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Dislocation is the most common reason for early failure in total hip replacements (THRs) and occurs following impingement. Impingement is the unwanted contact between either the component and/or bone around the THR. This thesis investigates the effect of factors such as patient bony anatomy, patient activity and cup orientation on impingement likelihood and severity to provide an understanding of how these factors and their interplay may be used to reduce impingement in THRs. Geometric models were developed of bony geometries from different subjects so that variation in anatomy affecting impingement could be investigated, these were implanted with THRs. Kinematic datasets from different subjects were applied to the models to investigate the effects of subject activity and cup orientation. An in vitro simulator study was carried out which developed kinematic activity data for use in a hip simulator to investigate the consequences of impingement damage. Variation in bony anatomy, patient activity and cup orientation affected the likelihood and severity of impingement. The anterior inferior iliac spine and anteversion angle of the natural acetabulum significantly affected impingement outcomes and could be used to predict bone-on-bone impingement. The variation in subject's kinematic data resulted in varying impingement occurrences at different cup orientations. This suggests that clinically recommended implantation positions should be patient-specific. A hip simulator test was developed which applied clinically-relevant motions and loads to generate impingement damage and compared three subject's squat activities. Findings correlated with geometric model predictions. The variation in individual subject bone and motion suggest a subject-specific impingement-free range of motion, therefore to minimise impingement and potential dislocation, implantation targets for component orientation should be patient-specific. The methods developed in this thesis could be developed for a preoperative planning tool and aid the design of new implants by providing clinically relevant tools to assess for impingement.

This thesis is a study of the entangled histories of socialist and anticolonial politics in Britain and its colonies during the early twentieth century. It seeks in particular to show that British pan-Africanism and the left-wing currents that surrounded the Independent Labour Party had a far more important reciprocal impact than previous studies have recognised. The International African Service Bureau was formed in London in 1937. Along with its predecessor, the International African Friends of Abyssinia, and successor, the Pan-African Federation, this organisation was central to the history of twentieth-century pan-Africanism. Alumni of the IASB include activists who became African presidents (Jomo Kenyatta and Kwame Nkrumah), mentors to African heads of state (George Padmore), and one of the century's most influential theorists (C.L.R. James). IASB members were at the heart of many of the debates within the British socialist movement during the 1930s and 1940s. However, no previous study has satisfactorily located the IASB's place within the British socialist movement. Historians of British socialism have generally paid limited attention to the politics of black socialists. Historians of black radicalism, while more sensitive than their counterparts to the engagements between black radicalism and European socialism, have yet to account for the extent of the IASB's enmeshment in and influence on the wider British socialist movement. A handful of works, generally examining race and anticolonial politics in Britain, have begun to locate the IASB within the British socialist movement, but in a manner cursory at best. Based on research conducted in fifteen archives in four countries, this thesis argues that the IASB, and more generally the politics of anticolonialism, should occupy a more significant space in the historiography of British socialism. It sees the IASB not as outside the British socialist movement, but as an integral part of it. This thesis therefore demonstrates that the international movements of socialism and pan-Africanism, rather than being separate strands of radicalism, were imbricated in Britain. There was no British socialist movement insulated from pan-Africanism and other currents of anticolonial radicalism.

Abundantly available through natural gas, methane is largely underutilised as a resource. Furthermore, providing a potential alternative to the production of valuable petrochemicals, direct valorisation of methane would prolong reserves of feedstock petrochemicals derived from dwindling crude oil. Instead, due to lack of on-site valorisation processes, methane is largely flared during the production of crude oil. Even so, industrial application of used methane involves an indirect and energy intensive route transforming methane to synthesis gas (CO2 and H2). Further processing is then applied to effectively valorise to the desired liquid petrochemicals. Alternatively, a direct on-site route to methanol under mild conditions would limit the environmental impact of an energy intense indirect process. In addition, methanol provides a valuable non-crude oil source as an intermediate to a vast number of applications across several industries. One avenue investigated, effectively utilised AuPd/TiO2 catalyst for the oxidation of methane using H2O2 at low temperature (50 °C). Inspiring the first section of this thesis, the synthesis of AuPd/TiO2 by impregnation provides poor control yielding a broad range of nanoparticle sizes with poor control of nanoparticle composition. Therefore, the first chapter investigates the influence of AuPd particle size, selecting sol immobilisation for controlled preparation of starting material with narrow size distribution. The application of heat treatment to promote particle size increases was investigated to confirm an influence for methane oxidation. During this work, further influences were observed during initial testing and were evaluated to improve understanding and increase catalyst productivity. These influences included variation in AuPd nanoparticle size, TiO2 support phase and surface area changes. Producing variables which directly allowed controlled utilisation of H2O2 then provided avenues to produce a significantly improved catalyst, requiring lower metal loading (0.13 wt.%) with higher productivity and H2O2 efficiency. The second section of this thesis investigates the application of perfluorinated solvent for the selective oxidation of methane. Although proposed to be environmentally benign, the application of pre-formed H2O2 requires its production via the anthraquinone process. Instead, the direct incorporation of molecular oxygen is considered the goal for catalytic oxidation processes. Offering higher gas solubilities for both methane and oxygen, a perfluorinated solvent was applied for investigations into use of molecular oxygen for methane oxidation. The development of biphasic system trialled the application of radical initiators but found activity independent of catalyst. Instead, the in-situ generation of H2O2 from H2 and O2 was investigated.

