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We report the spectroscopic discovery of a massive quiescent galaxy at $z_{\rm spec}=7.29\pm0.01$, just $\sim700\,$Myr after the Big Bang. RUBIES-UDS-QG-z7 was selected from public JWST/NIRCam and MIRI imaging from the PRIMER survey and observed with JWST/NIRSpec as part of RUBIES. The NIRSpec/PRISM spectrum reveals one of the strongest Balmer breaks observed thus far at $z>6$, no emission lines, but tentative Balmer and Ca absorption features, as well as a Lyman break. Simultaneous modeling of the NIRSpec/PRISM spectrum and NIRCam and MIRI photometry (spanning $0.9-18\,\mu$m) shows that the galaxy formed a stellar mass of log$(M_*/M_\odot)=10.23^{+0.04}_{-0.04}$ in a rapid $\sim 100-200\,$Myr burst of star formation at $z\sim8-9$, and ceased forming stars by $z\sim8$ resulting in $\log \rm{sSFR/yr}^{-1}<-10$. We measure a small physical size of $209_{-24}^{+33}\,{\rm pc}$, which implies a high stellar mass surface density within the effective radius of $\log(\Sigma_{*,\rm e}/{\rm M_\odot\,kpc}^{-2})=10.85_{-0.12}^{+0.11}$ comparable to the densities measured in quiescent galaxies at $z\sim2-5$. The 3D stellar mass density profile of RUBIES-UDS-QG-z7 is remarkably similar to the central densities of local massive ellipticals, suggesting that at least some of their cores may have already been in place at $z>7$. The discovery of RUBIES-UDS-QG-z7 has strong implications for galaxy formation models: the estimated number density of quiescent galaxies at $z\sim7$ is $>100\times$ larger than predicted from any model to date, indicating that quiescent galaxies have formed earlier than previously expected., Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures, submitted to ApJ

We present NIR spectroscopy using MMT/MMIRS for a sample of twenty-nine massive galaxies ($\mathrm{log\ M_* / M_{\odot} \gtrsim10}$) at $\mathrm{z\sim0.7}$ with optical spectroscopy from the LEGA-C survey. Having both optical and NIR spectroscopy at this redshift allows us to measure the full suite of rest-optical strong emission lines, enabling the study of ionization sources and the rest-optical selection of active galactic nuclei (AGN), as well as the measurement of dust-corrected $\mathrm{H\alpha}$-based SFRs. We find that eleven out of twenty-nine galaxies host AGN. We infer the nonparametric star formation histories with the SED fitting code \texttt{Prospector} and classify galaxies as star-forming, green valley, or quiescent based on their most recent sSFRs. We explore the connection between AGN activity and suppressed star formation and find that $89\pm15\%$ of galaxies in the green valley or below host AGN, while only $15\%\pm8\%$ of galaxies above the green valley host AGN. We construct the star-forming main sequence (SFMS) and find that the AGN host galaxies are 0.37 dex below the SFMS while galaxies without detectable AGN are consistent with being on the SFMS. However, when compared to a bootstrapped mass-matched sample, the SFRs of our sample of AGN host galaxies are consistent with the full LEGA-C sample. Based on this mass-matched analysis, we cannot rule out that this suppression of star formation is driven by other processes associated with the higher mass of the AGN sample. We therefore cannot link the presence of AGN activity to the quenching of star formation., Comment: 23 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ

$\require{mediawiki-texvc}$Cosmic Reionisation commenced when ultraviolet (UV) radiation produced in the first galaxies began illuminating the cold, neutral gas that filled the primordial Universe. Recent James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations have shown that surprisingly UV-bright galaxies were in place beyond redshift $z = 14$, when the Universe was less than 300 Myr old. Smooth turnovers of their UV continua have been interpreted as damping-wing absorption of Lyman-$\alpha$ (Ly$\alpha$), the principal hydrogen transition. However, spectral signatures encoding crucial properties of these sources, such as their emergent radiation field, largely remain elusive. Here we report spectroscopy from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) of a galaxy at redshift $z = 13.0$ that reveal a singular, bright emission line unambiguously identified as Ly$\alpha$, in addition to a smooth turnover. We observe an equivalent width of $\text{EW}_\mathrm{Ly\alpha} > 40 \, \AA$ (rest frame), previously only seen at $z < 9$ where the intervening intergalactic medium (IGM) becomes increasingly ionised. Together with a very blue UV continuum, the Ly$\alpha$ line indicates the galaxy is a prolific producer of ionising photons, a significant fraction of which may escape. This suggests it resides in an early reionised region preventing complete extinction of Ly$\alpha$, thus shedding new light on the nature of the earliest galaxies and the onset of Reionisation only 330 Myr after the Big Bang., Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables. Comments welcome

We present the design and observations of low resolution JWST/NIRSpec PRISM spectroscopy from the Ultradeep NIRSpec and NIRCam ObserVations before the Epoch of Reionization (UNCOVER) Cycle 1 JWST Treasury program. Targets are selected using JWST/NIRCam photometry from UNCOVER and other programs, and cover a wide range of categories and redshifts to ensure the legacy value of the survey. These categories include the first galaxies at $z\gtrsim10$, faint galaxies during the Epoch of Reionization ($z\sim6-8$), high redshift AGN ($z\gtrsim6$), Population III star candidates, distant quiescent and dusty galaxies ($1\lesssim z \lesssim 6$), and filler galaxies sampling redshift--color--magnitude space from $z\sim 0.1-13$. Seven NIRSpec MSA masks across the extended Abell 2744 cluster were observed, along with NIRCam parallel imaging in 8 filters (F090W, F115W, F150W, F200W, F277W, F356W, F410M, F444W, F480M) over a total area of ~26 arcmin$^2$, overlapping existing HST coverage from programs including the Hubble Frontier Fields and BUFFALO. We successfully observed 553 objects down to $m_{\mathrm{F444W}}\sim30\mathrm{AB}$, and by leveraging mask overlaps, we reach total on-target exposure times ranging from 2.4-16.7h. We demonstrate the success rate and distribution of confirmed redshifts, and also highlight the rich information revealed by these ultradeep spectra for a subset of our targets. An updated lens model of Abell 2744 is also presented, including 14 additional spectroscopic redshifts and finding a total cluster mass of $M_{\mathrm{SL}}=(2.1\pm0.3)\times10^{15}\,\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$. We publicly release reduced 1D and 2D spectra for all objects observed in Summer 2023 along with a spectroscopic redshift catalog and the updated lens model of the cluster (https://jwst-uncover.github.io/DR4.html)., Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures, 4 tables, submitted to ApJ, comments welcome! Data available at: https://jwst-uncover.github.io/DR4.html (v2: figure format correction)

One of the more surprising findings after the first year of JWST observations is the large number of spatially extended galaxies (ultra-red flattened objects, or UFOs) among the optically-faint galaxy population otherwise thought to be compact. Leveraging the depth and survey area of the JADES survey, we extend observations of the optically-faint galaxy population to an additional 112 objects, 56 of which are well-resolved in F444W with effective sizes, $R_e > 0.25''$, more than tripling previous UFO counts. These galaxies have redshifts around $2 < z < 4$, high stellar masses ($\mathrm{log(M_*/M_{\odot})} \sim 10-11$), and star-formation rates around $\sim 100-1000 \mathrm{M_{\odot}/yr}$. Surprisingly, UFOs are red across their entire extents which spatially resolved analysis of their stellar populations shows is due to large values of dust attenuation (typically $A_V > 2$ mag even at large radii). Morphologically, the majority of our UFO sample tends to have low S\'ersic indices ($n \sim 1$) suggesting these large, massive, optically faint galaxies have little contribution from a bulge in F444W. Further, a majority have axis-ratios between $0.2 < q < 0.4$, which Bayesian modeling suggests that their intrinsic shapes are consistent with being a mixture of inclined disks and prolate objects with little to no contribution from spheroids. While kinematic constraints will be needed to determine the true intrinsic shapes of UFOs, it is clear that an unexpected population of large, disky or prolate objects contributes significantly to the population of optically faint galaxies., Comment: 24 pages, 13 figures; accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

