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This research examined the extent to which geographic visualization might serve as a technique for assessing and understanding levels of personal risk. An exercise was created, consisting of a series of five animations, representing five historical flood events in flood-prone central Texas and displayed on an Internet site along with a survey questionnaire. Three questions guided this research: 1) To what extent can individuals correctly rank levels of intensities among five historical rainfall events, and, therefore levels of risk after viewing visualizations; 2) Does professional training and experience in a hazards-related field prove to be an advantage for correctly identifying and ranking levels of risk among the rainfall events after viewing visualizations; 3) Is prior experience with a flood, or any other hazard occurrence a factor in whether individuals can correctly assess levels of risk in visualizations depicting rainfall events? Our study demonstrated that computer-interested individuals are willing and able to access website information related to historical flood events, and interact with that website in viewing, interpreting and ranking computer animations of featured events; and, for the most part, regardless of prior experience, or workplace training, can, more or less, distinguish between levels of intensity of events. However, due to the fairly recent introduction of geographic visualization in hazards research, we call for more work in this area, and have offered an extensive list of research questions for assessing the viability of this technique for more accurate risk assessment and management at the individual level.

In spite of increasing number of cremations in the U.S., little is known about weights of cremated remains. This research was undertaken in order to add to the limited literature on cremains weights and to explore variation. Weights of cremated remains were obtained from the East Tennessee Crematorium. The sample consists of 151 males and 155 females. Age, sex, and race were obtained for each individual. Males are about 1000 g heavier than females. Both sexes lose weight with age, but females lose weight at about twice the rate of males. East Tennessee cremation weights were compared with those from Florida reported by Warren and Maples, and those from Southern California reported by Sonek. East Tennessee results were also compared with an earlier study on ash weight of anatomical human skeletons carried out by Trotter and Hixon. East Tennessee cremations weigh about 500 g more than the samples from Florida and California, and about the same as the earlier anatomical samples. We hypothesize that variation reflects variation in body weight and activity. This variation must be taken into account when cremation weights are at issue.

L'osteite du pubis est une inflammation limitee a la symphyse pubienne et aux os contigus. Une etude de la litterature concernant la paleopathologie ne revele jusqu'ici aucune reference a cette inflammation chez des sujets mâles. Les auteurs ont identifie dix cas d'osteite du pubis sur des squelettes d'hommes provenant du sud du Dakota, qu'ils examinent dans cet article

In the late 1970s and early 1980s an attempt was made to reopen the Lindbergh kidnap case. On May 25, 1977 Dr. Krogman x-rayed and examined the twelve (12) bones associated with the Lindbergh case which were supplied to him by the New Jersey State Police. On June 14, 1982 I made an examination of the same twelve (12) bones and took anthropometric measurements and photographs. I had been asked to look at the material by the lawyer representing Mrs. Hauptmann, widow of the convicted kidnapper, Bruno Hauptmann. Of the twelve (12) bones, ten (10) are human and two (2) are animal. Each bone is identified and a description and anthropometric measurements are given. The bones examined are from the hands and feet and are consistent with the skeletal development of a 20-month-old male.

In spite of increasing number of cremations in the U.S., little is known about weights of cremated remains. This research was undertaken in order to add to the limited literature on cremains weights and to explore variation. Weights of cremated remains were obtained from the East Tennessee Crematorium. The sample consists of 151 males and 155 females. Age, sex, and race were obtained for each individual. Males are about 1000 g heavier than females. Both sexes lose weight with age, but females lose weight at about twice the rate of males. East Tennessee cremation weights were compared with those from Florida reported by Warren and Maples, and those from Southern California reported by Sonek. East Tennessee results were also compared with an earlier study on ash weight of anatomical human skeletons carried out by Trotter and Hixon. East Tennessee cremations weigh about 500 g more than the samples from Florida and California, and about the same as the earlier anatomical samples. We hypothesize that variation reflects variation in body weight and activity. This variation must be taken into account when cremation weights are at issue.

