, but Stage 5 has veins of fluorite–barite–carbonate that are comparable to Monakoff's main stage. The Stage 3 assemblage at Monakoff comprises a sheared groundmass of fluorite, barite, manganoan calcite, magnetite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena and sphalerite, with coarser grained pods of the same mineralogy interpreted to be dilational structures infilled during syn-ore deformation. Accessory minerals include U–Pb-oxides, REE–F-carbonates and Ag–Pb–Bi-sulfosalts, with no discrete Au minerals. The sulfosalts are interpreted to have formed from an immiscible Bi-melt within the mineralising fluid at temperatures higher than the melting point of Bi. The Stage 4 overprint at Monakoff contains pyrite and alloclasite. Laser ablation analyses of the sulphide minerals at Monakoff reveal that Stage 3 sulphides contain only trace amounts of Au (0.04 ppm in pyrite), although galena and chalcopyrite contain significant concentrations of Ag. Stage 4 pyrite and alloclasite, however, contain ~ 1 ppm Au in solid solution and mass balance calculations indicate the majority of bulk rock Au to be present in these minerals, although the majority of bulk Ag is present in Stage 3 sulphides. The Stage 5 veins at E1 have an identical gangue and accessory mineralogy to Stage 3 at Monakoff and differ in the sulphide mineralogy only in the lack of galena and sphalerite. Four fluid inclusion populations are identified within the fluorite at Monakoff: Group 1 is CO 2 rich; Group 2 is complex solid–liquid–vapour inclusions, with two groups based on homogenisation temperature (> 450 °C and 300–375 °C). Laser ablation-ICP-MS analyses indicate that these inclusions contain Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ag, REE, U and Ba, but significantly no S, Se or Au; Group 3 are solid–liquid–vapour inclusions with a T h of 200–275 °C, and contain Ba, Na, Mg, K and Br; and Group 4 are low salinity liquid–vapour inclusions. Group 1, 2 and 4 inclusions are also present in fluorite at E1. The REE geochemistry of fluorite from Monakoff and E1 is comparable and is characterised by a distinct positive Eu anomalies in all analyses, interpreted to indicate oxidising conditions at the time of high temperature ore deposition. The presence of abundant fluorite and barite is indicative of fluid mixing due to the insolubility of barite and fluorite and thus Ba and S, and Ca and F must have been introduced via different fluids. We propose that the oxidised fluid represented by the Group 2 inclusions and containing F, Ba, REE, U and base metals, mixed with a reduced, S-bearing fluid in [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dopaminergic innervation of the extended amygdala regulates anxiety-like behavior and stress responsivity. A portion of this dopamine input arises from dopamine neurons located in the ventral lateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) and rostral (RLi) and caudal linear nuclei of the raphe (CLi). These neurons receive substantial norepinephrine input, which may prime them for involvement in stress responses. Using a mouse line that expresses eGFP under control of the tyrosine hydroxylase promoter, we explored the physiology and responsiveness to norepinephrine of these neurons. We find that RLi dopamine neurons differ from VTA dopamine neurons with respect to membrane resistance, capacitance and the hyperpolarization-activated current, I h . Further, we found that norepinephrine increased the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) on RLi dopamine neurons. This effect was mediated through the α 1 adrenergic receptor (AR), as the actions of norepinephrine were mimicked by the α 1 -AR agonist methoxamine and blocked by the α 1 -AR antagonist prazosin. This action of norepinephrine on sEPSCs was transient, as it did not persist in the presence of prazosin. Methoxamine also increased the frequency of miniature EPSCs, indicating that the α 1 -AR action on glutamatergic transmission likely has a presynaptic mechanism. There was also a modest decrease in sEPSC frequency with the application of the α 2 -AR agonist UK-14,304. These studies illustrate a potential mechanism through which norepinephrine could recruit the activity of this population of dopaminergic neurons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idiopathic onset of unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVP) is caused by damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and results in difficulty speaking, breathing, and swallowing. This damage may occur in this nerve as it loops around the aortic arch, which is in a dynamic biomechanical environment. The goal of this study is to determine if the location-dependent biomechanical and microstructural properties of the RLN are different in piglets versus adolescent pigs. The neck/distal and thoracic/proximal (near the aortic arch) regions of the RLN from eight adolescent pigs and six piglets were isolated and mechanically assessed in uni-axial tension. Two-photon imaging (second harmonic) data were collected at 5%, 10%, and 15% strain during the mechanical test. The tangential modulus (TM) and the strain energy density (W) were determined at each level of strain. The mean mode of the preferred fiber angle and the full width at half maximum (FWHM, a measure of fiber splay) were calculated from the imaging data. We found significantly larger values of TM, W, and FWHM in the proximal segments of the left RLN when