Large area observations of extragalactic deep fields with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have provided a wealth of candidate low-mass L- and T-class brown dwarfs. The existence of these sources, which are at derived distances of hundreds of parsecs to several kiloparsecs from the Sun, has strong implications for the low-mass end of the stellar initial mass function, and the link between stars and planets at low metallicities. In this letter, we present a JWST/NIRSpec PRISM spectrum of brown dwarf JADES-GS-BD-9, confirming its photometric selection from observations taken as part of the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Fits to this spectrum indicate that the brown dwarf has an effective temperature of 800-900K (T5 - T6) at a distance of $1.8 - 2.3$kpc from the Sun, with evidence of the source being at low metallicity ([M/H] $\leq -0.5$). Finally, because of the cadence of JADES NIRCam observations of this source, we additionally uncover a proper motion between the 2022 and 2023 centroids, and we measure a proper motion of $20 \pm 4$ mas yr$^{-1}$ (a transverse velocity of 214 km s$^{-1}$ at 2.25 kpc). At this predicted metallicity, distance, and transverse velocity, it is likely that this source belongs either to the edge of the Milky Way thick disk or the galactic halo. This spectral confirmation demonstrates the efficacy of photometric selection of these important sources across deep extragalactic JWST imaging., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, submitted to AAS Journals

JWST has discovered a large population of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) at high redshift. Many of these newly discovered AGN have broad permitted lines (typically H$\alpha$), but are extremely weak in the X-rays. Here we present the NIRSpec spectrum of the most extreme of these objects, GN-28074, an AGN at $z=2.26$ with prominent Balmer, Paschen and \HeI broad lines, and with the highest limit on the bolometric to X-ray luminosity ratio among all spectroscopically confirmed AGN in GOODS. This source is also characterized by a mid-IR excess, most likely associated with the AGN torus' hot dust. The high bolometric luminosity and moderate redshift of this AGN allow us to explore its properties more in depth relative to other JWST-discovered AGN. The NIRSpec spectrum reveals prominent, slightly blueshifted absorption of H$\alpha$, H$\beta$ and \HeI$\lambda$10830. The Balmer absorption lines require gas with densities of $n_{\rm H}> 10^8~{\rm cm}^{-3}$, inconsistent with an ISM origin, but fully consistent with clouds in the Broad Line Region (BLR). This finding suggests that at least part of the X-ray weakness is due to high (Compton thick) X-ray absorption by (dust-free) clouds in the BLR, or in its outer, slowly outflowing regions. GN-28074 is also extremely radio-weak. The radio weakness can also be explained in terms of absorption, as the inferred density of the clouds responsible for H$\alpha$ absorption makes them optically thick to radio emission through free-free absorption. Alternatively, in this and other JWST-discovered AGN, the nuclear magnetic field may have not developed properly yet, resulting both in intrinsically weak radio emission and also lack of hot corona, hence intrinsic X-ray weakness. Finally, we show that recently proposed scenarios, invoking hyper-dense and ultra-metal-poor outflows or Raman scattering to explain the broad H$\alpha$, are completely ruled out., Comment: 21 pages 8 figures in main text. Submitted to MNRAS

We analyse ultra-deep JWST observations of the galaxy JADES-GS-z9-0 at z = 9.4327, and derive detailed stellar and interstellar medium (ISM) properties of this luminous (MUV=-20.43) high-redshift system. Complementary information from NIRCam imaging and NIRSpec (both low- and medium-resolution) spectroscopy reveal a compact system (Re ~110 pc) characterised by a steeply rising star formation history, which is reflected in the inferred young stellar age (t ~ 3 Myr, light-weighted), high star-formation rate surface density ({\Sigma}SFR ~ 72 M yr-1 kpc-2), high ionisation parameter (log(U) ~ -1.5), low metallicity (12+log(O/H) ~ 7.5), and low carbon-over-oxygen abundance ([C/O] = -0.64). Leveraging the detection of N iii]1750 we derive nitrogen-over-oxygen abundance ([N/O] ~ 0) higher than the plateau followed by low-redshift galaxies of similar metallicity, possibly revealing the imprint from (very) massive stars on the ISM enrichment and favouring a top-heavy Initial Mass Function (IMF) scenario. Massive stars powering a hard radiation field are also required to explain the rest-frame UV line ratios, though the presence of the high-excitation [Ne v]{\lambda}3426 emission line possibly hints at additional ionization from an AGN. We also report the tentative detection of Ly{\alpha} emission in the G140M spectrum, shifted by ~450 km/s redward of the systemic redshift. Combined with a modelling of the Ly{\alpha} spectral break, we rule out the presence of very high column densities of neutral gas pertaining to local absorbers, as well as any extended surrounding ionised bubble, suggesting that JADES-GS-z9-0 has not yet significantly contributed to cosmic Reionization., Comment: Submitted to A&A. Comments are welcome

We investigate the physical properties of Lyman-alpha emitters (LAEs) and non-Lyman-alpha emitters (non-LAEs) at z$\sim$4.8--9.6 via a stacking analysis of 253 JWST/NIRSpec spectra of galaxies observed as part of the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES). We identify a sample of 42 LAEs with the equivalent width of Ly$\alpha$ $\gtrsim$20\AA and a sample of 211 non-LAEs, divide each sample further via the median redshift of the LAEs (z~6.3), and create composite spectra using the low and medium resolution spectra from NIRSpec. We estimate physical quantities such as dust extinction, UV continuum slope $\beta$, electron temperatures, ionization parameter, escape fraction of Ly$\alpha$ and Lyman Continuum, and the photon production rate for each bin/stack. The existing dust-extinction laws do not appear to be valid at these epochs. The emission line ratio analyses show that active galactic nuclei might dominate all sub-samples, irrespective of Ly$\alpha$ emission. LAEs show much higher [OIII]/[OII] and low [OII]/H$\delta$ at z$\lesssim$6.3 compared to non-LAEs, but these line ratios are not sufficient to distinguish the two populations at z$>$6.3. However, the LAEs samples show large EW([OIII]4959, 5007) ($>$1000\AA) compared to the non-LAEs sample at all redshifts. CIV/Ly$\alpha$ and CIV/CIII] for LAE population at z$\lesssim$6.3 is $\sim$a factor of 5 larger than that for LAE population at z$>$6.3. The ionizing radiation for LAEs is hard, as revealed from several diagnostics, including CIV detection, high [OIII]/[OII] ($>$8), and large values of $\xi^{\star}_{ion}$., Comment: Submitted to ApJ, 20 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables

The JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) is a multi-cycle JWST program that has taken among the deepest near-/mid-infrared images to date (down to $\sim$30 ABmag) over $\sim$25 arcmin$^2$ in the GOODS-S field in two sets of observations with one year of separation. This presented the first opportunity to systematically search for transients, mostly supernovae (SNe), out to $z$$>$2. We found 79 SNe: 38 at $z$$<$2, 23 at 2$<$$z$$<$3, 8 at 3$<$$z$$<$4, 7 at 4$<$$z$$<$5, and 3 with undetermined redshifts, where the redshifts are predominantly based on spectroscopic or highly reliable JADES photometric redshifts of the host galaxies. At this depth, the detection rate is $\sim$1-2 per arcmin$^2$ per year, demonstrating the power of JWST as a supernova discovery machine. We also conducted multi-band follow-up NIRCam observations of a subset of the SNe to better constrain their light curves and classify their types. Here, we present the survey, sample, search parameters, spectral energy distributions (SEDs), light curves, and classifications. Even at $z$$\geq$2, the NIRCam data quality is high enough to allow SN classification via multi-epoch light-curve fitting with confidence. The multi-epoch SN sample includes a Type Ia SN at $z_{\mathrm{spec}}$$=$2.90, Type IIP SN at $z_{\mathrm{spec}}$$=$3.61, and a Type Ic-BL SN at $z_{\mathrm{spec}}$$=$2.845. We also found that two $z$$\sim$16 galaxy candidates from the first imaging epoch were actually transients that faded in the second epoch, illustrating the possibility that moderate/high-redshift SNe could mimic high-redshift dropout galaxies., Comment: 43 pages, 15 figures, 15 tables. Submitted to ApJ. Appendix A (64 MB) is available at https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xs5jXUVOvdDPgdghK72KR1FMGvPcK7dv/view?usp=sharing . Appendix B (81 MB) is available at https://drive.google.com/file/d/18ImLT80pQdPzXCZA-KEy21DaE2CQiGz1/view?usp=sharing . References updated, typos fixed, minor restructuring

The Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) for JWST is supplied with a suite of imaging bandpass filters optimized for full spectral coverage in eight intermediate-width bands from 5 to 26 microns and a narrower one at 11.3 microns. This contrasts with previous infrared space telescopes, which generally have provided only two broad bands, one near 10 microns and the other near 20 microns. The expanded MIRI spectral capability provides new possibilities for detailed interpretation of survey results. This is an important feature of the instrument, on top of its great increase in sensitivity and angular resolution over any previous mission. The Systematic Mid-infrared Instrument Legacy Extragalactic Survey (SMILES) was designed to take full advantage of this capability. This paper briefly describes the history of infrared surveys that paved the way for MIRI on JWST and for our approach to designng SMILES. It illustrates the use of the observations for a broad range of science programs, and concludes with a brief summary of the need for additional surveys with JWST/MIRI., Comment: submitted to ApJ to accompany a paper on the SMILES data release by Alberts et al