An eroded lesion in the supraorbital plate in a South Dakota Indian from Larson site (39WW2, ca. AD 1785) is described. It is postulated to have been a benign tumor of the lacrimal gland.

Dr. Ellis R. Kerley, one of the founders of the Physical Anthropology section of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, was born in Kentucky and received his undergraduate degree at the University of Kentucky. Following the completion of his doctoral degree (University of Michigan) he was a visiting professor at the University of Kentucky before joining the faculty at the University of Kansas in 1966. At Kansas he was a major advisor for many graduate students who were to become leaders in the new area of Forensic Anthropology.

The name, T. Dale Stewart is synonymous with physical anthropology. To many members of the physical anthropology section, particularly those born in the latter half of this century, he is perhaps best known for his 1979 Essentials of Forensic Anthropology. Without a doubt, much of the foundation of this discipline rests upon his teachings and influence. Few knew him in the capacity that William M. Bass did, as T. Dale Stewart was a member of Bass' doctoral committee. Bass was greatly influenced during the time he spent working with Dr. Stewart in the 1950's and the instruction and guidance Stewart instilled in Bass has and will continue to be passed on to subsequent generations. Research was Dale Stewart's main emphasis and he succeeded in demonstrating the value of investigation and how results were crucial in explaining many of the processes manifest on skeletal material. Clearly his hypothesis-based approach became essential to skeletal biology and numerous procedures and methods employed in the field are synonymous with the teachings of Dr. T. Dale Stewart. By reflecting on several recently completed interdisciplinary research projects, the far-reaching impact of his knowledge and instruction can be demonstrated.

The first edition of this Field Guide was published in 1987. It is designed for the professional forensic anthropologist and assumes that the user has a good background in human skeletal and dental anatomy. Bennett found in his 25 plus years as a forensic anthropologist that it was “advantageous for forensic anthropologist to have quick access to information pertinent to procedures involved in human identification.” (v) The tables, illustrations and procedural guides found here have either been abstracted or reprinted from previous publications.

This small volume (124 pages) contains nine chapters, 15 pages of references and an index providing increased means for answering questions about postmortem change. The book covers in approximate chronological order the action of taphonomic factors on human and animal remains.

This 85-page volume is the published version of P. Chandra Sekharan's doctoral dissertation submitted in 1989 to the University of Madras, Madras, India. He is the founder and president of the. Forensic Science Society of India and editor-in-chief of the Indian Journal of Forensic Sciences. He is now professor of forensic sciences and director of the Forensic Sciences Department of the government of Tamil Nadu state.

The purpose of this study was to develop a method of estimating the age of an individual based on obliteration of the four maxillary (palatal) sutures. A sample of 186 individuals of known age, race, and sex were examined. It was found that males of both races (black and white) exhibit more suture obliteration than females at the same age. During the early adult years, maxillary suture obliteration progresses at nearly the same rate in both sexes; however, the age of old individuals may be greatly overestimated using this method. Although this method cannot be used for exact estimates of individual age, it is valuable in establishing the age range, sorting commingled remains, and estimating skeletal age when only the maxilla is present.

Cemetery remains exposed through vandalism or natural phenomena are frequently brought to the attention of law enforcement agents or medical examiners. Although it is often difficult to distinguish cemetery remains from those of medicolegal significance, clues to their origin may exist. Characteristics consistent with cemetery remains include physical characteristics associated with the embalming process. Characteristics indicative of cemetery remains include functional or ornamental artifacts associated with the coffin, devices used in embalming the body, and elevated levels of embalming chemicals in the soft tissue.

The skeletal remains presented to forensic anthropologists are often fragmentary. Previously described methods of estimating stature from segments of long bones have not proved satisfactory because of the difficulty involved in identifying the precise anatomical landmarks by which they are defined. This study represents an assessment of the feasibility of stature estimation from fragmentary femora. A sample of 200 males and females, blacks and whites (total sample = 800), was obtained from the Terry Collection. New regression equations for the estimation of maximum femur length and stature from three well-defined and easy-to-measure segments of the femur are presented. This technique represents an improvement over methods currently in use for estimating stature from femur fragments; the location of the anatomical landmarks and the accuracy of the prediction are enhanced. The applicability of these formulae to a modern forensic sample is addressed with regard to secular trends in stature increase and changes in body segment proportions.

