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Animals produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation using oxygen, but cellular energy can also be obtained through glycolysis when oxygen is not present at sufficient levels. Although most mammals of larger body mass have longer life spans, small dog breeds tend to outlive large breeds. Primary fibroblast cells from larger breeds of dogs have previously been shown to have increased dependency on glycolytic phenotypes across their lifespan. Different levels of activity of the glycolytic enzymes pyruvate kinase (PK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) may provide insight to a mechanism that leads to the different metabolic phenotype observed in different sized breeds as they age. In this study, 1) we measured the activities of PK, LDH, and PEPCK in primary fibroblasts from dogs of different breed sizes and age classes and 2) measured the activities of PK and LDH in plasma from dogs of different breed sizes and age classes. We found that there was no significant relationship between body mass and PK, LDH and PEPCK activity in primary fibroblasts. Further, there were not significant differences with activity in these enzymes for old dogs compared to young dogs. In plasma, we found a negative correlation between PK activity and body mass and no relationship between LDH activity and body mass. There was a negative relationship between LDH activity and age in dogs. Further, while a negative correlational relationship between PK activity and age was only marginal, a best subsets regression model demonstrated a significant marginal effect of age on PK activity. PK and LDH may provide intermediates for other metabolic pathways in small breeds. However, large breed dogs may demonstrate a deficiency in metabolism at the PK level, a cellular metabolic pathway that may potentially aid in tumor progression.

In past work, White Americans’ beliefs about Black poverty have predicted lower perceived work ethic of the poor, and, thus, less welfare support. In this article, we examine whether beliefs about White poverty predict more positive attributions about the poor among three representative samples of White Americans. Study 1 reveals that White (but not Black) Americans’ White-poor beliefs predict increased perceptions that welfare recipients are hardworking, which predict more welfare support. Study 2 demonstrates that the link between White Americans’ White-poor beliefs and the humanization of welfare recipients is stronger among White Americans who feel intergroup status threat (i.e., those who hold racial zero-sum beliefs). Study 3 replicates and extends Study 2 by using an experimental approach. Together, these data suggest that White Americans’ White-poor beliefs function to humanize welfare recipients as a means to justify policies that could help the ingroup, preserving the racial status quo.

When people support voter identification (ID) laws, who do they imagine they are keeping in and out of the voting booth? We investigated this question across three studies. First, using a traditional survey approach, we found support for voter ID laws was associated with beliefs that ID requirements reduce illegal voting by both Black and White people to the same degree. Because explicit surveys are vulnerable to social desirability concerns, in the following two studies, we utilized an indirect measure, reverse correlation, to investigate mental images of those who try to vote illegally (Study 2) and mental images of those who should and should not get to vote (Study 3). The findings of these studies suggest that support for voter ID laws is associated with racially biased perceptions of illegal voters and who should get to vote. Critically, these biased perceptions may be underestimated by traditional explicit survey approaches.

Small breed dogs have longer lifespans than their large breed counterparts. Previous work demonstrated that primary fibroblast cells isolated from large breed young and old dogs have a persistent glycolytic metabolic profile compared with cells from small breed dogs. Here, we cultured primary fibroblast cells from small and large, young and old dogs and treated these cells with three commercially available drugs that show lifespan and health span benefits, and have been shown to reduce glycolytic rates: rapamycin (rapa), resveratrol (res) and metformin (met). We then measured aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration in these cells. We found that rapa and res increased rates of non-glycolytic acidification in small and large breed puppies and basal oxygen consumption rates (OCR) in small and large breed puppies. Rapa increased proton leak and non-mitochondrial respiration in small and large breed puppies. Maximal respiration was significantly altered with rapa treatment but in opposing ways: large breed puppies showed a significant increase in maximal respiration when treated with rapa, and small old dogs demonstrated a significant decrease in maximal respiration when treated with rapa. In opposition to rapa treatments, met significantly decreased basal OCR levels in cells from small and large breed puppies. Our data suggest that rapa treatments may be metabolically beneficial to dogs when started early in life and more beneficial in larger breeds. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11357-021-00349-7.