With stunning clarity, JWST has revealed the Universe's first billion years. The scientific community is analyzing a wealth of JWST imaging and spectroscopic data from that era, and is in the process of rewriting the astronomy textbooks. Here, 1.5 years into the JWST science mission, we provide a snapshot of the great progress made towards understanding the initial chapters of our cosmic history. We highlight discoveries and breakthroughs, topics and issues that are not yet understood, and questions that will be addressed in the coming years, as JWST continues its revolutionary observations of the Early Universe. While this compendium is written by a small number of authors, invited to ISSI Bern in March 2024 as part of the 2024 ISSI Breakthrough Workshop, we acknowledge the work of a large community that is advancing our collective understanding of the evolution of the Early Universe., Comment: review article written by the attendees of the 2024 ISSI breakthrough workshop "The first billion year of the Universe", submitted. Comments welcome

JWST is discovering increasing numbers of quiescent galaxies 1--2 billion years after the Big Bang, whose redshift, high mass, and old stellar ages indicate that their formation and quenching were surprisingly rapid. This fast-paced evolution seems to require that feedback from AGN (active galactic nuclei) be faster and/or more efficient than previously expected \citep{Xie24}. We present deep ALMA observations of cold molecular gas (the fuel for star formation) in a massive, fast-rotating, post-starburst galaxy at $z=3.064$. This galaxy hosts an AGN, driving neutral-gas outflows with a mass-outflow rate of $60\pm20$ M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$, and has a star-formation rate of $<5.6$ M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$. Our data reveal this system to be the most distant gas-poor galaxy confirmed with direct CO observations (molecular-gas mass $< 10^{9.1}$ M$_{\odot}$; <0.8 % of its stellar mass). Combining ALMA and JWST observations, we estimate the gas-consumption history of this galaxy, showing that it evolved with net zero gas inflow, i.e., gas consumption by star formation matches the amount of gas this galaxy is missing relative to star-forming galaxies. This could arise both from preventive feedback stopping further gas inflow, which would otherwise refuel star formation or, alternatively, from fine-tuned ejective feedback matching precisely gas inflows. Our methods, applied to a larger sample, promise to disentangle ejective vs preventive feedback., Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures

The discovery by JWST of an abundance of luminous galaxies in the very early Universe suggests that galaxies developed rapidly, in apparent tension with many standard models. However, most of these galaxies lack spectroscopic confirmation, so their distances and properties are uncertain. We present JADES JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at redshifts of $z=14.32^{+0.08}_{-0.20}$ and $z=13.90\pm0.17$. The spectra reveal ultraviolet continua with prominent Lyman-$\alpha$ breaks but no detected emission lines. This discovery proves that luminous galaxies were already in place 300 million years after the Big Bang and are more common than what was expected before JWST. The most distant of the two galaxies is unexpectedly luminous (M$_{\rm uv}=-20.81\pm0.16$) and is spatially resolved with a radius of 260 parsecs. Considering also the steep ultraviolet slope of the second galaxy ($\beta=-2.71\pm0.19$), we conclude that both are dominated by stellar continuum emission, showing that the excess of luminous galaxies in the early Universe cannot be entirely explained by accretion onto black holes. Galaxy formation models will need to address the existence of such large and luminous galaxies so early in cosmic history., Comment: 26 pages, 15 figures

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has spectroscopically confirmed numerous galaxies at $z > 10$. While weak rest-ultraviolet emission lines have only been seen in a handful of sources, the stronger rest-optical emission lines are highly diagnostic and accessible at mid-infrared wavelengths with the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) of JWST. We report the photometric detection of the most distant spectroscopically confirmed galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 at $z = 14.32^{+0.08}_{-0.20}$ with MIRI at $7.7\ \mu\mathrm{m}$. The most plausible solution for the stellar population properties is that this galaxy contains half a billion solar masses in stars with a strong burst of star formation in the most recent few million years. For this model, at least one-third of the flux at $7.7\ \mu\mathrm{m}$ comes from the rest-optical emission lines $\mathrm{H}\beta$ and/or $\mathrm{[OIII]}\lambda\lambda4959,5007$. The inferred properties of JADES-GS-z14-0 suggest rapid mass assembly and metal enrichment during the earliest phases of galaxy formation., Comment: Submitted; main text has 9 pages, 3 figures and 1 table; extended text has 15 pages, 5 figures, and 1 table

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is revolutionizing our view of the Universe through unprecedented sensitivity and resolution in the infrared, with some of the largest gains realized at its longest wavelengths. We present the Systematic Mid-infrared Instrument (MIRI) Legacy Extragalactic Survey (SMILES), an eight-band MIRI survey with Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) spectroscopic follow-up in the GOODS-S/HUDF region. SMILES takes full advantage of MIRI's continuous coverage from $5.6-25.5\,\mu$m over a $\sim34$ arcmin$^2$ area to greatly expand our understanding of the obscured Universe up to cosmic noon and beyond. This work, together with a companion paper by Rieke et al., covers the SMILES science drivers and technical design, early results with SMILES, data reduction, photometric catalog creation, and the first data release. As part of the discussion on early results, we additionally present a high-level science demonstration on how MIRI's wavelength coverage and resolution will advance our understanding of cosmic dust using the full range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission features from $3.3-18\,\mu$m. Using custom background subtraction, we produce robust reductions of the MIRI imaging that maximize the depths reached with our modest exposure times ($\sim0.6 - 2.2$ ks per filter). Included in our initial data release are (1) eight MIRI imaging mosaics reaching depths of $0.2-18\,\mu$Jy ($5\sigma$) and (2) a $5-25.5\,\mu$m photometric catalog with over 3,000 sources. Building upon the rich legacy of extensive photometric and spectroscopy coverage of GOODS-S/HUDF from the X-ray to the radio, SMILES greatly expands our investigative power in understanding the obscured Universe., Comment: 23 pages, 19 figures, submitted to ApJ. Comments welcome! Data release will go live at https://archive.stsci.edu/hlsp/smiles in the next few weeks

We report the detection of continuum excess in the rest-frame UV between 3000 {\AA} and 3550 {\AA} in the JWST/NIRSpec spectrum of GN-z11, a galaxy hosting an active galactic nucleus (AGN) at z = 10.603. The shape of the continuum excess resembles a Balmer continuum but has a break around 3546 {\AA} in the rest frame, which is 100 {\AA} bluewards to the Balmer limit at 3646 {\AA}. A Balmer continuum model alone cannot fit the spectrum, implying a different origin for the continuum excess. The absence of the Balmer jump indicates an electron temperature of $\sim 3\times 10^4$ K, which is significantly higher than the temperature of $T_{e}({\rm O^{2+}}) \approx 1.3\times 10^{4}$ K inferred from [OIII]$\lambda 4363$. The temperature difference must result from mixing of different ionized regions: the Balmer emission mainly arises from dense and hot clouds in the Broad Line Region, close to the accreting black hole, whereas the forbidden lines originate from less dense and colder gas in the host galaxy (although these ionized regions are kinematically similar in GN-z11 due to its small BH mass). We propose a potential explanation for the observed continuum excess to come from a complex of FeII emission, which shows a characteristic jump bluewards to the Balmer limit as previously seen in the spectra of many lower-redshift quasars. Through comparisons with Cloudy models, we show an Fe abundance or an overall metallicity above $\sim 1/3$ solar is likely needed. Besides the FeII emission, part of the small blue bump might also be associated with an OIII Bowen fluorescent line, a line often enhanced in dense AGN-ionized gas. Finally, the spectrum provides further evidence against Wolf-Rayet or massive stars dominating the nebular emission in GN-z11., Comment: 22 pages (including appendix), 18 figures, submitted to MNRAS

The identification of red, apparently massive galaxies at $z>7$ in early JWST photometry suggests a strongly accelerated timeline compared to standard models of galaxy growth. A major uncertainty in the interpretation is whether the red colors are caused by evolved stellar populations, dust, or other effects such as emission lines or AGN. Here we show that three of the massive galaxy candidates at $z=6.7-8.4$ have prominent Balmer breaks in JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy from the RUBIES program. The Balmer breaks demonstrate unambiguously that stellar emission dominates at $\lambda_{\rm rest} = 0.4\,\mu$m, and require formation histories extending hundreds of Myr into the past in galaxies only 600--800 Myr after the Big Bang. Two of the three galaxies also show broad Balmer lines, with H$\beta$ FWHM $>2500~{\rm km\,s^{-1}}$, suggesting that dust-reddened AGN contribute to, or even dominate, the SEDs of these galaxies at $\lambda_{\rm rest}\gtrsim 0.6\,\mu$m. All three galaxies have relatively narrow [O III] lines, seemingly ruling out a high-mass interpretation if the lines arise in dynamically-relaxed, inclined disks. Yet, the inferred masses also remain highly uncertain. We model the high-quality spectra using Prospector to decompose the continuum into stellar and AGN components, and explore limiting cases in stellar/AGN contribution. This produces a wide range of possible stellar masses, spanning $M_\star \sim 10^9 - 10^{11}\,{\rm M_{\odot}}$. Nevertheless, all fits suggest a very early and rapid formation, most of which follow with a truncation in star formation. Potential origins and evolutionary tracks for these objects are discussed, from the cores of massive galaxies to low-mass galaxies with over-massive black holes. Intriguingly, we find all of these explanations to be incomplete; deeper and redder data are needed to understand the physics of these systems., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJL; 20 pages, 10 figures, 1 table