There is an education gap that exists in our nation. Black students are more likely to encounter obstacles and barriers that are associated with college attainment when compared to their White peers. This study sought to understand factors that hinder college readiness and success among Black students who graduated from The Neighborhood Academy (TNA). A total of 16 TNA graduates were interviewed in order to collect data regarding their college preparation and experience. The participants graduated from TNA within 2014-2018. In addition to the interview, a survey was distributed to all TNA graduates to better understand multiple facets of college readiness and experiences of all TNA graduates. Data was gathered which will be beneficial in addressing the challenges that Black students encounter in their pursuit of a higher education. Throughout this study I learned the benefit of instilling college aspirations at an earlier age to best prepare underserved students and their families to acquire and afford a higher education. Intentional measures will equip students and their families to achieve this goal. I also examined how interpersonal relationships between school staff and underserved students can be an asset in supporting their college preparation and experience. My investigation found that ongoing communication by trusted school officials was beneficial for TNA graduates while attending college. The findings of this study will be used to implement new programs and relationships at TNA to increase student success in college and beyond. Study findings have implications for TNA and may be of use to similar educational systems. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]

X-ray scattering has been used to determine the alloy structure of GdFe2 and the real-time formation of nanoparticle assemblies. Initial growth curve analysis on the individual deposition of Gd and Fe allowed the correct stoichiometric ratio of the two species to be co-evaporated and annealed to form the alloy structure GdFe2- The structure of the [1/3 1/3] reconstruction has been determined. The Patterson map obtained from the structure factors at zero perpendicular momentum transfer shows that the Fe atoms are laterally displaced from their predicted positions. Structure factor data for the out-of-plane atomic positions shows that the Gd atoms sit in adsorption sites that are 22% higher than predicted hard sphere positions. Gold nanoparticles of various sizes coated with organic thiol molecules have been studied by X-ray diffraction. The self-assembly process on to a Si(III) substrate was probed in real-time by GISAXS which showed for the first time that the largest particles drop out of solution first and act as seeds for the smaller particles which infringe on the surface minutes later surrounding the larger particle domains. The intermixing of two particles with average size ratio 0.58 showed evidence for a self-assembled bimodal alloy structure which was indicated by missing intensity from a 2 peak Gaussian fit which could be accommodated for by a central 3rd peak. Self-assembly of thiol stabilised gold nanoparticles has been shown to occur at the solvent-air interface. The quality of self-assembly depends strongly on the size of the particles and the evaporation rate of the solvent. A random walk model was used to explain that as the solvent evaporation rate is significantly slowed the nanoparticles are restricted to vertical diffusion only but at room temperatures the particles can diffuse in all directions a result that is further emphasized by the increased level of ordering at cooler temperatures. A complete self-assembly procedure has been suggested where particles above a certain size (1 nm radius) can immediately self-assemble at the solvent-air interface to be later deposited on to the substrate where the thiol ligands can lock the particles into a tight self-assembled layer.

This thesis examines the relationship between the English Jewish writer and publisher John Rodker and the modernism of the Pound circle. Previous considerations of the antisemitism of Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot have either ignored or cited in their defence their Jewish friends and acquaintances. This thesis shows that the modernist interest in the figure of `the Jew' took effect not only in their poetry and social commentary but also in the social grouping which they formed in order to produce and circulate this writing. Rodker was both a necessary figure to Pound's theory and practice of modernism, but one who had to be kept on the margins. This resulted in his being able to articulate certain aspects of his experience as an assimilated Jew-loss, disconnection, feeling out of place place-while excluding any other possible aspects, including naming himself as Jewish. Chapter 1 shows that Pound and Eliot's antisemitic statements and poetry functioned as part of the formation of the `men of 1914', and as a means of shocking their audience through a poetry of ugliness. Chapter 2 considers a printing error in Rodker's Ovid Press edition of Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920), and reads it as a sign of Pound's failure to carry out his social and poetic project, a failure which he blamed on Jews, but, because this failure was inevitable, part of the task for carrying the project out was assigned to Jews. Chapter 3 reads Rodker's volume of poetry Hymns (1920), and traces how his marginal position within modernism resulted in a poetry which did not directly address Jewish issues, but was affected by his Jewish social position. Chapter 4 considers Rodker and two other Jewish writers, Carl Rakosi and Louis Zukofsky, who Pound published in The Exile (1927- 28), showing that Pound's interest in these writers was combined with an unease with them that played out in editorial decisions and means of framing their work. Chapter 5 examines Rodker's Memoirs of Other Fronts (1932). His selfdescriptions of himself as a foreigner are shown to be still influenced by the Pound circle's ideas of Jews, but also reworked through his increasing interest in psychoanalysis.

Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique that possesses the capability of molecular characterisation of complex mixtures. The technique has been the method afforded in this study for the characterisation of such mixtures of industrial relevance. The last decade has seen an important revival of one area in particular, time-of-flight mass spectrometry, which has had a significant impact on the field of mass spectrometry. This has been largely due to two recently developed ionisation methods, namely electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation. These ionisation methods have led to the development of novel time-of-flight mass spectrometer designs by commercial manufacture's, which take advantage of the theoretically unlimited mass range and the acquisition of a full mass spectrum every injection pulse of ions. Matrix-assisted laser desorption and electrospray ionisation have been interfaced to two novel time-of-flight mass analysers, the 'Autospec' oa- ToF, a hybrid sector orthogonal-acceleration time-of-flight instrument and the 'LCT', a liquid chromatograph time-of-flight instrument, manufactured by Micromass U.K., Ltd respectively. They have been successfully used to investigate and fully characterise complex systems of industrial significance. The 'Autospec' oa-ToF was used for high-energy collision induced dissociation experiments. The high sensitivity of the time-of-flight analyser was very powerful in the detection of product ions produced from various synthetic polymer precursor ions. The detailed structural information produced will be shown to fully characterise the polystyrene samples studied. An expanding area of mass spectrometry is electrospray ionisation used with orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight. The two methods when used in reflectron mode have significantly removed early limitations on resolution that time-of-flight mass analysers initially possessed. Sampling the electrosprayed ions orthogonally results in an increased duty cycle, which can be advantageous if fast chromatography is required. Evaluation of the LCT instrument, will be shown to provide mass resolution of the order of 5000 at full-width half maximum, mass accuracies of the order of 5ppm, full scan sensitivity equal to that of a quadrupole instrument in single ion monitoring mode and the detection of singly charged ions greater than m/z 10000. The research unit at Swansea University allowed the opportunity to investigate ion structural problems on an instrument built in house of BEE geometry. The energy released upon metastable fragmentation, leading to the formation of C3H3+ ions formed in some simple organic molecules yield peak shapes of a composite nature. The selection of ions from the translational energy-release distribution produced, have been investigated by consecutive reactions and will be shown to fully characterise isomeric ion structures.

Wave-bearing surfaces and compressible fluids are often adjacent, the subsequent interactions are of substantial interest in structural acoustics, acoustic microscopy, seismology and many other fields. Here we take a broad view and discuss a variety of problems, both time harmonic and transient, which are amenable to exact solution. These in turn highlight physical effects and can additionally form the basis of asymptotic solutions. In structural acoustics the interaction of plate waves with defects is Cl major source of underwater noise. A model problem of two semi-infinite elastic plates (made of different material) joined in a variety of ways is considered for obliquely incident flexural plate waves. Asymptotic results for 'light' and 'heavy' fluid loading are extracted. In addition reciprocity and power flow relations, besides being of independent interest, provide a useful check on the results. There are many closely related problems involving a fluid loaded elastic solid. The situation here is somewhat similar, but often more complicated, due to the number of waves that an elastic solid supports, mode conversion at interfaces, and interfacial waves. We first address the scattering effects of low frequency waves by very small interfacial defects, that is, small relative to a typical wavelength. In this limit, and in related water wave or acoustic work, matched asymptotic expansions are used. An important aspect, that has not been noticed before, is the natural separation that occurs in the inner problem into fluid and solid pieces. A matching argument may now be used to give a useful physical interpretation of these defects and far field directivity patterns show the distinctive beaming that occurs along the Rayleigh angles in the light fluid loading limit. In many areas of interest embedded defects are imaged by pulses and we therefore require a transient analysis. In this case our problem involves a combination of compressional and shear source loadings beneath a fluid-solid interface. The exact solution is found and a full asymptotic analysis of this solution is performed with an emphasis upon wavefront expansions and leaky waves, and in particular, for 'light' and 'moderate' fluid loading. In some situations, when the sources are near the interface, a pseudo-compressional wavefront is generated and the limit as the loading approaches the interface is investigated. These non-geometric wave arrivals may be important in seismology and elastic wave studies related to the non-destructive evaluation of structures. This study is generalised to investigate the dynamic stress loading of subsurface cracks in either homogeneous or non-homogeneous media. An iterative method of solution based on physical considerations is developed and quantities of interest such as the scattered displacement fields and the stress intensity factors are determined. The problems considered here are ideally suited to analysis by transform methods and the Wiener-Hopf and Cagniard-de Hoop techniques.