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OBJECTIVE Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial tumor, and resection is a mainstay of treatment. It is unclear what duration of imaging follow-up is reasonable for WHO grade I meningiomas undergoing complete resection. This study examined recurrence rates, timing of recurrence, and risk factors for recurrence in patients undergoing a complete resection (as defined by both postoperative MRI and intraoperative impression) of WHO grade I meningiomas. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective, single-center study examining recurrence risk for adult patients with a single intracranial meningioma that underwent complete resection. Uni- and multivariate nominal logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed to identify variables associated with recurrence and time to recurrence. Two supervised machine learning algorithms were then implemented to confirm factors within the cohort that were associated with recurrence. RESULTS The cohort consisted of 823 patients who met inclusion criteria, and 56 patients (6.8%) had recurrence on imaging follow-up. The median age of the cohort was 56 years, and 77.4% of patients were female. The median duration of head imaging follow-up for the entire cohort was 2.7 years, but for the subgroup of patients who had a recurrence, the median follow-up was 10.1 years. Estimated 1-, 5-, 10-, and 15-year recurrence-free survival rates were 99.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 98.8%–99.9%), 91.0% (95% CI 87.7%–93.6%), 83.6% (95% CI 78.6%–87.6%), and 77.3% (95% CI 69.7%–83.4%), respectively, for the entire cohort. On multivariate analysis, MIB-1 index (odds ratio [OR] per 1% increase: 1.34, 95% CI 1.13–1.58, p = 0.0003) and follow-up duration (OR per year: 1.12, 95% CI 1.03–1.21, p = 0.012) were both associated with recurrence. Gradient-boosted decision tree and random forest analyses both identified MIB-1 index as the main factor associated with recurrence, aside from length of imaging follow-up. For tumors with an MIB-1 index < 8, recurrences were documented up to 8 years after surgery. For tumors with an MIB-1 index ≥ 8, recurrences were documented up to 12 years following surgery. CONCLUSIONS Long-term imaging follow-up is important even after a complete resection of a meningioma. Higher MIB-1 labeling index is associated with greater risk of recurrence. Imaging screening for at least 8 years in patients with an MIB-1 index < 8 and at least 12 years for those with an MIB-1 index ≥ 8 may be needed to detect long-term recurrences.

OBJECTIVE The authors’ objective was to examine the safety and efficacy of salvage intracranial cesium-131 brachytherapy in combination with resection of recurrent brain tumors. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective chart review of consecutive patients treated with intraoperative intracranial cesium-131 brachytherapy at a single institution. Permanent suture-stranded cesium-131 seeds were implanted in the resection cavity after maximal safe tumor resection. The primary outcomes of interest were local, locoregional (within 1 cm), and intracranial control, as well as rates of overall survival (OS), neurological death, symptomatic adverse radiation effects (AREs), and surgical complication rate graded according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0. RESULTS Between 2016 and 2020, 36 patients received 40 consecutive cesium-131 implants for 42 recurrent brain tumors and received imaging follow-up for a median (interquartile range [IQR]) of 17.0 (12.7–25.9) months. Twenty patients (55.6%) with 22 implants were treated for recurrent brain metastasis, 12 patients (33.3%) with 16 implants were treated for recurrent atypical (n = 7) or anaplastic (n = 5) meningioma, and 4 patients (11.1%) were treated for other recurrent primary brain neoplasms. All except 1 tumor (97.6%) had received prior radiotherapy, including 20 (47.6%) that underwent 2 or more prior radiotherapy treatments and 23 (54.8%) that underwent prior resection. The median (IQR) tumor size was 3.0 (2.3–3.7) cm, and 17 lesions (40.5%) had radiographic evidence of ARE prior to salvage therapy. Actuarial 1-year local/locoregional/intracranial control rates for the whole cohort and patients with metastases and meningiomas were 91.6%/83.4%/47.9%, 88.8%/84.4%/45.4%, and 100%/83.9%/46.4%, respectively. No cases of local recurrence of any histology (0 of 27) occurred after gross-total resection (p = 0.012, log-rank test). The 1-year OS rates for the whole cohort and patients with metastases and meningiomas were 82.7%, 79.1%, and 91.7%, respectively, and the median (IQR) survival of all patients was 26.7 (15.6–36.4) months. Seven patients (19.4%) experienced neurological death from progressive intracranial disease (7 of 14 total deaths [50%]), 5 (13.9%) of whom died of leptomeningeal disease. Symptomatic AREs were observed in 9.5% of resection cavities (n = 4), of which 1 (2.4%) was grade 3 in severity. The surgical complication rate was 16.7% (n = 7); 4 (9.5%) of these patients had grade 3 or higher complications, including 1 patient (2.4%) who died perioperatively. CONCLUSIONS Cesium-131 brachytherapy resulted in good local control and acceptable rates of symptomatic AREs and surgical complications in this heavily pretreated cohort, and it may be a reasonable salvage adjuvant treatment for this patient population.

Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial tumors. There are no effective medical therapies for meningioma patients, and new treatments have been encumbered by limited understanding of meningioma biology. Here, we use DNA methylation profiling on 565 meningiomas integrated with genetic, transcriptomic, biochemical, proteomic and single-cell approaches to show meningiomas are composed of three DNA methylation groups with distinct clinical outcomes, biological drivers and therapeutic vulnerabilities. Merlin-intact meningiomas (34%) have the best outcomes and are distinguished by NF2/Merlin regulation of susceptibility to cytotoxic therapy. Immune-enriched meningiomas (38%) have intermediate outcomes and are distinguished by immune infiltration, HLA expression and lymphatic vessels. Hypermitotic meningiomas (28%) have the worst outcomes and are distinguished by convergent genetic and epigenetic mechanisms driving the cell cycle and resistance to cytotoxic therapy. To translate these findings into clinical practice, we show cytostatic cell cycle inhibitors attenuate meningioma growth in cell culture, organoids, xenografts and patients.

SummaryCell state evolution underlies tumor development and response to therapy1, but mechanisms specifying cancer cell states and intratumor heterogeneity are incompletely understood. Schwannomas are the most common tumors of the peripheral nervous system and are treated with surgery and ionizing radiation2–5. Schwannomas can oscillate in size for many years after radiotherapy6,7, suggesting treatment may reprogram schwannoma cells or the tumor microenvironment. Here we show epigenetic reprogramming shapes the cellular landscape of schwannomas. We find schwannomas are comprised of 2 molecular groups distinguished by reactivation of neural crest development pathways or misactivation of nerve injury mechanisms that specify cancer cell states and the architecture of the tumor immune microenvironment. Schwannoma molecular groups can arise independently, but ionizing radiation is sufficient for epigenetic reprogramming of neural crest to immune-enriched schwannoma by remodeling chromatin accessibility, gene expression, and metabolism to drive schwannoma cell state evolution and immune cell infiltration. To define functional genomic mechanisms underlying epigenetic reprograming of schwannomas, we develop a technique for simultaneous interrogation of chromatin accessibility and gene expression coupled with genetic and therapeutic perturbations in single-nuclei. Our results elucidate a framework for understanding epigenetic drivers of cancer evolution and establish a paradigm of epigenetic reprograming of cancer in response to radiotherapy.

Meningiomas are the most common primary central nervous system neoplasm. Despite promising recent progress in elucidating the genomic landscape and underlying biology of these histologically, molecularly, and clinically diverse tumors, the mainstays of meningioma treatment remain maximal safe resection and radiation therapy. The aim of this review of meningioma radiotherapy is to provide a concise summary of the history, current evidence, and future for application of radiotherapy in meningioma treatment.

BACKGROUND Disparity in mental health care among cancer patients remains understudied. METHODS A large, retrospective, single tertiary-care institution cohort study was conducted based on deidentified electronic health record data of 54,852 adult cancer patients without prior mental health diagnosis (MHD) diagnosed at the University of California, San Francisco between January 2012 and September 2019. The exposure of interest was early-onset MHD with or without psychotropic medication (PM) within 12 months of cancer diagnosis and primary outcome was all-cause mortality. RESULTS There were 8.2% of patients who received a new MHD at a median of 197 days (interquartile range, 61-553) after incident cancer diagnosis; 31.0% received a PM prescription; and 3.7% a mental health-related visit (MHRV). There were 62.6% of patients who were non-Hispanic White (NHW), 10.8% were Asian, 9.8% were Hispanic, and 3.8% were Black. Compared with NHWs, minority cancer patients had reduced adjusted odds of MHDs, PM prescriptions, and MHRVs, particularly for generalized anxiety (Asian odds ratio [OR], 0.66, 95% CI, 0.55-0.78; Black OR, 0.60, 95% CI, 0.45-0.79; Hispanic OR, 0.72, 95% CI, 0.61-0.85) and selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (Asian OR, 0.43, 95% CI, 0.37-0.50; Black OR, 0.51, 95% CI, 0.40-0.61; Hispanic OR, 0.79, 95% CI, 0.70-0.89). New early MHD with PM was associated with elevated all-cause mortality (12-24 months: hazard ratio [HR], 1.43, 95% CI, 1.25-1.64) that waned by 24 to 36 months (HR, 1.18, 95% CI, 0.95-1.45). CONCLUSIONS New mental health diagnosis with PM was a marker of early mortality among cancer patients. Minority cancer patients were less likely to receive documentation of MHDs or treatment, which may represent missed opportunities to identify and treat cancer-related mental health conditions.