In this paper, we describe the "Medium Bands, Mega Science" JWST Cycle 2 survey (JWST-GO-4111) and demonstrate the power of these data to reveal both the spatially-integrated and spatially-resolved properties of galaxies from the local universe to the era of cosmic dawn. Executed in November 2023, MegaScience obtained ~30 arcmin^2 of deep multiband NIRCam imaging centered on the z~0.3 Abell 2744 cluster, including eleven medium-band filters and the two shortest-wavelength broad-band filters, F070W and F090W. Together, MegaScience and the UNCOVER Cycle 1 treasury program provide a complete set of deep (~28-30 mag) images in all NIRCam medium- and broad-band filters. This unique dataset allows us to precisely constrain photometric redshifts, map stellar populations and dust attenuation for large samples of distant galaxies, and examine the connection between galaxy structures and formation histories. MegaScience also includes ~17 arcmin^2 of NIRISS parallel imaging in two broad-band and four medium-band filters from 0.9-4.8um, expanding the footprint where robust spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting is possible. We provide example SEDs and multi-band cutouts at a variety of redshifts, and use a catalog of JWST spectroscopic redshifts to show that MegaScience improves both the scatter and catastrophic outlier rate of photometric redshifts by factors of 2-3. Additionally, we demonstrate the spatially-resolved science enabled by MegaScience by presenting maps of the [OIII] line emission and continuum emission in three spectroscopically-confirmed z>6 galaxies. We show that line emission in reionization-era galaxies can be clumpy, extended, and spatially offset from continuum emission, implying that galaxy assembly histories are complex even at these early epochs. We publicly release fully reduced mosaics and photometric catalogs for both the NIRCam primary and NIRISS parallel fields., Comment: 21 pages, 10 figures. Fully reduced imaging, photometric catalogs, and photometric redshift fits publicly available at https://jwst-uncover.github.io/megascience/

We present the third data release of JADES, the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey, providing both imaging and spectroscopy in the two GOODS fields. Spectroscopy consists of medium-depth and deep NIRSpec/MSA spectra of 4,000 targets, covering the spectral range 0.6-5.3 $\mu$m and observed with both the low-dispersion prism (R=30-300) and all three medium-resolution gratings (R=500-1,500). We describe the observations, data reduction, sample selection, and target allocation. We measured 2,375 redshifts (2,053 from multiple emission lines); our targets span the range from z=0.5 up to z=13, including 404 at z>5. The data release includes 2-d and 1-d fully reduced spectra, with slit-loss corrections and background subtraction optimized for point sources. We also provide redshifts and S/N>5 emission-line flux catalogs for the prism and grating spectra, and concise guidelines on how to use these data products. Alongside spectroscopy, we are also publishing fully calibrated NIRCam imaging, which enables studying the JADES sample with the combined power of imaging and spectroscopy. Together, these data provide the largest statistical sample to date to characterize the properties of galaxy populations in the first billion years after the Big Bang., Comment: 41 pages, 26 figures, 10 tables. Submitted to ApJS

$\require{mediawiki-texvc}$Given the sensitivity of the resonant Lyman-$\mathrm{\alpha}$ (Ly$\mathrm{\alpha}$) transition to absorption by neutral hydrogen, observations of Ly$\mathrm{\alpha}$ emitting galaxies (LAEs) have been widely used to probe the ionising capabilities of reionisation-era galaxies and their impact on the intergalactic medium (IGM). However, prior to JWST our understanding of the contribution of fainter sources and of ionised `bubbles' at earlier stages of reionisation remained uncertain. Here, we present the characterisation of three exceptionally distant LAEs at $z>8$, newly discovered by JWST/NIRSpec in the JADES survey. These three similarly bright ($M_\text{UV} \approx -20\,\mathrm{mag}$) LAEs exhibit small Ly$\mathrm{\alpha}$ velocity offsets from the systemic redshift, $\Delta v_\mathrm{Ly\alpha} \lesssim 200\,\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$, yet span a range of Ly$\mathrm{\alpha}$ equivalent widths ($15\,\AA$, $31\,\AA$, and $132\,\AA$). The former two show moderate Ly$\mathrm{\alpha}$ escape fractions ($f_\mathrm{esc,Ly\alpha} \approx 10\%$), whereas Ly$\mathrm{\alpha}$ escapes remarkably efficiently from the third ($f_\mathrm{esc,Ly\alpha} \approx 71\%$), which moreover is very compact (half-light radius of $90\pm10\,\mathrm{pc}$). We find these LAEs are low-mass galaxies dominated by very recent, vigorous bursts of star formation accompanied by strong nebular emission from metal-poor gas. We infer the two LAEs with modest $f_\mathrm{esc,Ly\alpha}$, one of which reveals evidence for ionisation by an active galactic nucleus, may have reasonably produced small ionised bubbles preventing complete IGM absorption of Ly$\mathrm{\alpha}$. The third, however, requires a $\sim 3\,\text{physical Mpc}$ bubble, indicating faint galaxies have contributed significantly. The most distant LAEs thus continue to be powerful observational probes into the earlier stages of reionisation., Comment: 23 pages, 12 figures, submitted to MNRAS. Comments welcome

Within the established framework of structure formation, galaxies start as systems of low stellar mass and gradually grow into far more massive galaxies. The existence of massive galaxies in the first billion years of the Universe, suggested by recent observations, appears to challenge this model, as such galaxies would require highly efficient conversion of baryons into stars. An even greater challenge in this epoch is the existence of massive galaxies that have already ceased forming stars. However, robust detections of early massive quiescent galaxies have been challenging due to the coarse wavelength sampling of photometric surveys. Here we report the spectroscopic confirmation with the James Webb Space Telescope of the quiescent galaxy RUBIES-EGS-QG-1 at redshift $z=4.896$, 1.2 billion years after the Big Bang. Deep stellar absorption features in the spectrum reveal that the galaxy's stellar mass of $10^{10.9}\,M_\odot$, corroborated by the mass implied by its gas kinematics, formed in a short $340\,$Myr burst of star formation, after which star formation activity dropped rapidly and persistently. According to current galaxy formation models, systems with such rapid stellar mass growth and early quenching are too rare to plausibly occur in the small area probed spectroscopically with JWST. Instead, the discovery of RUBIES-EGS-QG-1 implies that early massive quiescent galaxies can be quenched earlier or exhaust gas available for star formation more efficiently than currently assumed., Comment: 8 figures; submitted; updated reference

We describe new ultra-deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) NIRSpec PRISM and grating spectra for the galaxies JADES-GS-z11-0 ($z_{\mathrm{spec}} = 11.122^{+0.005}_{-0.003}$) and JADES-GS-z13-0 ($z_{\mathrm{spec}} = 13.20^{+0.03}_{-0.04}$), the most distant spectroscopically-confirmed galaxy discovered in the first year of JWST observations. The extraordinary depth of these observations (75 hours and 56 hours, respectively) provides a unique opportunity to explore the redshifts, stellar properties, UV magnitudes, and slopes for these two sources. For JADES-GS-z11-0, we find evidence for multiple emission lines, including [OII]3726,3729 and [NeIII]3869, resulting in a spectroscopic redshift we determine with 94% confidence. At this spectroscopic redshift, the Lyman-$\alpha$ break in JADES-GS-z11-0 can be fit with a damped Lyman-$\alpha$ absorber with $\log{(N_\mathrm{HI}/\mathrm{cm}^{-2})} = 22.42^{+0.093}_{-0.120}$. We present stringent upper limits on the emission line fluxes and line equivalent widths for JADES-GS-z13-0. These results demonstrate how neutral hydrogen fraction and Lyman-damping wings may impact the recovery of spectroscopic redshifts for sources like these, providing insight into the overprediction of the photometric redshifts seen for distant galaxies observed with JWST. In addition, we analyze updated NIRCam photometry to calculate the morphological properties of these resolved sources, and find a secondary source $0.3^{\prime\prime}$ south of JADES-GS-z11-0 at a similar photometric redshift, hinting at how galaxies grow through interactions in the early Universe., Comment: 33 pages, 19 figures, submitted to AAS Journals