The current research investigates people’s attitudes toward an ambiguous situation of police violence against a woman suspect. We hypothesize that the suspect’s race and participants’ ambivalent sexism, particularly benevolent sexism, will jointly inform perceptions of the suspect’s femininity, and in turn, perceptions of the suspect’s pain, judgments of who is to blame, and perceptions the officer was justified in using force against the suspect. Across two studies, we found support for our hypotheses: participants who reported more benevolent sexism thought the suspect were more feminine, but this association was only present when the suspect was White, as opposed to Black. Perceived femininity, in turn, predicted perceptions the suspect felt more pain, was less blameworthy for the situation, and perceptions that the officer’s use of force was less justified (Study 2).

Is anti-Black racial discrimination due to “a few bad apples”? Or, is there a larger pattern of widespread discrimination? This question about the distribution of discrimination is fundamental for understanding the causes of discrimination and for choosing effective solutions; yet we know surprisingly little about how discrimination is distributed. The current paper explores the distribution of discrimination using meta-analytic data and simulations from experimental studies in two critical contexts: hiring and housing. The meta-analysis revealed that anti-Black discrimination is found in more than 80% of studies. Simulations of widespread anti-Black discrimination using a normal distribution were more consistent with the experimental data on racial discrimination than were simulations of concentrated anti-Black discrimination using a Pareto distribution. These findings help address the perennial question about the distribution of discrimination and offer a rigorous quantitative method to refine the debate between concentrated and widespread accounts going forward.

Poor White Americans report feeling “worse off” than poor Black Americans despite the persistent negative effects of racism on Black Americans. Additionally, some health issues are rising among White but not Black Americans. Across two representative samples, we test whether White = wealthy stereotypes lead White Americans to feel relatively worse off than their racial group and whether these perceptions have health consequences. Across both samples, White Americans perceived their own status to be significantly lower than the status of the majority of White Americans. In contrast, Black Americans perceived their own status to be significantly higher than the majority of Black Americans. Critically, status comparisons between the self and one’s racial group predicted the experience of fewer positive emotions among White, but not Black, Americans, which mediated reduced mental and physical health. We conclude that race/class stereotypes may shape how poverty subjectively feels.

Research suggests that White Americans oppose welfare due to between-group processes: Many White Americans envision welfare recipients to be lazy, undeserving, and Black, and these perceptions predict reduced welfare support. In the present work, we consider the role of within-group processes that result from complementary beliefs that White people, as a group, are wealthy. Using a nationally representative sample of White and Black Americans (Study 1) and two large samples of White Americans (Study 2 and Study 3; N = 2,000), we find that many White Americans feel relatively lower status than their racial group. Furthermore, these perceived within-group status disparities are associated with reduced stereotyping of welfare recipients as lazy, which mediates greater policy support. Finally, we demonstrate that leading White Americans to take ownership of their racial privilege can increase perceptions of within-group status. And these shifts in within-group status have downstream consequences for attitudes toward welfare recipients and policies (replicating our previous two studies). We conclude that consideration of both between-group and within-group processes may provide a fuller understanding of how group-level privilege shapes White Americans’ support (or lack thereof) for hierarchy-attenuating policy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

Violent encounters between police and Black people have spurred debates about how race affects officer decision-making. We propose that racial disparities in police–civilian interactions are amplified when police interact with Black civilians who are encountered in groups. To test this possibility, we analyzed New York City stop and frisk data for over 2 million police stops. Results revealed that Black (vs. White) people were more likely to be frisked, searched, arrested, and have force used against them. Critically, these racial disparities were more pronounced for people stopped in groups (vs. alone): Being stopped in a group led to a 1.7% increase in racial disparities for frisks, a 1% increase for searches, a 0.3% increase for arrests, and a 1.7% increase for use of force. Moreover, these disparities held even when we controlled for a potential proxy of effective policing: discovery of illegal contraband. We conclude that groups amplify racial disparities in policing.