Purpose To perform a propensity-score matched analysis comparing stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) boost and high-dose-rate (HDR) boost for localized prostate cancer. Methods and Materials A single-institution retrospective chart review was conducted of men treated with pelvic external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and SBRT boost (21 Gy and 19 Gy in 2 fractions) to the prostate for prostate cancer. A cohort treated at the same institution with HDR brachytherapy boost (19 Gy in 2 fractions) was compared. Propensity-score (PS) matching and multivariable Cox regression were used for analysis. Outcomes were biochemical recurrence freedom (BCRF) and metastasis freedom (MF). Results One hundred thirty-one men were treated with SBRT boost and 101 with HDR boost with median follow-up of 73.4 and 186.0 months, respectively. In addition, 68.8% of men had high-risk and 26.0% had unfavorable-intermediate disease, and 94.3% received androgen deprivation therapy. Five- and 10-year unadjusted BCRF was 88.8% and 85.3% for SBRT and 91.8% and 74.6% for HDR boost (log-rank P = .3), and 5- and 10-year unadjusted MF was 91.7% and 84.3% for SBRT and 95.8% and 82.0% for HDR (log-rank P = .8). After adjusting for covariates, there was no statistically significant difference in BCRF (hazard ratio [HR] 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37-1.79; P = .6) or MF (HR 1.07; 95% CI, 0.44-2.57; P = .9) between SBRT and HDR boost. Similarly, after PS matching, there was no statistically significant difference between SBRT and HDR (BCRF: HR 0.66, 0.27-1.62, P = .4; MF: HR 0.84, 0.31-2.26, P = .7). Grade 3+ genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity in the SBRT cohort were 4.6% and 1.5%, and 3.0% and 0.0% in the HDR cohorts (P = .4, Fisher exact test). Conclusions SBRT boost plus pelvic EBRT for prostate cancer resulted in similar BCRF and MF to HDR boost in this single institution, PS matched retrospective analysis. Toxicity was modest. Prospective evaluation of SBRT boost for the treatment of unfavorable-intermediate and high-risk prostate cancer is warranted.

Objective To report the safety and efficacy of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) in the treatment of painful bone metastases through a systematic review and meta-analysis of pain scores before and after MRgFUS treatment and post-treatment adverse events. Materials and methods A comprehensive literature search of PubMed and Embase databases was performed for studies evaluating the efficacy and/or safety of MRgFUS. The mean difference of pain scores (10-point visual analogue scale or numerical rating scale) between baseline and 1-month/3-month pain scores was collected and analyzed in a pooled meta-analysis. Post-treatment adverse events based on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grading were recorded and the pooled prevalence was calculated. Results A total of 33 studies published between 2007 and 2019 were collected, resulting in a total sample size of 1082 patients. The majority of the studies were prospective with a reported follow-up period of 3 months. The pooled proportion of patients that achieved pain relief from MRgFUS (complete response or partial response [≥ 2-point improvement of pain score]) was 79% (95% CI 73–83%). The pooled 1-month and 3-month mean difference in pain score were − 3.8 (95% CI − 4.3; − 3.3) and − 4.4 (95% CI − 5.0; − 3.7), respectively. The overall rate of high-grade (CTCAE grade 3 or higher) and low-grade (CTCAE grade 2 or lower) MRgFUS-related adverse events were 0.9% and 5.9%, respectively. Conclusion MRgFUS is an effective procedure that is able to provide significant pain palliation for patients with symptomatic bone metastases with a favorable safety profile.

As the COVID-19 pandemic spreads around the globe, access to radiation therapy remains critical for cancer patients. The priority for all radiation oncology departments is to protect the staff and to maintain operations in providing access to those patients requiring radiation therapy services. Patients with tumors of the aerodigestive tract and pelvis amongst others often experience toxicity during treatment, and there is a baseline risk that adverse effects may require hospital-based management. Routine care during weekly visits is important to guide patients through treatment and to mitigate against the need for hospitalization. Nevertheless, hospitalizations occur and there is a risk of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 spread. During the COVID-19 pandemic, typical resources used to help manage patients, such as dental services, interventional radiology, rehabilitation and others are limited or not at all available. Recognizing the need to provide access to treatment and the anticipated toxicity of such treatment, we have developed and implemented guidelines for clinical care management with the hope of avoiding added risk to our patients. If successful, these concepts may be integrated into our care directives in non-pandemic times., Efforts to avoid hospitalization during cancer treatment represent typical clinical care. Nevertheless, a small percentage of patients succumb to such needs. During the COVID-19 pandemic where hospital resources are limited and risk of nosocomial infection significant, we have outlined critical clinical care guidelines that may help avoid hospitalizations during cancer treatment.