Understanding the sources that power nebular emission in high-redshift galaxies is fundamentally important not only for shedding light onto the drivers of reionisation, but to constrain stellar populations and the growth of black holes. Here we focus on an individual object, GS9422, a galaxy at $z_{\rm spec}=5.943$ with exquisite data from the JADES and JEMS surveys, including 14-band JWST/NIRCam photometry and deep NIRSpec prism and grating spectroscopy. We map the continuum emission and nebular emission lines across the galaxy on 0.2-kpc scales. GS9422 has been claimed to have nebular-dominated continuum and an extreme stellar population with top-heavy initial mass function. We find clear evidence for different morphologies in the emission lines, the rest-UV and rest-optical continuum emission, demonstrating that the full continuum cannot be dominated by nebular emission. While multiple models reproduce the spectrum reasonably well, our preferred model with a type-2 active galactic nucleus (AGN) and local damped Ly-$\alpha$ (DLA) clouds can explain both the spectrum and the wavelength-dependent morphology. The AGN powers the off-planar nebular emission, giving rise to the Balmer jump and the emission lines, including Ly-$\alpha$, which therefore does not suffer DLA absorption. A central, young stellar component dominates the rest-UV emission and -- together with the DLA clouds -- leads to a spectral turn-over. A disc-like, older stellar component explains the flattened morphology in the rest-optical continuum. We conclude that GS9422 is consistent with being a normal galaxy with an obscured, type-2 AGN -- a simple scenario, without the need for exotic stellar populations., Comment: 19 pages, 13 figures, submitted to MNRAS. Comments welcome

Recent observations have found a large number of supermassive black holes already in place in the first few hundred million years after Big Bang. The channels of formation and growth of these early, massive black holes are not clear, with scenarios ranging from heavy seeds to light seeds experiencing bursts of high accretion rate. Here we present the detection, from the JADES survey, of broad Halpha emission in a galaxy at z=6.68, which traces a black hole with mass of ~ 4 * 10^8 Msun and accreting at a rate of only 0.02 times the Eddington limit. The host galaxy has low star formation rate (~ 1 Msun/yr, a factor of 3 below the star forming main sequence). The black hole to stellar mass ratio is ~ 0.4, i.e. about 1,000 times above the local relation, while the system is closer to the local relations in terms of dynamical mass and velocity dispersion of the host galaxy. This object is most likely the tip of the iceberg of a much larger population of dormant black holes around the epoch of reionisation. Its properties are consistent with scenarios in which short bursts of super-Eddington accretion have resulted in black hole overgrowth and massive gas expulsion from the accretion disk; in between bursts, black holes spend most of their life in a dormant state., Comment: 38 pages, 18 figures. Submitted

The JWST discovery of ``little red dots'' (LRDs) is reshaping our picture of the early Universe, yet the physical mechanisms driving their compact size and UV-optical colors remain elusive. Here we report an unusually bright LRD ($z=3.1$) observed as part of the RUBIES program. This LRD exhibits broad emission lines (FWHM $\sim4000$km/s), a blue UV continuum, a clear Balmer break and a red continuum sampled out to rest 4 $\mu$m with MIRI. We develop a new joint galaxy and AGN model within the Prospector Bayesian inference framework and perform spectrophotometric modeling using NIRCam, MIRI, and NIRSpec/Prism observations. Our fiducial model reveals a $M_*\sim 10^9M_\odot$ galaxy alongside a dust-reddened AGN driving the optical emission. Explaining the rest-frame optical color as a reddened AGN requires $A_{\rm v}\gtrsim4$, suggesting that a great majority of the accretion disk energy is re-radiated as dust emission. Yet despite clear AGN signatures, we find a surprising lack of hot torus emission, which implies that either the dust emission in this object must be cold, or the red continuum must instead be driven by a massive, evolved stellar population of the host galaxy -- seemingly inconsistent with the high EW broad lines (H$\alpha$ EW $\sim800$\AA). The widths and luminosities of Pa$\beta$, Pa$\delta$, Pa$\gamma$, and H$\alpha$ imply a modest black hole mass of $M_{\rm BH}\sim10^8M_\odot$. Additionally, we identify a narrow blue-shifted HeI absorption in G395M spectra, signaling an ionized outflow with kinetic energy up to $\sim1$\% the luminosity of the AGN. The low redshift of RUBIES-BLAGN-1 combined with the depth and richness of the JWST imaging and spectroscopic observations provide a unique opportunity to build a physical model for these so-far mysterious LRDs, which may prove to be a crucial phase in the early formation of massive galaxies and their supermassive black holes., Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables

This paper utilizes the JWST MIRI multi-band imaging data from the SMILES survey (5-25micron), complemented with HST and NIRCam photometric and spectroscopic data from the JADES and FRESCO surveys for 443 star-forming (non-AGN) galaxies at z=0.7-2.0 to extend the study of dust and PAH emission to a new mass and SFR parameter space beyond our local universe. We find a strong correlation between the fraction of dust in PAHs (PAH fraction, q_PAH) with stellar mass. Moreover, the PAH fraction behavior as a function of gas-phase metallicity is similar to that at z~0 from previous studies, suggesting a universal relation: q_PAH is constant (~3.4%) above a metallicity of ~ 0.5$Z_{\odot}$ and decreases to <1% at metallicities $<0.3Z_{\odot}$. This indicates that metallicity is a good indicator of the ISM properties that affect the balance between the formation and destruction of PAHs. The lack of a redshift evolution from z~0-2 also implies that above $0.5\,Z_{\odot}$, the PAH emission effectively traces obscured luminosity and the previous locally-calibrated PAH-SFR calibrations remain applicable in this metallicity regime. We observe a strong correlation between obscured UV luminosity fraction (ratio of obscured to total luminosity) and stellar mass. Above the stellar mass of $>5\times 10^9M_{\odot}$, on average, more than half of the emitted luminosity is obscured, while there exists a non-negligible population of lower mass galaxies with >50% obscured fractions. At a fixed mass, the obscured fraction correlates with SFR surface density. This is a result of higher dust covering fractions in galaxies with more compact star forming regions. Similarly, galaxies with high IRX (IR to UV luminosity) at a given mass or UV continuum slope tend to have higher SFR surface density and shallower attenuation curves, owing to their higher effective dust optical depths and more compact star forming regions., Comment: Submitted to A&A

We report the spectroscopic confirmation of a massive ($\log(M_\star/M_\odot)=10.34 \pm_{0.07}^{0.06}$), HST-dark ($m_\mathrm{F150W} - m_\mathrm{F444W} = 3.6$) quiescent galaxy at $z_{spec}=3.97$ in the UNCOVER survey. NIRSpec/PRISM spectroscopy and a non-detection in deep ALMA imaging surprisingly reveals that the galaxy is consistent with a low ($<$10 $M_\odot \ \mathrm{yr^{-1}}$) star formation rate despite evidence for moderate dust attenuation. The F444W image is well modeled with a two component \sersic fit that favors a compact, $r_e\sim200$ pc, $n\sim2.9$ component and a more extended, $r_e\sim1.6$ kpc, $n\sim1.7$ component. The galaxy exhibits strong color gradients: the inner regions are significantly redder than the outskirts. Spectral energy distribution models that reproduce both the red colors and low star formation rate in the center of UNCOVER 18407 require both significant ($A_v\sim1.4$ mag) dust attenuation and a stellar mass-weighted age of 900 Myr, implying 50\% of the stars in the core already formed by $z=7.5$. Using spatially resolved annular mass-to-light measurements enabled by the galaxy's moderate magnification ($\mu=2.12\pm_{0.01}^{0.05}$) to reconstruct a radial mass profile from the best-fitting two-component \sersic model, we infer a total mass-weighted $r_\mathrm{eff} = 0.72 \pm_{0.11}^{0.15}$ kpc and log$(\Sigma_\mathrm{1 kpc} \ [\mathrm{M_\odot/kpc^2}]) = 9.61 \pm_{0.10}^{0.08}$. The early formation of a dense, low star formation rate, and dusty core embedded in a less attenuated stellar envelope suggests an evolutionary link between the earliest-forming massive galaxies and their elliptical descendants. Furthermore, the disparity between the global, integrated dust properties and the spatially resolved gradients highlights the importance of accounting for radially varying stellar populations when characterizing the early growth of galaxy structure., Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables. Resubmitted to ApJ after response to referee and update to include new medium band imaging from the JWST MEGASCIENCE program. Comments welcome!