There exists a broad body of scholarly work that focuses on how communities, and individuals therein, mobilize, respond, and harvest collective action in response to tragedy. Despite this interest, there remains a dearth of empirical investigation into the complex intersections of tragedy, sport, and community. Utilizing qualitative approaches to discourse analysis and quantitative measures of sentiment, semantic, and content analysis of news media articles (n = 151) and public tweets (n = 126,393), this paper explores the ways in which public responses to the 2018 Humboldt Broncos bus crash present a relatively narrow representation of both Canadian and local Prairie identity. We conclude with a discussion of some of the implications of collective action in response to specific forms of tragedy.

Although most antiracism protests of 2020 were peaceful, at times, there was extreme use of force. Drawing on research that groups amplify intergroup threats, we test whether use of force is perceived as particularly justified against groups of Black people protesting racism. In Study 1, White Americans perceived a group of Black people peacefully protesting racism to be more threatening and more deserving of use of force than the same Black people protesting individually. Notably, when the protest topic did not threaten the racial hierarchy (i.e., environmental protection), Black groups (vs. individuals) no longer amplified perceived threat nor support for force. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrated that this tendency for groups to amplify intergroup threat was stronger among White Americans motivated to maintain the status quo (i.e., social conservatives). We conclude that Black groups protesting racism activate intergroup threats with implications for support for using force against them.

[This Publisher's Note relates to the article J. Exp. Biol . (2020) ([doi: 10.1242/jeb.233734][2]).][2] As a result of an error in the Editorial Office, the article was accepted for publication and posted as an Accepted Manuscript before the authors were given the opportunity to address the

The immune system undergoes marked changes during aging characterized by a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation termed 'inflammaging'. We explore this phenomenon in domestic dogs, which are the most morphologically and physiologically diverse group of mammals, with the widest range in body sizes for a single species. Additionally, smaller dogs tend to live significantly longer than larger dogs across all breeds. Body size is intricately linked to mass-specific metabolism and aging rates, which suggests that dogs are exemplary for studies in inflammaging. Dermal fibroblast cells play an important role in skin inflammation, making them a good model for inflammatory patterns across dog breed, body sizes and ages. Here, we examined aerobic and glycolytic cellular metabolism, and IL-6 concentrations in primary fibroblast cells isolated from small and large dog breeds, that were either recently born puppies or old dogs after death. We found no differences in cellular metabolism when isolated fibroblasts were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli to stimulate an inflammatory phenotype. Unlike responses observed in mice and humans, there was a less drastic amplification of IL-6 concentration after LPS treatment in the geriatric population of dogs compared with recently born dogs. In young dogs, we also found evidence that untreated fibroblasts from large breeds had significantly lower IL-6 concentrations than observed for smaller breeds. This implies that the patterns of inflammaging in dogs may be distinct and different from other mammals commonly studied.

We investigate the distributions of the number of: (1) monochromatic complete subgraphs over edgewise 2-colorings of complete graphs; and (2) monochromatic arithmetic progressions over 2-colorings of intervals, as statistical Ramsey theory questions. We present convincing evidence that both distributions are very well-approximated by the Delaporte distribution., Revised version include some heuristic support

This study explores how high school football athletes’ bodies are constructed within the context of contemporary scouting regimes. Deploying a quantitative approach, we analyze 6600 scouting reports on a total of 1650 high school football athletes available online from four high-profile media outlets which offer ‘expert’ analyses of athletes’ body characteristics, performance, and estimated potential. The findings indicate that subjective measurements of the athlete’s body are the best predictors of hierarchical classification. The findings also indicate that objective measurements do not seem to predict the subjective assessment of those very athletic bodies. We argue that the evaluation of high school football athletes by so-called expert analysts is remarkably arbitrary, and thus call into question the very practice of football scouting that has become so dominant and influential. ‘Scouts’ promote a system of scrutiny that contributes the reification of hegemonic relations between the observers and the observed.

