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This section deals with the literature relating to the history of ophthalmology, the professional relations of ophthalmologists, the economic applications and social bearings of ophthalmic science. It covers the literature from January, 1917, to October, 1918.

Ophthalmologists of intelligence and experience should expect to play an active part in the educational life of their communities, by contributions to medical society programs, by sharing in discussions, or by talks before laymen. The writer or speaker who has no “literary phase” in his makeup will fail to present his testimony with due force. An interest in general literature of the better sort tends toward finer workmanship in medical writings. Robert Louis Stevenson, Michael Foster, and Thomas Henry Huxley are quoted as examples of elegance and clearness. The problems of ophthalmic journalism in the United States are discussed, and emphasis is laid upon the importance for physicians of training in literature and in foreign languages. Abbreviated from an address read before the Chicago Ophthalmological Society, January, 1928.

This is a further exposition of the subject which was presented by the author in this Journal in March, 1923. Much new material in text and illustrations has been added. Read before the Oxford Ophthalmological Congress, July, 1931.

Headache is a symptom referable to many causes other than ocular. The most important of these are briefly discussed, among others increased intracranial tension, nasal accessory sinuses, gastrointestinal disorders, neurologic causes, fatigue, and allergy. Headache is directly due to eyestrain in a large percentage of cases. The paper does not lend itself to abstracting. Read before the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, in Cincinnati, on September 17, 1935, as part of a symposium on this subject.

This section carries the literature of the subject from October, 1918, to October, 1919. For previous literature see A. J. O., December, 1918, p. 241.

Often a postcycloplegic test is a poor substitute for careful preliminary examination of the patient's refraction. At the postcycloplegic examination, ciliary cramp may greatly mislead and may cause us to lose any real benefit from the cycloplegic; for the patient's only ultimate hope of breaking up ciliary spasm may lie in faithfully wearing the correction found under cycloplegia. Many patients finally wear with great advantage corrections which at first caused very annoying distant blur. There is danger that undue respect for the postcycloplegic test may reduce us to the level of the “optometrist.” Read before the Colorado Congress of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, July 20 and 21, 1928.

A review of the literature of congenital palsies of the ocular muscles with report of two new cases.

This section reviews the literature to June, 1918. Closely allied topics are considered under Optic Nerve, or will be taken up under the head of Injuries in a subsequent number.

The science of medicine may be considered as just passing from infancy into childhood. The art of medicine is a trifle older. The fond relatives of the former young gentleman, who is only beginning to feel steady on his legs, are already disposed to look condescendingly down on the other youth, who had his birthday back in those dark ages before the dawn of human civilization, and has been growing very slowly, but very steadily, ever since. The study of history develops a sense of perspective, which in its turn encourages tolerance, breadth of view and hope of future growth. In such a society as this it would surely be both interesting and profitable if we could now and then turn aside from regarding the deeds of the present and give a little time to the study of those of the past. The leading physicians of the seventeenth and eighteenth

Few would deny Emerson's pronouncement that "The first wealth is health." So essential to human happiness and prosperity is health and the normal functioning of the senses that it may be doubted whether any other profession carries so sacred a responsibility as that of the physician. In no walk of life is the combination of high intelligence with thorough training so necessary as in the practice of medicine. A man with either mediocre intelligence or inadequate training is likely to commit fatal errors of judgment or execution, and, even though poor standards are excused in other occupations, they should be rigidly excluded as regards those whose duty it is to protect or restore the health of the body or its members. The physician is interested in medical standards from two points of view: for the protection of the public and for the protection of the physician himself. The physician is