JWST has recently sparked a new era of Ly$\alpha$ spectroscopy, delivering the first measurements of the Ly$\alpha$ escape fraction and velocity profile in typical galaxies at $z\simeq6-10$. These observations offer new prospects for insight into the earliest stages of reionization. But to realize this potential, we need robust models of Ly$\alpha$ properties in galaxies at $z\simeq5-6$ when the IGM is mostly ionized. Here we use new JWST observations from the JADES and FRESCO surveys combined with VLT/MUSE and Keck/DEIMOS data to characterize statistical distributions of Ly$\alpha$ velocity offsets, escape fractions, and EWs in $z\simeq5-6$ galaxies. We find that galaxies with large Ly$\alpha$ escape fractions (> 0.2) are common at $z\simeq5-6$, comprising 30 per cent of Lyman break selected samples. Comparing to literature studies, our census suggests that Ly$\alpha$ becomes more prevalent in the galaxy population toward higher redshift from $z\sim3$ to $z\sim6$, although we find that this evolution slows considerably between $z\sim5$ and $z\sim6$, consistent with modest attenuation from residual HI in the mostly ionized IGM at $z\simeq5-6$. We find significant evolution in Ly$\alpha$ velocity profiles between $z\simeq2-3$ and $z\simeq5-6$, likely reflecting the influence of resonant scattering from residual intergalactic HI on the escape of Ly$\alpha$ emission near line center. This effect will make it challenging to use Ly$\alpha$ peak offsets as a probe of Lyman continuum leakage at $z\simeq5-6$. We use our $z\simeq5-6$ Ly$\alpha$ distributions to make predictions for typical Ly$\alpha$ properties at $z\gtrsim8$ and discuss implications of a recently-discovered Ly$\alpha$ emitter at $z\simeq8.5$ with a small peak velocity offset (156 km s$^{-1}$)., Comment: 31 pages, 12 figures, accepted by MNRAS

Extreme emission line galaxies (EELGs) exhibit large equivalent widths (EW) in their rest-optical emission lines ([OIII]$\lambda5007$ or H$\alpha$ rest-frame EW$ > 750\r{A}$) which can be tied to a recent upturn in star formation rate, due to the sensitivity of the nebular line emission and the rest-optical continuum to young ($<10$Myr) and evolved stellar populations, respectively. By studying a sample of 85 star forming galaxies (SFGs), spanning the redshift and magnitude interval $3 $ M$_{UV}>-21$, in the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) with NIRSpec/prism spectroscopy, we determine that SFGs initiate an EELG phase when entering a significant burst of star formation, with the highest EWs observed in EELGs with the youngest mass-weighted ages ($<5$ Myr old) and the highest burst intensity (those with the highest proportion of their total stellar mass formed in the last 10 Myr). We spectroscopically confirm that a greater proportion of SFGs are in an EELG phase at high redshift in our UV-selected sample ($61\pm4\%$ in our $z>5.7$ high-redshift bin, compared to $23^{+4}_{-1}\%$ in our lowest-redshift bin $35.7$ have observed Lyman-$\alpha$ emission, potentially lying within large ionised regions. The high detection rate of Lyman-$\alpha$ emitters in our EELG selection suggests that the physical conditions associated with entering an EELG phase also promote the escape of Lyman-$\alpha$ photons., Comment: 26 pages, 14 figures

With its sensitivity in the rest-frame optical, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has uncovered active galactic nuclei (AGN), comprising both intrinsically faint and heavily reddened sources, well into the first billion years of the Universe, at $z \sim 4-11$. In this work, we revisit the AGN contribution to reionization given the high number densities associated with these objects. We use the DELPHI semi-analytic model, base-lined against the latest high-redshift datasets from the JWST and the Atacama Large millimetre Array (ALMA) to model early star forming galaxies and AGN. We calculate the escape fractions of ionizing radiation from both star formation and AGN and include the impact of reionization feeback in suppressing the baryonic content of low-mass galaxies in ionized regions. This model is validated against the key observables for star forming galaxy, AGN and reionization. In our {\it fiducial} model, reionization reaches its mid-point at $z \sim 6.9$ and ends by $z \sim 5.9$. Low stellar mass ($M_*\leq 10^9M_\odot$) star forming galaxies are found to be the key drivers of the reionization process, providing about $77\%$ of the total photon budget. Despite their high numbers, high accretion rates and higher escape fractions compared to star forming galaxies at $z \sim 5$, AGN only provide about $23\%$ of the total reionization budget which is dominated by black holes in high stellar mass systems (with $M_* \geq 10^9M_\odot$). This is because AGN number densities become relevant only at $z \leq 7$ - as a result, AGN contribute as much as galaxies as late as $z \sim 6.2$, when reionization is already in its end stages. Finally, we find that even contrasting models of the AGN ionizing photon escape fraction (increasing or decreasing with stellar mass) do not qualitatively change our results., Comment: Submitted to A&A; comments welcome

We present the UV-to-NIR size evolution of a sample of 161 quiescent galaxies (QGs) with $M_*>10^{10}M_\odot$ over $0.510^{10.6}M_\odot$. To constrain the physical mechanisms driving the apparent size evolution, we study the relationship between $R_e$ and the formation redshift ($z_{form}$) of QGs. For lower-mass QGs, this relationship is broadly consistent with $R_e\sim(1+z_{form})^{-1}$, in line with the expectation of the progenitor effect. For higher-mass QGs, the relationship between $R_e$ and $z_{form}$ depends on stellar age. Older QGs have a steeper relationship between $R_e$ and $z_{form}$ than that expected from the progenitor effect alone, suggesting that mergers and/or post-quenching continuous gas accretion drive additional size growth in very massive systems. We find that the $z>3$ QGs in our sample are very compact, with mass surface densities $\Sigma_e\gtrsim10^{10} M_\odot/\rm{kpc}^2$, and their $R_e$ are possibly even smaller than anticipated from the size evolution measured for lower-redshift QGs. Finally, we take a close look at the structure of GS-9209, one of the earliest confirmed massive QGs at $z_{spec}\sim4.7$. From UV to NIR, GS-9209 becomes increasingly compact, and its light profile becomes more spheroidal, showing that the color gradient is already present in this earliest massive QG., Comment: 28 pages, 19 figures, submitted to ApJ

We present the robust selection of quiescent (QG) and post-starburst (PSB) galaxies using ultra-deep NIRCam and MIRI imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES). Key to this is MIRI 7.7$\mu$m imaging which breaks the degeneracy between old stellar populations and dust attenuation at $33$., Comment: 27 pages, 10 figures, 2 tables (not including appendices or references). Submitted to ApJ. Comments welcome!

We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters spanning $0.4-0.9\mu\mathrm{m}$) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning $0.8-5\mu\mathrm{m}$, including 7 medium-band filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data at $>2.3\mu\mathrm{m}$ to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as $\approx31.4$ AB mag in the stack and 30.3-31.0 AB mag ($5\sigma$, $r=0.1"$ circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts $z=11.5-15$. These objects show compact half-light radii of $R_{1/2}\sim50-200$pc, stellar masses of $M_{\star}\sim10^7-10^8 M_{\odot}$, and star-formation rates of $\mathrm{SFR}\sim0.1-1\,M_{\odot}\,\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$. Our search finds no candidates at $15

Over the past year, JWST has uncovered galaxies at record-breaking distances up to $z \sim 13$. The JWST UNCOVER (ultra-deep NIRSpec and NIRcam observations before the epoch of reionization) program has obtained ultra-deep multiwavelength NIRCam imaging of the massive galaxy cluster Abell 2744 over $\sim 45$ arcmin$^{2}$ down to $\sim 29.5$ AB mag. Here, we present a robust ultraviolet (UV) luminosity function derived through lensing clusters at $99$ in recent JWST studies. In particular, a double power-law (DPL) describes better the bright-end of the luminosity function compared to the classical Schechter form. The number density of these bright galaxies is 10-100 times larger than theoretical predictions and previous findings based on Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations. Additionally, we measure a star formation rate density of $\rho_{\rm SFR} = 10^{-2.64}$ M$_{\odot}$~yr$^{-1}$~Mpc$^{-3}$ at these redshifts, which is 4 to 10 times higher than galaxy formation models that assume a constant star formation efficiency. Future wide-area surveys and accurate modeling of lensing-assisted observations will reliably constrain both the bright and the dim end of the UV luminosity function at $z>9$, which will provide key benchmarks for galaxy formation models., Comment: Published in MNRAS