We propose a generative classification model that extends Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA) (Cox in J R Stat Soc Ser B (Methodol) 20:215–242, 1958) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) (Fisher in Ann Eugen 7:179–188, 1936; Rao in J R Stat Soc Ser B 10:159–203, 1948) to the Bayesian nonparametric setting, providing a competitor to MclustDA (Fraley and Raftery in Am Stat Assoc 97:611–631, 2002). This approach models the data distribution for each class using a multivariate Polya tree and realizes impressive results in simulations and real data analyses. The flexibility gained from further relaxing the distributional assumptions of QDA can greatly improve the ability to correctly classify new observations for models with severe deviations from parametric distributional assumptions, while still performing well when the assumptions hold. The proposed method is quite fast compared to other supervised classifiers and very simple to implement as there are no kernel tricks or initialization steps perhaps making it one of the more user-friendly approaches to supervised learning. This highlights a significant feature of the proposed methodology as suboptimal tuning can greatly hamper classification performance; e.g., SVMs fit with non-optimal kernels perform significantly worse.

We propose a score test for testing independence of the marginals based on Lakshminarayana’s bivariate Poisson probability mass function. Each marginal distribution of the bivariate model is a univ...

An increasingly popular approach to model the dependence between random variables centers on the use of copula functions. Herein, a score test for testing independence of response variables using the Normal copula function is proposed for the specific case, where the marginal distributions are known to be Poisson; to our knowledge, this approach to testing independence is unique to this article. The simulation study shows the test that keeps the significance level close to the nominal one. Similarly, the estimated significance level and power of the likelihood ratio and Wald tests are also compared to show our test is numerically stable and superior in very small samples. A real-world dataset is used to demonstrate the application of our test.

Three studies examine how subtle shifts in framing can alter the mind perception of groups. Study 1 finds that people generally perceive groups to have less mind than individuals. However, Study 2 demonstrates that changing the framing of a group from "a group of people" to "people in a group," substantially increases mind perception-leading to comparable levels of mind between groups and individuals. Study 3 reveals that this change in framing influences people's sympathy for groups, an effect mediated by mind perception. We conclude that minor linguistic shifts can have big effects on how groups are perceived-with implications for mind perception and sympathy for mass suffering. (PsycINFO Database Record

The immune system undergoes marked changes during aging characterized by a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation, so called inflammaging. Domestic dogs are the most morphological and physiological diverse group of mammals, with the widest range in body masses for a single species. Additionally, smaller dogs tend to live significantly longer than larger dogs across all breeds. Body mass is intricately linked to mass-specific metabolism and aging rates, thus, dogs are exemplary for studies in inflammaging. Dermal fibroblasts cells play an important role in skin inflammation, and as such, are a good cell type to determine inflammatory patterns in dogs. Here, we examine aerobic and glycolytic cellular metabolism, and IL-6 concentrations in primary fibroblast cells isolated from small and large, young and old dogs when treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli to stimulate an inflammatory phenotype. We found no differences in cellular metabolism of any group when treated with LPS. Unlike mice and humans, there was a less drastic amplification of IL-6 concentration after LPS treatment in the geriatric population of dogs compared with puppies. We also found evidence that large breed puppies have significantly less background or control IL-6 concentrations compared with small breed puppies. This implies that the patterns of inflammaging in dogs may be distinct and different from other mammals commonly studied.

White privilege lessons are sometimes used to increase awareness of racism. However, little research has investigated the consequences of these lessons. Across 2 studies (N = 1,189), we hypothesized that White privilege lessons may both highlight structural privilege based on race, and simultaneously decrease sympathy for other challenges some White people endure (e.g., poverty)-especially among social liberals who may be particularly receptive to structural explanations of inequality. Indeed, both studies revealed that while social liberals were overall more sympathetic to poor people than social conservatives, reading about White privilege decreased their sympathy for a poor White (vs. Black) person. Moreover, these shifts in sympathy were associated with greater punishment/blame and fewer external attributions for a poor White person's plight. We conclude that, among social liberals, White privilege lessons may increase beliefs that poor White people have failed to take advantage of their racial privilege-leading to negative social evaluations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

A discrete approximation to the Polya tree prior suitable for latent data is proposed that enjoys surprisingly simple and efficient conjugate updating. This approximation is illustrated in two applied contexts: the implementation of a nonparametric meta-analysis involving studies on the relationship between alcohol consumption and breast cancer, and random intercept Poisson regression for Ache armadillo hunting treks. The discrete approximation is then smoothed with Gaussian kernels to provide a smooth density for use with continuous data; the smoothed approximation is illustrated on a classic dataset on galaxy velocities and on recent data involving breast cancer survival in Louisiana.