Much of the difficulty in determining the time since death stems from the lack of systematic observation and research on the decomposition rate of the human body. Continuing studies conducted at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, provide useful information on the impact of carrion insect activity, ambient temperature, rainfall, clothing, burial and depth, carnivores, bodily trauma, body weight, and the surface with which the body is in contact. This paper reports findings and observations accumulated during eight years of research and case studies that may clarify some of the questions concerning bodily decay.

Artifacts of Paleoindians have been found in most if not all of the Plains states; however, documented human skeletal remains from this early period are rare. The Medicine Crow cranium dates by stratigraphy and by the amount of absorbed alpha and beta radiation at between 5,000 and 2,000 B.C. This places this young adult male in the Archaic period and represents the earliest documented human skeletal material from South Dakota. It compares favorably in age with other well documented human skeletons from the Plains area, such as Lansing Man (Kansas) (3579 B.C.). Metrically, (with a cranial index of 76.7) and morphologically the Medicine Crow cranium falls well within the range of other early or middle Archaic skeletons.

A life table methodology was used for paleodemographic analysis of skeletons from the Larson site (39WW2), an Arikara village and cemetery dated to circa A.D. 1750–1785. Vital statistics on mortality, survivorship, age-specific probability of death, life expectancy and crude mortality rate were derived from skeletal data. The population had an extremely high infant mortality rate and high rates of childhood mortality. The lowest probability of death was for adolescents. Mortality increased for young adults, ages 15–19. This increase was especially marked for females, the actual peak of adult female mortality was during ages 15–19. A second mode in the female mortality curve occurred at ages 35–39. The greatest percentage of male deaths was observed in the fourth decade, ages 30–34. Only 4.0% of the population attained the age of 50. The population crude death rate was 76 per thousand per year. This estimate, although high, is congruent with archaeological and historical sources which report a rapid Arikara population decline during the Post-Contact period. Causes of specific deaths appear to be linked to childbirth (affecting mother and infant), starvation, diseases especially tuberculosis, and intertribal warfare.

Unusual osteolytic defects in eight skulls culled from over 4000 ancient South Dakota burials are presented, discussed briefly, and assigned to what we think is their most likely cause. Because these are collection skeletons, histological and microbiological and microbiological confirmation of interpretations concerning specific lesions are not possible. Corroboration of our opinions has been sought through radiographs and by expert consultation elsewhere. Although our opinions are interpretative and subject to rebuttal, they can serve as a base for future research if and when similar specimens are discovered elsewhere. In addition, these specimens are indicators of other than usual ancient skull pathology from a limited geographic area, representing people who lived there during a known time frame.

A demographic and osteological analysis of skeletons from the Larson Village Site (39WW2), Walworth County, South Dakota, is presented. The site was an Arikara village dating to about A.D. 1750-178...

The study of diseases, anomalies and abnormalities in skeletal or mummified bodies representing peoples of the past, has been the stepchild of Archaeology and medical pathology for many years. In t...

Douglas H. Ubelaker. Human Skeletal Remains, Excavation, Analysis and Interpretation. Chicago: Beresford Book Service, 1978. Manuals on Archaeology. 116 pp. $15.00, cloth.