We present the identification of 42 narrow-line active galactic nuclei (type-2 AGN) candidates in the two deepest observations of the JADES spectroscopic survey with JWST/NIRSpec. The spectral coverage and the depth of our observations allow us to select narrow-line AGNs based on both rest-frame optical and UV emission lines up to z=10. Due to the metallicity decrease of galaxies, at $z>3$ the standard optical diagnostic diagrams (N2-BPT or S2-VO87) become unable to distinguish many AGN from other sources of photoionisation. Therefore, we also use high ionisation lines, such as HeII$\lambda$4686, HeII$\lambda$1640, NeIV$\lambda$2422, NeV$\lambda$3420, and NV$\lambda$1240, also in combination with other UV transitions, to trace the presence of AGN. Out of a parent sample of 209 galaxies, we identify 42 type-2 AGN (although 10 of them are tentative), giving a fraction of galaxies in JADES hosting type-2 AGN of about $20\pm3$\%, which does not evolve significantly in the redshift range between 2 and 10. The selected type-2 AGN have estimated bolometric luminosities of $10^{41.3-44.9}$ erg s$^{-1}$ and host-galaxy stellar masses of $10^{7.2-9.3}$ M$_{\odot}$. The star formation rates of the selected AGN host galaxies are consistent with those of the star-forming main sequence. The AGN host galaxies at z=4-6 contribute $\sim$8-30 \% to the UV luminosity function, slightly increasing with UV luminosity., Comment: 23 pages 13 figures

Using deep JWST imaging from JADES, JEMS and SMILES, we characterize optically-faint and extremely red galaxies at $z>3$ that were previously missing from galaxy census estimates. The data indicate the existence of abundant, dusty and post-starburst-like galaxies down to $10^8$M$_\odot$, below the sensitivity limit of Spitzer and ALMA. Modeling the NIRCam and HST photometry of these red sources can result in extreme, high values for both stellar mass and star formation rate (SFR); however, including 7 MIRI filters out to 21$\mu$m results in decreased mass (median 0.6 dex for log$_{10}$M$^*$/M$_{\odot}>$10), and SFR (median 10$\times$ for SFR$>$100 M$_{\odot}$/yr). At $z>6$, our sample includes a high fraction of little red dots (LRDs; NIRCam-selected dust-reddened AGN candidates). We significantly measure older stellar populations in the LRDs out to rest-frame 3$\mu$m (the stellar bump) and rule out a dominant contribution from hot dust emission, a signature of AGN contamination to stellar population measurements. This allows us to measure their contribution to the cosmic census at $z>3$, below the typical detection limits of ALMA ($L_{\rm IR}<10^{12}L_\odot$). We find that these sources, which are overwhelmingly missed by HST and ALMA, could effectively double the obscured fraction of the star formation rate density at $4

The detection of numerous and relatively bright galaxies at redshifts z > 9 has prompted new investigations into the star-forming properties of high-redshift galaxies. Using local forms of the initial mass function (IMF) to estimate stellar masses of these galaxies from their light output leads to galaxy masses that are at the limit allowed for the state of the LambdaCDM Universe at their redshift. We explore how varying the IMF assumed in studies of galaxies in the early universe changes the inferred values for the stellar masses of these galaxies. We infer galaxy properties with the SED fitting code Prospector using varying IMF parameterizations for a sample of 102 galaxies from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) spectroscopically confirmed to be at z > 6.7, with additional photometry from the JWST Extragalactic Medium Band Survey (JEMS) for twenty-one galaxies. We demonstrate that models with stellar masses reduced by a factor of three or more do not affect the modeled spectral energy distribution (SED)., Comment: The Significance statement is required for PNAS submission

We study the H$\alpha$ equivalent width, EW(H$\alpha$), maps of 19 galaxies at $0.6 < z < 2.2$ in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) derived from NIRISS slitless spectroscopy as part of the Next Generation Deep Extragalactic Exploratory Public (NGDEEP) Survey. Our galaxies mostly lie on the star-formation main sequence with a stellar mass range of $\mathrm{10^9 - 10^{11} M_\odot}$, characterized as "typical" star-forming galaxies at these redshifts. Leveraging deep HST and JWST broad-band images, spanning 0.4-4.8 $\mu$m, we perform spatially-resolved fitting of the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for these galaxies and construct specific star formation rate (sSFR) and stellar-mass-weighted age maps with a spatial resolution of $\sim$1 kpc. The pixel-to-pixel EW(H$\alpha$) increases with increasing sSFR and with decreasing age. The average trends are slightly different from the relations derived from integrated fluxes of galaxies from the literature, suggesting complex evolutionary trends within galaxies. We quantify the radial profiles of EW(H$\alpha$), sSFR, and age. The majority (84%) of galaxies show positive EW(H$\alpha$) gradients in line with the inside-out quenching scenario. A few galaxies (16%) show inverse (and flat) trends possibly due to merging or starbursts. We compare the distributions of EW(H$\alpha$) and sSFR to the star formation history models (SFHs) as a function of galactocentric radius. We argue that the central regions of galaxies have experienced, at least one, rapid star-formation episodes, which leads to the formation of the bulge, while their outer regions (e.g., disks) grow via more smoothly varying SFHs. These results demonstrate the ability to study resolved star formation in distant galaxies with JWST NIRISS., Comment: 25 pages, 12 figures

We summarize the properties and initial data release of the JADES Origins Field (JOF), which will soon be the deepest imaging field yet observed with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). This field falls within the GOODS-S region about 8' south-west of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF), where it was formed initially in Cycle 1 as a parallel field of HUDF spectroscopic observations within the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES). This imaging will be greatly extended in Cycle 2 program 3215, which will observe the JOF for 5 days in six medium-band filters, seeking robust candidates for z>15 galaxies. This program will also include ultra-deep parallel NIRSpec spectroscopy (up to 104 hours on-source, summing over the dispersion modes) on the HUDF. Cycle 3 observations from program 4540 will add 20 hours of NIRCam slitless spectroscopy to the JOF. With these three campaigns, the JOF will be observed for 380 open-shutter hours with NIRCam using 15 imaging filters and 2 grism bandpasses. Further, parts of the JOF have deep 43 hr MIRI observations in F770W. Taken together, the JOF will soon be one of the most compelling deep fields available with JWST and a powerful window into the early Universe. This paper presents the second data release from JADES, featuring the imaging and catalogs from the year 1 JOF observations., Comment: Submitted to ApJ Supplement. Images and catalogs are available at https://archive.stsci.edu/hlsp/jades . A FITSmap portal to view the images is at https://jades.idies.jhu.edu

The era of the James Webb Space Telescope ushers stellar population models into uncharted territories, particularly at the high-redshift frontier. In a companion paper, we apply the \texttt{Prospector} Bayesian framework to jointly infer galaxy redshifts and stellar population properties from broad-band photometry as part of the UNCOVER survey. Here we present a comprehensive error budget in spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling. Using a sample selected to have photometric redshifts higher than 9, we quantify the systematic shifts stemming from various model choices in inferred stellar mass, star formation rate (SFR), and age. These choices encompass different timescales for changes in the star formation history (SFH), non-universal stellar initial mass functions (IMF), and the inclusion of variable nebular abundances, gas density and ionizing photon budget. We find that the IMF exerts the strongest influence on the inferred properties: the systematic uncertainties can be as much as 1 dex, 2--5 times larger than the formal reported uncertainties in mass and SFR; and importantly, exceed the scatter seen when using different SED fitting codes. Although the assumptions on the lower end of the IMF induce degeneracy, our findings suggest that a common practice in the literature of assessing uncertainties in SED-fitting processes by comparing multiple codes is substantively underestimating the true systematic uncertainty. Highly stochastic SFHs change the inferred SFH by much larger than the formal uncertainties, and introduce $\sim 0.8$ dex systematics in SFR averaged over short time scale and $\sim 0.3$ dex systematics in average age. Finally, employing a flexible nebular emission model causes $\sim 0.2$ dex systematic increase in mass and SFR, comparable to the formal uncertainty. This paper constitutes an initial step toward a complete uncertainty estimate in SED modeling., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 22 pages, 10 figures, 2 tables

With the remarkable sensitivity and resolution of JWST in the infrared, measuring rest-optical kinematics of galaxies at $z>5$ has become possible for the first time. This study pilots a new method for measuring galaxy dynamics for highly multiplexed, unbiased samples by combining FRESCO NIRCam grism spectroscopy and JADES medium-band imaging. Here we present one of the first JWST kinematic measurements for a galaxy at $z>5$. We find a significant velocity gradient, which, if interpreted as rotation yields $V_{rot} = 240\pm50$km/s and we hence refer to this galaxy as Twister-z5. With a rest-frame optical effective radius of $r_e=2.25$kpc, the high rotation velocity in this galaxy is not due to a compact size as may be expected in the early universe but rather a high total mass, ${\rm log(M}_{dyn}/{\rm M}_\odot)=11.0\pm0.2$. This is a factor of roughly 4x higher than the stellar mass within the effective radius. We also observe that the radial H$\alpha$ equivalent width profile and the specific star formation rate map from resolved stellar population modeling is centrally depressed by a factor of $\sim1.5$ from the center to $r_e$. Combined with the morphology of the line-emitting gas in comparison to the continuum, this centrally suppressed star formation is consistent with a star-forming disk surrounding a bulge growing inside-out. While large, rapidly rotating disks are common to z~2, the existence of one after only 1Gyr of cosmic time, shown for the first time in ionized gas, adds to the growing evidence that some galaxies matured earlier than expected in the history of the universe., Comment: Fig. 3 shows the main result

