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Large-scale HPC simulations of plasma dynamics in fusion devices require efficient parallel I/O to avoid slowing down the simulation and to enable the post-processing of critical information. Such complex simulations lacking parallel I/O capabilities may encounter performance bottlenecks, hindering their effectiveness in data-intensive computing tasks. In this work, we focus on introducing and enhancing the efficiency of parallel I/O operations in Particle-in-Cell Monte Carlo simulations. We first evaluate the scalability of BIT1, a massively-parallel electrostatic PIC MC code, determining its initial write throughput capabilities and performance bottlenecks using an HPC I/O performance monitoring tool, Darshan. We design and develop an adaptor to the openPMD I/O interface that allows us to stream PIC particle and field information to I/O using the BP4 backend, aggressively optimized for I/O efficiency, including the highly efficient ADIOS2 interface. Next, we explore advanced optimization techniques such as data compression, aggregation, and Lustre file striping, achieving write throughput improvements while enhancing data storage efficiency. Finally, we analyze the enhanced high-throughput parallel I/O and storage capabilities achieved through the integration of openPMD with rapid metadata extraction in BP4 format. Our study demonstrates that the integration of openPMD and advanced I/O optimizations significantly enhances BIT1's I/O performance and storage capabilities, successfully introducing high throughput parallel I/O and surpassing the capabilities of traditional file I/O., Comment: Accepted by IEEE Cluster workshop 2024 (REX-IO 2024), prepared in the standardized IEEE conference format and consists of 10 pages, which includes the main text, references, and figures

Optimizing iPIC3D, an implicit Particle-in-Cell (PIC) code, for large-scale 3D plasma simulations is crucial for space and astrophysical applications. This work focuses on characterizing iPIC3D's communication efficiency through strategic measures like optimal node placement, communication and computation overlap, and load balancing. Profiling and tracing tools are employed to analyze iPIC3D's communication efficiency and provide practical recommendations. Implementing optimized communication protocols addresses the Geospace Environmental Modeling (GEM) magnetic reconnection challenges in plasma physics with more precise simulations. This approach captures the complexities of 3D plasma simulations, particularly in magnetic reconnection, advancing space and astrophysical research., Comment: Accepted by SC Conference 2023 (SC23), prepared in the standardized ACM format and consists of 2 pages, which includes the main text, references, and figures. See https://sc23.supercomputing.org/proceedings/tech_poster/tech_poster_pages/rpost102.html

Understanding plasma instabilities is essential for achieving sustainable fusion energy, with large-scale plasma simulations playing a crucial role in both the design and development of next-generation fusion energy devices and the modelling of industrial plasmas. To achieve sustainable fusion energy, it is essential to accurately model and predict plasma behavior under extreme conditions, requiring sophisticated simulation codes capable of capturing the complex interaction between plasma dynamics, magnetic fields, and material surfaces. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive HPC analysis of two prominent plasma simulation codes, BIT1 and JOREK, to advance understanding of plasma behavior in fusion energy applications. Our focus is on evaluating JOREK's computational efficiency and scalability for simulating non-linear MHD phenomena in tokamak fusion devices. The motivation behind this work stems from the urgent need to advance our understanding of plasma instabilities in magnetically confined fusion devices. Enhancing JOREK's performance on supercomputers improves fusion plasma code predictability, enabling more accurate modelling and faster optimization of fusion designs, thereby contributing to sustainable fusion energy. In prior studies, we analysed BIT1, a massively parallel Particle-in-Cell (PIC) code for studying plasma-material interactions in fusion devices. Our investigations into BIT1's computational requirements and scalability on advanced supercomputing architectures yielded valuable insights. Through detailed profiling and performance analysis, we have identified the primary bottlenecks and implemented optimization strategies, significantly enhancing parallel performance. This previous work serves as a foundation for our present endeavours., Comment: Accepted by EPS PLASMA 2024 (50th European Physical Society Conference on Plasma Physics, Vol. 48A, ISBN: 111-22-33333-44-5), prepared in the standardized EPS conference proceedings format and consists of 4 pages, which includes the main text, references, and figures