Fragmentary skeletal material from a burial found near the Big Horn Moun tains of north-central Wyoming was de termined to constitute the remains of three individuals. The few artifacts in associationprovide little basis for an as sessment of cultural affiliation, however, cranial characteristics suggest a close relationship to previously studied Siouan populations. InFebruary, 1962 Mr. Donald C. Grey of Sheridan, Wyoming submitted skeletal material recovered from the PK Burial Site in Sheridan County, Wyoming to Dr. William M. Bass for identification. Assistance in the analysis of the material was given by Mr. Donald C. Lacy, a grad uate student in physical anthropology. Ac cording to Mr. Grey (personal communi cation February 14, 1962), the PK Burial Site was discovered during the summer of 1959 by a Univer sity of Illinois geology student, a member of a summer field crew based at Sheridan College, Sheridan, Wyo ming. He discovered a human skull (See Fig. 1: a, b, and c) exposed in the side of a small hilltop overlooking a rodeo cor ral on a ranch west of Sheridan. The site is located in the foothills of the Big Horn Mountains. Description of the Find The student removed the skull and in tended to keep it as a souvenir. When one of the geology instructors heard of the student's find he promptly recovered the skull and brought it directly to Mr. Grey at Sheridan College to see what should be done about the discovery (Mr. Grey men tioned that possibly a second skull was involved which was not recovered ) . Mr. Grey identified the skull as Ameri can Indian and organized an archaeologi cal party to investigate whether or not there was more skeletal material to be found at the hilltop burial site. Upon arrival at the site--designated a s the PK Burial -Mr. Gr ey and hi s party found the proximal end of a human femur protruding from the soil near the top of the small hill from which the skull had been taken, and noticed also that a small amount of digging had been done around and above this femur, apparently the area near where the skull had been removed. Mr. Grey states that an inspection of the steep slope of the hill near the burial re vealed a number of friable white bone fragments which had previously weather ed out. No other surface materials which couldbe related to the hilltop bur ial were seen. Further investigation revealed that a burial pit had been dug into the side of the hill and that the bones had been placed in the pit and covered with soil. Mr. Grey thought that possibly several excavations and subsequent interments had been made in the same spot; however, the strati graphic evidence did not bear this out. A recent badger burrow had partially dis turbed the bones in the lower levels of the burial. The degree of disturbance attri 142 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.171 on Sat, 23 Jul 2016 05:13:59 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms buted to the burrow could not be deter mined. Mr. Grey reported that the main mass of the hill was made up of a sandy clay of the Sundance formation; the upper two feet, roughly, consisted of alluvium from the Pleistocene. A large boulder appeared in the burial pit. By noon of the first day of excavation, a step-like trench which was dug to obtain a working platform had been finished and the grass removed from above the burial. The ends of a femur and tibia were ex posed and a humerus was found a very short distance below the surface. Weath ering couldbe noted on these bones. Also at this time, Mr. Grey noted an "extra supraorbital" in the assemblage of skull fragments which had been recovered on the hillside and in the exploratory work. This observation gave the party their first evidence of a multiple burial. This situation prompted Mr. Grey (1962) to write that: At this stage a decision had to be made. The location of the site was known to a number of people, and the site was highly accessible. To do a proper job would probably require three or four days. We felt we didn't have that much time before local pothunters would de scend on the site. To plaster en case the entire burial for labora tory study would have produced a prohibitively heavy package be cause of the volume involved. We decided that we would risk no more than one night of delay. The second (and last) day of field work was used for photography, sketching and further excavation. Attempts were made to determine the positions and associa tions of the various bones before remov ing them in order to continue the excava tion. A second skull (PK-2), badly crushed, was found directly below the ribs of the individual designated as PK-1, and a third skull (PK-3) (See Fig. 2; a, b, and c) was found about two inches below the skull PK-2. Mr. Grey stated that except for the upper portion of the skeleton going with PK-1, no sense could be made of the rest of the burial in the short time they had left to do their work. He be lieves that possibly, except for PK-1, the other bones were reburials, with their bones scrambled before interment and dug through PK-1 at a later time or times. Several bone and stone beads were found scattered throughout the soil; one small shell bead was found also. Mr. Grey believes that the bone beads were made from the long bones of a medium-sized bird or possibly a rodent. Also found were a long bone tool (possibly a chipping tool) and three projectile points--one of which was found between the ribs of PK-1 in line with the heart, in the fifth inter costal space on the left side. From the photographs enclosed with the personal communication, this projectile point seems to have a concave base with cor ner-notching. Mr. Grey statedthat the other two points differed in type from this point and from each other. To Mr. Grey, one appeared to be a corner-notched point with the base broken off, and the other point was of the triangular unnotched variety. Mr. Grey stated that the point associated with PK-1 and the corner notchedpoint missing its base bore some resemblance to the type found with the Turk Burial, 48WA301 (Birkby and Bass 1963). Except for the projectile point as sociated with PK-1 (which Mr. Grey thinks may have been accidental) no other arti facts could be associated directly with any skeletal remains. None of the asso ciated artifacts were observed by the author s. Mr. Grey concluded his observations by stating: From the artifact types pres ent, and the complete lack of con tact materials, I would say that the burial dates from between 300 and 800 years of age, although that older limit could be extended back