compared to the distal segments (18.51 MPa±1.22 versus 10.78MPa±1.22, p<0.001 for TM, 0.046 MPa±0.01 versus 0.026 MPa±0.01, p<0.003 for W, 15.52 deg ± 1.00 versus 12.98deg±1.00, p < 0.001 for FWHM). TM and W were larger in the left segments than the right (15.32 MPa±1.20 versus 11.80 MPa±1.20, p<0.002 for TM, 0.038 MPa±0.01 versus 0.028 MPa±0.01, p<0.0001 for W). W was larger in piglets when compared to adolescent pigs (0.042 MPa±0.01 versus 0.025 MPa±0.01, p<0.04). The proximal region of the left porcine RLN is more stiff than the distal region and has a higher degree of fiber splay. The left RLN of the adolescent pigs also displayed a higher degree of strain stiffening than the right. These differences may develop as a result of the more dynamic environment the left RLN is in as it loops around the aortic arch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sediment transport controls the evolution of river channels, playing a fundamental role in physical, ecological, and biogeochemical processes across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales on the Earth surface. However, developing predictive transport models from first principles and understanding scale interactions on sediment fluxes remain as formidable research challenges in fluvial systems. Here we simulate the smallest scales of transport using direct numerical simulations (DNS) to explore the dynamics of bed-load and discover how turbulence and grain-scale processes influence transport rates, showing that their interplay gives rise to a critical regime dominated by fluctuations that propagate across scales. These connections are represented using a stochastic differential equation, and a statistical description through a path integral formulation and Feynman diagrams, thus providing a framework that incorporates nonlinear and turbulence effects to model the dynamics of bed-load across scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective--To determine the microvascular anatomy of the suspensory ligament of the forelimb of horses. Sample--17 cadaveric forelimbs from 9 adult horses with no known history of forelimb lameness. Procedures--The median artery of the forelimb was cannulated proximal to the ante-brachiocarpal joint and injected with contrast medium for CT evaluation of the gross vascu-lature (n = 2) or India ink to evaluate the microvasculature (12). Routine histologic evaluation was performed on an additional 3 forelimbs to confirm the microvascular anatomy. Results--The vascular supply of the suspensory ligament of the forelimb originated from branches of the medial and lateral palmar and palmar metacarpal vessels as well as the proximal and distal deep palmar arches. An abundant, longitudinally oriented microvascular supply was evident throughout the length of the suspensory ligament without distinct variation among the proximal, midbody, and distal regions. The intraligamentous blood supply originated from a periligamentous vascular plexus that surrounded the suspensory ligament throughout its length. Histologic findings indicated the presence of a periligamentous connective tissue plexus, which contained vessels that penetrated and anastomosed with an extensive network of intraligamentous vessels throughout the length of the suspensory ligament. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance--The suspensory ligament of the equine forelimb had an abundant intraligamentous microvascular supply throughout its entire length. The absence of an obvious hypovasculararea suggested that regional variations in healing rates of the suspensory ligament are not associated with the microvascular anatomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published at Venice between 1551 and 1553, Giovanfrancesco Straparola's collection of fairy tales, novelle, riddles and madrigals, Le piacevoli notti, proved a European best-seller. In the collection's loose framing narrative, set during carnival in 1530s Venice, the first tale of the final night is recounted by English ambassador to Venice, Giambattista Casali ( c.1494/95-1536). Straparola's frametale has been read chiefly to illuminate the fairy tales; this article employs it to trace a set of elite Venetian social institutions and networks into which Casali successfully interpolated himself over the course of his 1526-35 embassy. Casali's initially unlikely inclusion in the Piacevoli notti demonstrates the immense practical significance of those networks to his diplomatic credibility and efficacy. Crucial to Casali's diplomatic career was his building up of political credit through informal sociability and through brokering cultural patronage between Venice, his native cities of Bologna and Rome, and the courts of Mantua, England, or Hungary. In highlighting the value of informal sociability for Renaissance diplomats such as Casali, the article contributes to calls for a broader conception of politics in the historiography of early modern diplomacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which aims to equate the demographic profiles of cancer survivors participated in the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) surveys. Participants were attributed to one of four functional domains, such as illness impact, perceived cognitive functioning, sleep/wake functioning and sexual functioning. It shows that participants of the study who opted to complete their survey online were more likely to be employed and of higher income.