Particle-in-Cell Monte Carlo simulations on large-scale systems play a fundamental role in understanding the complexities of plasma dynamics in fusion devices. Efficient handling and analysis of vast datasets are essential for advancing these simulations. Previously, we addressed this challenge by integrating openPMD with BIT1, a Particle-in-Cell Monte Carlo code, streamlining data streaming and storage. This integration not only enhanced data management but also improved write throughput and storage efficiency. In this work, we delve deeper into the impact of BIT1 openPMD BP4 instrumentation, monitoring, and in-situ analysis. Utilizing cutting-edge profiling and monitoring tools such as gprof, CrayPat, Cray Apprentice2, IPM, and Darshan, we dissect BIT1's performance post-integration, shedding light on computation, communication, and I/O operations. Fine-grained instrumentation offers insights into BIT1's runtime behavior, while immediate monitoring aids in understanding system dynamics and resource utilization patterns, facilitating proactive performance optimization. Advanced visualization techniques further enrich our understanding, enabling the optimization of BIT1 simulation workflows aimed at controlling plasma-material interfaces with improved data analysis and visualization at every checkpoint without causing any interruption to the simulation., Comment: Accepted by the Euro-Par 2024 workshops (PHYSHPC 2024), prepared in the standardized Springer LNCS format and consists of 12 pages, which includes the main text, references, and figures

On the path toward developing the first fusion energy devices, plasma simulations have become indispensable tools for supporting the design and development of fusion machines. Among these critical simulation tools, BIT1 is an advanced Particle-in-Cell code with Monte Carlo collisions, specifically designed for modeling plasma-material interaction and, in particular, analyzing the power load distribution on tokamak divertors. The current implementation of BIT1 relies exclusively on MPI for parallel communication and lacks support for GPUs. In this work, we address these limitations by designing and implementing a hybrid, shared-memory version of BIT1 capable of utilizing GPUs. For shared-memory parallelization, we rely on OpenMP and OpenACC, using a task-based approach to mitigate load-imbalance issues in the particle mover. On an HPE Cray EX computing node, we observe an initial performance improvement of approximately 42%, with scalable performance showing an enhancement of about 38% when using 8 MPI ranks. Still relying on OpenMP and OpenACC, we introduce the first version of BIT1 capable of using GPUs. We investigate two different data movement strategies: unified memory and explicit data movement. Overall, we report BIT1 data transfer findings during each PIC cycle. Among BIT1 GPU implementations, we demonstrate performance improvement through concurrent GPU utilization, especially when MPI ranks are assigned to dedicated GPUs. Finally, we analyze the performance of the first BIT1 GPU porting with the NVIDIA Nsight tools to further our understanding of BIT1 computational efficiency for large-scale plasma simulations, capable of exploiting current supercomputer infrastructures., Comment: Accepted by ICCS 2024 (The 24th International Conference on Computational Science), prepared in English, formatted according to the Springer LNCS templates and consists of 15 pages, which includes the main text, references, and figures

Large-scale plasma simulations are critical for designing and developing next-generation fusion energy devices and modeling industrial plasmas. BIT1 is a massively parallel Particle-in-Cell code designed for specifically studying plasma material interaction in fusion devices. Its most salient characteristic is the inclusion of collision Monte Carlo models for different plasma species. In this work, we characterize single node, multiple nodes, and I/O performances of the BIT1 code in two realistic cases by using several HPC profilers, such as perf, IPM, Extrae/Paraver, and Darshan tools. We find that the BIT1 sorting function on-node performance is the main performance bottleneck. Strong scaling tests show a parallel performance of 77% and 96% on 2,560 MPI ranks for the two test cases. We demonstrate that communication, load imbalance and self-synchronization are important factors impacting the performance of the BIT1 on large-scale runs., Comment: Accepted by the Euro-Par 2023 workshops (TDLPP 2023), prepared in the standardized Springer LNCS format and consists of 12 pages, which includes the main text, references, and figures

A class theorem is presented and proved: the complex Fourier transforms of a certain class of exponential functions have all their zeros on the real line. A class of basis functions is first considered, and the class is then extended via the method of convolutions., Comment: 11 pages

A class of complex Fourier Transforms of exponential functions which have all their zeros on the real line is explored from a geometric perspective. These transforms belong to the Laguerre - Polya class, and it is proved that all the zeros are simple., Comment: 12 pages