Artificial grooves about 2 mm in width have been observed on the cervical region of teeth of American Indian populations which come from widespread localities and which extend through considerable time depth. The grooves appear to have been made ante-mortem and to show a close relationship with interproximal caries and peridontal bone resorption. It is conjectured that the grooves represent efforts of a therapeutic or, at least, palliative nature.

Measurements, indices and selected non-metric observations are presented for an adult female, the only human skeletal material recovered from the 1959-60 excavation of the Anthony Site, 14HP1. Comp...

Two burials from a mound in central South Dakota are considered to be Arik ara from a group ance stral to the Arikara, on the basis of observations and meas urements. The Strieker Site, 39LM1, at the mouth of Medicine Creek in Lyman Coun ty, South Dakota, was excavated in the summer of 1959 by an archaeological party from the University of Kansas Mu seum of Natural History directed by Dr. Carlyle S. Smith and working under a cooperative agreement with the National Park Service. During the excavation, seven consecutive five-foot squares were cut across a mound (designated 39LMZZ7) located on the southern crest of a bluff overlooking the village. Two superim posed burials were recovered from the mound. Burial 1 occurred at a depth of 30. 5 inches; Burial Z, at 49 inches from the surface. Burial 1 had a projectile point of the type usually associated with the Over Focus, lying near the pelvic region (Fig. 3). Burial 1 was tightly flexed, remains buried on the back with the legs folded to the left. Burial Z was less tightly flexed with the lower legs bent at the knees and the upper legs less tightly drawn up. The body had been placed on the right side with the face tilted to the left and looking upward. Mr. BertSalwen (1962), the assistant party chief, states, "There was differ ence of opinion as to whether or not the outlines of an intrusive pit were visible above the two burials." Thus, we do not know whether these burials were intru sive into the mound from some later cul tural period or were original interments when the mound was built. Analysis of Skeletal Material The human skeletal material was stud ied in the fall of 1962. The analysis indi cates that both individuals were middle aged adult males (Tables 1 and 2). Burial 1 (See Fig. la-d) Sex: Male Age: 25-35 Stature: 5?11" + 1 1/3" (180.29 cm. +_ 3. 38 cm.) Sex determination is based on anthro pometric and morphological features of both the cranial and post-cranial skele ton. The innominates have narrow sci atic notches and short pubes. The max imum diameter of 50 mm. for the heads of the femur and humerus is well above the male range for this measurement (Krogman 1962:143-146). Morphological features of the skull are consistent with the post-cranial skeleton. Age determination is based on the pu bic symphysis. The oval outline of the face is essentially complete and there is zo This content downloaded from 157.55.39.124 on Wed, 20 Jul 2016 04:18:20 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms no lipping of the symphyseal margin. The dorsal demiface exhibits only slight billowing, with the dorsal plateau com pletely formed. The ventral rampart has not yet begun to form, but beveling is present along the superior ventral margin. On the basis of Todd's phase s of sym physeal change, the symphysis best cor responds to Phase V and VI, which has an age range of 27-35 years (Krogman 1962:92-93). Using McKern and Stewart's system, the age range is 22-28 with an average age of 24. 14 +_ 1. 93 (McKern and Stewart 1957:53-88). The stature was calculated from the length of the left tibia plus the femur, us ing Trotter and Gleser's formula for Mongoloids. (Trotter and Gleser 1958: 120). The skeleton of this individual is com plete. Osteoarthritic lipping occurs on the seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae, and also on the third, fourth and fifth lumbar. The fifth lumbar vertebra contains a separate neural arch. There is a bilateral break in the continuity of the neural arch be tween the inferior and superior articular processes. According to Stewart (1931: 61) this condition is much more promi nent in Mongoloids than in any other pop ulation. In a study of 350 Alaskan Eski mos, he found this condition in 27. 4 per cent of the total population, occurring 29. 5 percent for males and 25. 1 percent in females. It occurred in only 6. 4 per cent of a white sample and 2. 8 percent of an American Negro sample. The right tibia shows a bulbous swell ing or osteitis of the midshaft. This swelling measures 95 mm. longitudinally, and 20 mm. in width. The condition may be due to syphilis, although as Stewart has pointed out, the incidence of pre colombian syphilis is relatively rare and these symptoms in an isolated bone do not constitute proof of the presence of this disease (Stewart 1940:46). The cranium is in good condition. All mandibular teeth are present, and only the left central incisor and the right lateral and central incisors are missing post-mortem. Tooth wear is a stage two (molar cusps worn off) according to Hrdlicka1 s (1952:53) classification sys tem. There are no carie s pre sent in the dentition, but a slight case of tartar is present on both the lingual and buccal borders. Burial 2 (See Fig. 2a-d) Sex: Male Age: 35+ Stature: 5'7 1/2"+ 1 3/8" (171.63 cm. + 3.51 cm.) Sex determination was based on the same anthropometric and morphological data as Burial 1. The innominates have narrow, deep sciatic notches, and short pubes. The maximum diameters of 48 mm. and 45 mm. for the heads of the fe mur and humerus re spectively, are above the mean for males (Krogman 1962:143 146). The skull also has distinct male morphological characteristics, such as heavy brow ridges, strong muscle mark ing and general ruggedness. Note the extreme width of the zygomatic arch (Fig. 2c). The age of the individual wa^s deter mined on the basis of the pubic symphy sis and suture closure of the skull. As both symphyseal faces were badly eroded an accurate determination of age from them was difficult to make. There is, however, prominent lipping on both dor sal and ventral margins and the rampart is beginning to form. It seems to cor respond best to stage VI of Todd's sys tem,, giving an age of 30-35 (Krogman 1962:92-93). According to McKern and Stewart's system, a formula of 1-4, II-3, III-4 can be applied. This gives a total score of 11, yielding an age range of 23-39, with a mean age of 29. 18 +_ 3. 33. The suture closure of this individual is consistent with his advanced age. The coronal suture is almost obliterated and