The article discusses why factory employment has consistently held up better in U.S. Federal Reserve Districts in Great Plains including Dallas in Texas, Kansas City in Kansas and Minneapolis in Minnesota than in districts in other regions. It explores the role of industry mix and other factors in the relative performance of manufacturing employment. It further notes the evolution of manufacturing jobs in the U.S. and examines if Great Plains has benefited from maintaining more factory jobs.

The article presents the results of a study conducted at Shenandoah University in Winchester, Virginia that gave surveys and held focus groups to determine how students use social media, mobile technologies, and library resources. Students’ use of the online social network Facebook, smartphones, and Web 2.0 tools are discussed. The results showed that students use library resources such as interlibrary loan, online journals, and reference libraries.

Summary: Our understanding of mechanisms that regulate the differentiation of specific classes of synapses is limited. Here, we investigate the formation of synapses between hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) neurons and their target CA3 neurons and find that DG neurons preferentially form synapses with CA3 rather than DG or CA1 neurons in culture, suggesting that specific interactions between DG and CA3 neurons drive synapse formation. Cadherin-9 is expressed selectively in DG and CA3 neurons, and downregulation of cadherin-9 in CA3 neurons leads to a selective decrease in the number and size of DG synapses onto CA3 neurons. In addition, loss of cadherin-9 from DG or CA3 neurons in vivo leads to striking defects in the formation and differentiation of the DG-CA3 mossy fiber synapse. These observations indicate that cadherin-9 bidirectionally regulates DG-CA3 synapse development and highlight the critical role of differentially expressed molecular cues in establishing specific connections in the mammalian brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Captured on a failed 1535 diplomatic mission to Hungary, English ambassador Giambattista Casali revealed in his confession the central roles played by diplomatic families in facilitating, managing, and prosecuting early modern diplomacy. This article explores how Casali and his brothers, by strategically positioning family members in the service of multiple patrons, drew on these flexible and overlapping networks of kinship and patronage to promote familial interests as well as those of their princely patrons. Focusing on the Casali family's engagement in Hungarian diplomacy between 1529 and 1535, the article illustrates how the Casali solicited appointments, managed multiple loyalties, and negotiated the conflicts of interest resulting from their colorful and active diplomacy between England, Rome, Bologna, Venice, and Hungary at the zenith of English and Hungarian relations with the papal curia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The function of the brain depends on highly specific patterns of connections between populations of neurons. The establishment of these connections requires the targeting of axons and dendrites to defined zones or laminae, the recognition of individual target cells, the formation of synapses on particular regions of the dendritic tree, and the differentiation of pre- and postsynaptic specializations. Recent studies provide compelling evidence that transmembrane adhesion proteins of the immunoglobulin, cadherin, and leucine-rich repeat protein families, as well as secreted proteins such as semaphorins and FGFs, regulate distinct aspects of neuronal connectivity. These observations suggest that the coordinated actions of a number of molecular signals contribute to the specification and differentiation of synaptic connections in the developing brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We have developed a gas chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry method for measuring pyrethroid, organophosphorus, carbamate and fipronil pesticides and the synergist piperonyl butoxide in human plasma. Plasma samples were extracted using solid phase extraction and were then concentrated for injection and analysis using isotope dilution gas chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. The limits of detection ranged from 10 to 158pg/mL with relative recoveries at concentrations near the LODs (e.g., 25 or 250pg/mL) ranging from 87% to 156% (9 of the 16 compounds were within ±15% of 100%). The extraction recoveries ranged from 20% to 98% and the overall method relative standard deviations were typically less than 20% with some exceptions. Analytical characteristics were determined at 25, 250, and 1000pg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the export potential of the states in the Tenth District of the U.S. It examines the contemporary trends in U.S. and Tenth District exports and tackles the importance of export sector size as well as the reasons why export growth can vary across states. It stresses that states in the Tenth District are likely to experience robust export in the years ahead, given the size of the expected boom in U.S. exports over the intermediate term.

The article presents a historical examination of the ways in which the African American actresses Lena Horne and Etta Moten were portrayed in the "The Call," a newspaper published in Kansas City, Missouri, focusing on the time period of World War II. According to the article, depictions of Horne and Moten within "The Call" were aimed at downplaying racial stereotypes associated with African American entertainers. It also examines how these representations functioned as an aspect of the civil rights movement for African Americans. Other topics include the Double V campaign of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), an overview of the career of Moten, and discrimination against African American entertainers in the U.S.