With the wavelength coverage, sensitivity, and high spatial resolution of JWST, it is now possible to peer through the dust attenuation to probe the rest-frame near infrared (NIR) and stellar structures of extremely dusty galaxies at cosmic noon (z~1-3). In this paper we leverage the combined ALMA and JWST/HST coverage in Abell 2744 to study the multiwavelength (0.5-4.4um) structures of 11 sub-millimeter (sub-mm) detected galaxies at z~0.9-3.5 that are fainter than bright "classical" sub-mm galaxies (SMGs). While these objects reveal a diversity of structures and sizes, all exhibit decreasing sizes and increasing central concentration towards longer wavelengths. The smaller sizes of these objects at long wavelengths indicate that their stellar mass profiles are more compact than their optical light profiles, likely due to centrally-concentrated dust obscuration. Further, we find that galaxies with higher central concentration values tend to have more extreme size ratios (comparing the rest-frame NIR to rest-frame optical); this suggests that the galaxies with the most compact light distributions also have the most concentrated dust distributions. We also find the galaxies with the most extreme size ratios do not have elevated 1.2mm flux densities compared to the rest of our sample: we argue this means compact dust geometry, rather than e.g. high total dust quantity, drives the most extreme observed rest-frame NIR-to-optical size ratios. Upcoming higher resolution 1.2mm ALMA imaging will facilitate joint spatially-resolved analysis and will directly test the dust distributions within this representative sub-mm population., Comment: Submitted to ApJ. 13 pages, 6 figures

The recent UNCOVER survey with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) exploits the nearby cluster Abell 2744 to create the deepest view of our universe to date by leveraging strong gravitational lensing. In this work, we perform photometric fitting of more than 50,000 robustly detected sources out to $z \sim 15$. We show the redshift evolution of stellar ages, star formation rates, and rest-frame colors across the full range of $0.2 \lesssim z \lesssim 15$. The galaxy properties are inferred using the Prospector Bayesian inference framework using informative Prospector-$\beta$ priors on masses and star formation histories to produce joint redshift and stellar population posteriors, and additionally lensing magnification is performed on-the-fly to ensure consistency with the scale-dependent priors. We show that this approach produces excellent photometric redshifts with $\sigma_{\rm NMAD} \sim 0.03$, of a similar quality to the established photometric redshift code EAzY. In line with the open-source scientific objective of the Treasury survey, we publicly release the stellar population catalog with this paper, derived from the photometric catalog adapting aperture sizes based on source profiles. This release includes posterior moments, maximum-likelihood spectra, star-formation histories, and full posterior distributions, offering a rich data set to explore the processes governing galaxy formation and evolution over a parameter space now accessible by JWST., Comment: Corrected typos: Eq.1 should've been (1-kappa)^2, and the lens maps are normalized to D_ds/D_s=1. These errors were only in the writing; no data products or results were affected. The SPS catalogs are accessible via the UNCOVER survey webpage: https://jwst-uncover.github.io/DR2.html#SPSCatalogs, with a copy deposited to Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8401181

We present the survey design and initial results of the ALMA Cycle 9 program of DUALZ, which aims to establish a joint ALMA and JWST public legacy field targeting the massive galaxy cluster Abell 2744. DUALZ features a contiguous $4'\times6'$ ALMA 30-GHz-wide mosaic in Band 6, covering areas of $\mu>2$ down to a sensitivity of $\sigma=32.7~\mu$Jy. Through a blind search, we identified 69 dust continuum sources at S/N $\gtrsim5.0$ with median redshift and intrinsic 1.2-mm flux of $z=2.30$ and $S_{\rm 1.2mm}^{\rm int}=0.24$~mJy. Of these, 27 have been spectroscopically confirmed, leveraged by the latest NIRSpec observations, while photometric redshift estimates are constrained by the comprehensive HST, NIRCam, and ALMA data for the remaining sources. With priors, we further identify a [CII]158 $\mu$m line emitter at $z=6.3254\pm0.0004$, confirmed by the latest NIRSpec spectroscopy. The NIRCam counterparts of the 1.2-mm continuum exhibit undisturbed morphologies, denoted either by disk or spheroid, implying the triggers for the faint mm emission are less catastrophic than mergers. We have identified 8 HST-dark galaxies (F150W$>$27mag, F150W$-$F444W$>$2.3) and 2 JWST-dark (F444W$>$30mag) galaxy candidates among the ALMA continuum sources. The former includes face-on disk galaxies, hinting that substantial dust obscuration does not always result from inclination. We also detect a marginal dust emission from an X-ray-detected galaxy at $z_{\rm spec}=10.07$, suggesting an active co-evolution of the central black hole and its host. We assess the infrared luminosity function up to $z\sim10$ and find it consistent with predictions from galaxy formation models. To foster diverse scientific outcomes from the community, we publicly release reduced ALMA mosaic maps, cubes, and the source catalog., Comment: 33 pages, 16 figures, and 5 tables. Submitted to ApJS. The ALMA products are fully available from here: https://jwst-uncover.github.io/DR2.html#DUALZ

JWST is revealing a new population of dust-reddened broad-line active galactic nuclei (AGN) at redshifts $z\gtrsim5$. Here we present deep NIRSpec/Prism spectroscopy from the Cycle 1 Treasury program UNCOVER of 15 AGN candidates selected to be compact, with red continua in the rest-frame optical but with blue slopes in the UV. From NIRCam photometry alone, they could have been dominated by dusty star formation or AGN. Here we show that the majority of the compact red sources in UNCOVER are dust-reddened AGN: $60\%$ show definitive evidence for broad-line H$\alpha$ with FWHM$\, >2000$ km/s, for $20\%$ current data are inconclusive, and $20\%$ are brown dwarf stars. We propose an updated photometric criterion to select red $z>5$ AGN that excludes brown dwarfs and is expected to yield $>80\%$ AGN. Remarkably, among all $z_{\rm phot}>5$ galaxies with F277W$-$F444W$>1$ in UNCOVER at least $33\%$ are AGN regardless of compactness, climbing to at least $80\%$ AGN for sources with F277W$-$F444W$>1.6$. The confirmed AGN have black hole masses of $10^7-10^9$ M$_{\odot}$. While their UV-luminosities ($-16>M_{\rm UV}>-20$ AB mag) are low compared to UV-selected AGN at these epochs, consistent with percent-level scattered AGN light or low levels of unobscured star formation, the inferred bolometric luminosities are typical of $10^7-10^9$ M$_{\odot}$ black holes radiating at $\sim 10-40\%$ of Eddington. The number densities are surprisingly high at $\sim10^{-5}$ Mpc$^{-3}$ mag$^{-1}$, 100 times more common than the faintest UV-selected quasars, while accounting for $\sim1\%$ of the UV-selected galaxies. While their UV-faintness suggest they may not contribute strongly to reionization, their ubiquity poses challenges to models of black hole growth., Comment: 23 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables, submitted to ApJ

By combining the JWST/NIRCam JADES and CEERS extragalactic datasets, we have uncovered a sample of twenty-one T and Y brown dwarf candidates at best-fit distances between 0.1 - 4.2 kpc. These sources were selected by targeting the blue 1$\mu$m - 2.5$\mu$m colors and red 3$\mu$m - 4.5$\mu$m colors that arise from molecular absorption in the atmospheres of T$_{\mathrm{eff}} < $ 1300K brown dwarfs. We fit these sources using multiple models of low-mass stellar atmospheres and present the resulting fluxes, sizes, effective temperatures and other derived properties for the sample. If confirmed, these fits place the majority of the sources in the Milky Way thick disk and halo. We observe proper motion for seven of the candidate brown dwarfs with directions in agreement with the plane of our galaxy, providing evidence that they are not extragalactic in nature. We demonstrate how the colors of these sources differ from selected high-redshift galaxies, and explore the selection of these sources in planned large-area JWST NIRCam surveys. Deep imaging with JWST/NIRCam presents an an excellent opportunity for finding and understanding these very cold low-mass stars at kpc distances., Comment: 22 pages, 9 figures, accepted by ApJ (January 18, 2024)