Excavations of protohistoric Arikara sites in South Dakota have produced native manufactured blue-glass pendants in association with burials. On the basis of archaeological and laboratory evidence, it is conjectured that the Arikara produced these pendants by first grinding blue-glass seed beads to form a powder. They then moistened the powder to form a paste and shaped and fired the paste to the desired form on a copper plate which often was a rifle butt plate. In addition, it is shown that, through time, the Arikara gradually refined their techniques to produce better made pendants and ornaments of different shapes.

Salvage excavations at a badly eroded site, now an island in the Kirwin Reser voir of west-central Kansas, produced pottery and other artifacts indicative of the Keith Focus. Although the site remains undated, it should fall at ca. A. D. 600.

Two historic Indian burials from Adair County, Missouri, are discussed. A summary of the site and description of the find are given; ethnohistoric inferences are made on the basis of the available ...

A review of publications over the last fifteen years of methods in the field of physical anthropology for aging and sexing human skeletal material is presented. The approaches used by various authors have been summarized into six categories: (1) Visual examination of bones (2) Anthropometric measurements of bones (3) Anthropometric measurements with subsequent use of statistics in the form of discriminate function analyses (4) Time and sequence of eruption of the teeth (5) x-ray examination of the internal structure of section bone (6) Microscopic examination of the internal structure of bone. A method to seasonally date prehistoric burials from the chitinous exuvia of fly pupae found with the burials is discussed.

A secondary burial from a peat layer adjoining the spring feeder at Boney Spring, Benton County, southwestern Missouri, is identified as a young adult male, interred about A.D. 50. The burial, asso...