Following World War II, Ebony's creator and editor, John H. Johnson, sought to create a popular black magazine in the vein of Life and Look that would reflect the accomplishments and joys, ''the happier side,'' of African American life. Throughout the first four years of its publication, Lena Horne appeared on the magazine's cover three times - the only woman to do so during this period. In this paper, I argue that the fledgling Ebony magazine drew on Lena Horne's wartime status as a beautiful black icon and represented her as a symbol of its ideological project, broadly, and as the Ebony image of postwar black womanhood, specifically. The magazine's representation of Lena Horne acts as a useful trope for understanding how Ebony imaged postwar black femininity in terms of motherhood, work, and civil rights activism; additionally, Ebony's representation of Horne and Ebony readers' letters to the editor reveal central issues of respectability, pinup photography, colorism, hair care, and interracial relationships as they were debated within the magazine's pages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Widespread residential pesticide use throughout the United States has resulted in ubiquitous, low-level pesticide exposure. The mix of active pesticide ingredients is changing in response to 2000--2001 regulations restricting use of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos and diazinon. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the impact of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations on pest infestation levels, pesticide use, and pesticides measured in indoor air samples. METHODOLOGY: 511 pregnant women from inner-city New York were enrolled between 2000 and 2006. Permethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide; piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a pyrethroid synergist; chlorpyrifos; and diazinon were measured in 48-hr prenatal personal air samples. Data on pest infestation and pesticide use were collected via questionnaire. RESULTS: Eighty-eight percent of women reported using pesticides during pregnancy; 55% reported using higher-exposure pesticide applications (spray cans, pest bombs and/or professional pesticide applicators). Self-reported pest sightings and use of higher-exposure applications increased significantly after the regulations were implemented (p < 0.001). PBO, cis-, and trans-permethrin were detected in 75, 19, and 18% of personal air samples, respectively. Detection frequencies of PBO and cis- and trans-permethrin increased significantly over time (p < 0.05 controlling for potential confounders). Levels and/or detection frequencies of these compounds were significantly higher among mothers reporting use of high exposure pesticide applications (p ≤ 0.05). Chlorpyrifos and diazinon levels decreased significantly over time (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In this cohort, pest infestations, use of pesticides, and use of permethrin appear to increase after the residential restriction of organophosphorus insecticides. This is one of the first studies to document widespread residential exposure to PBO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on how the buildup in national defense spending affects the economies of the states in the Tenth Federal Reserve District in the U.S. It states that the Tenth Federal Reserved District is a home to some of the country's largest military installations, private defense contractors and a large number of reservists and National Guardsmen, hence, national defense represents larger share of economic activity in the region. Moreover, it explores why projected defense spending increases may influence the district and national economies differently.

The article examines the defining industries of the Tenth Federal Reserve District in the U.S. It explains the importance of defining industries to an economy. It looks at the performance and outlook of the region's key defining industries with emphasis on those industries that are new or growing rapidly. It describes changes in the defining industries of individual district states. It enumerates new industries that are becoming significant. It also notes that the economy of the Tenth District has become more services-based in recent years.

The article considers the job and earnings of the Tenth Federal Reserve District minority groups in the U.S. It details the growth, location, and size of minority groups. It examines the current pay and occupations of minority workers. It also explores the five-to-ten-year outlook for jobs held by minorities and compares them with projections for the future supply of minority workers in the district.

BACKGROUND: We previously reported widespread insecticide exposure during pregnancy among inner-city women from New York City. Here we report on a pilot intervention using integrated pest management (IPM) to reduce pest infestations and residential insecticide exposures among pregnant New York City African-American and Latina women (25 intervention and 27 control homes). METHODS: The IPM consisted of professional cleaning, sealing of pest entry points, application of low-toxicity pesticides, and education. Cockroach infestation levels and 2-week integrated indoor air samples were collected at baseline and one month postintervention. The insecticides detected in the indoor air samples were also measured in maternal and umbilical cord blood collected at delivery. RESULTS: Cockroach infestations decreased significantly (p = 0.016) after the intervention among intervention cases but not control households. Among the intervention group, levels of piperonyl butoxide (a pyrethroid synergist) were significantly lower in indoor air samples after the intervention (p = 0.016). Insecticides were detected in maternal blood samples collected at delivery from controls but not from the intervention group. The difference was significant for trans-permethrin (p = 0.008) and of borderline significance (p = 0.1) for cis-permethrin and 2-isopropoxyphenol (a propoxur metabolite). CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study to use biologic dosimeters of prenatal pesticide exposure for assessing effectiveness of IPM. These pilot data suggest that IPM is an effective strategy for reducing pest infestation levels and the internal dose of insecticides during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]