As globalization increases worldwide, it redefines our conceptions of other cultures, the media we consume, and our day-to-day interactions. Despite this increased interconnectivity, we lack a fundamental understanding of how globalization is related to prejudicial attitudes between social groups. We hypothesized that economic inequality may shape the relationship between globalization and intergroup prejudice. We tested this prediction with data from over 66,000 respondents across 44 countries. We found that globalization—and particularly its social aspects such as tourism and migration—is related to increased prejudice in countries with high economic inequality and is related to decreased prejudice in countries with low economic inequality. These findings offer new insight into how and why globalization may shape intergroup relations around the world.

Among species, larger animals tend to live longer than smaller ones, however, the opposite seems to be true for dogs-smaller dogs tend to live significantly longer than larger dogs across all breeds. We were interested in the mechanism that may allow for small breeds to age more slowly compared with large breeds in the context of cellular metabolism and oxidative stress. Primary dermal fibroblasts from small and large breed dogs were grown in culture. We measured basal oxygen consumption (OCR), proton leak, and glycolysis using a Seahorse XF96 oxygen flux analyzer. Additionally, we measured rates of reactive species (RS) production, reduced glutathione (GSH) content, mitochondrial content, lipid peroxidation (LPO) damage and DNA (8-OHdg) damage. Our data suggests that as dogs of both size classes age, proton leak is significantly higher in older dogs, regardless of size class. We found that all aspects of glycolysis were significantly higher in larger breeds compared with smaller breeds. We found significant differences between age classes in GSH concentration, and a negative correlation between DNA damage in puppies and mean breed lifespan. Interestingly, RS production showed no differences across size and age class. Thus, large breed dogs may have higher glycolytic rates, and DNA damage, suggesting a potential mechanism for their decreased lifespan compared with small breed dogs.

Background: The current reference standard for carpal tunnel syndrome is under debate. Recent studies have demonstrated similar diagnostic accuracy between ultrasound and nerve conduction studies. The purpose of the present study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound, nerve conduction studies, and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 6 (CTS-6) for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome using latent class analysis. Methods: Latent class analysis is a statistical technique that can be used to estimate the accuracy of diagnosis when there is no universally accepted reference standard. This type of analysis is useful in the setting of carpal tunnel syndrome as there remains substantial controversy with respect to the necessity of nerve conduction studies and other confirmatory testing. CTS-6 is a validated clinical diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome that has been shown to have a high sensitivity and specificity. Data from a database on the cases of eighty-five consecutive patients who had had nerve conduction studies, CTS-6, and ultrasound were analyzed using classical latent class analysis, assuming that the three tests were imperfect and conditionally independent. Results: The sensitivities of ultrasound, CTS-6, and nerve conduction studies were 91% (95% confidence interval [CI], 81% to 98%), 95% (95% CI, 86% to 99%), and 91% (95% CI, 81% to 97%), respectively. The specificities of ultrasound, CTS-6, and nerve conduction studies were 94% (95% CI, 80% to 100%), 91% (95% CI, 74% to 99%), and 83% (95% CI, 66% to 95%), respectively. Conclusions: Ultrasound, nerve conduction studies, and CTS-6 have similar sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. The currently accepted reference standard (nerve conduction studies) had the lowest sensitivity and specificity of the three tests. These findings support previous studies that have suggested that CTS-6 and ultrasound are highly accurate in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome and that nerve conduction studies are not necessary in most cases. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.