Purpose To identify clinical and imaging variables associated with symptomatic recurrence of osteoid osteomas (OOs) treated with computerized tomography (CT)–guided radiofrequency (RF) ablation. Materials and Methods Seventy-one patients treated with the use of CT-guided RF ablation for OO at a single institution from July 2005 to May 2018 were included in this retrospective cohort analysis. Clinical data, including patient age, sex, race, and clinical outcomes, were collected from institutional electronic health records and telephone follow-up. Imaging variables regarding tumor characteristics were gathered from imaging reports and a blinded review of preprocedural images by an experienced musculoskeletal radiologist. Logistic regression, Cox proportional hazards, and Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to identify variables that are significantly associated with symptomatic recurrence, which was defined as pain occurring > 2 weeks after RF ablation. Results Ten patients (14.1%) experienced symptomatic recurrence at a median of 21.5 months after RF ablation. Univariable logistic regression classified young age (≤ 13 years), female sex, maximum tumor length, and “eccentricity index” (EI) ≥ 3 as predictive variables significantly associated with symptomatic recurrence. Multivariable logistic regression identified female sex and EI ≥ 3 to be significant predictors for symptomatic recurrence. A multivariable proportional hazards Cox regression of time to recurrence revealed EI ≥ 3 to be the only significant predictor of symptomatic recurrence. Conclusions Female patients with OOs with an EI ≥ 3 have a greater risk of symptomatic recurrence following RF ablation. The EI is a useful tool to identify OOs with elongated 3-dimensional morphology, which may warrant more extensive ablation.

Background: Pancreatic cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Total serum cholesterol (TSC) may predict cancer risk, although its role independent of statins remains elusive. We examined the association between TSC and pancreatic cancer risk independent of statins. Methods: A nested case–control analysis was conducted among statin-naïve patients within The Health Improvement Network (THIN), a United Kingdom–based general practice database. Cases were >40 years old and diagnosed with pancreatic cancer after at least 6 months of follow-up. Controls were selected by incidence density sampling and matched by age, sex, practice site, and follow-up. Primary exposure was TSC (mmol/L) prior to index date. Conditional logistic regression estimated ORs for pancreatic cancer risk associated with TSC. Sensitivity analyses were conducted among nondiabetics. Results: Among 1,241 cases and 3,307 matched controls, an average 8% reduction was observed in pancreatic cancer risk per mmol/L increase in TSC [OR 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.85–1.00; nondiabetics: OR 0.91, 95% CI: 0.83–0.99]. When TSC was measured at 12-month intervals prior to diagnosis, the OR between TSC and pancreatic cancer was 0.88 at 0 to 12 months (95% CI: 0.77–1.00; nondiabetics: OR 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68–0.96). No significant association was seen at subsequent discrete intervals before index date. Conclusions: TSC is a significant predictor of short-term risk for pancreatic cancer. This risk increase associated with lower TSC was independent of statins. Impact: TSC could serve as a biomarker for risk stratification, screening, and early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer in future clinical prediction models.

BACKGROUND Safety of immunotherapy (IO) and targeted therapy (TT) with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in melanoma brain metastases (MBM) treatment remains incompletely understood. We aim to identify whether timing of IO/TT in relation to SRS impacts rates of adverse radiation effect (ARE) in MBM. METHODS Retrospective review of patients with MBM treated with SRS and IO/TT within three months prior and one year after SRS, from 2011-2021 at a single institution with at least two months MRI follow-up, identified 108 patients with 939 unique MBM meeting criteria. ARE was confirmed on independent imaging review. Concurrent IO/TT was defined as receiving IO/TT within 4 weeks before or after SRS. Data analysis was performed with the univariate cox proportional hazard model and Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Median radiographic follow-up from time of SRS was 16months. IO/TT was initiated prior to SRS for 681 (72.5%) metastases and after SRS for 258 (27.5%) metastases. 837 (89.1%) metastases received concurrent IO/TT. Most common IO agents were ipilimumab (n=416), nivolumab (n=448), and pembrolizumab (n=203). Most common TT agents were dabrafenib (n=548), trametinib (n=540), and vemurafenib (n=81). 2-year local progression-free survival (PFS), distant intracranial PFS, and overall survival were 94.1%, 33.3%, and 55.2%, respectively. 55 (5.9%) metastases in 33 (30.6%) patients experienced ARE. Median time to ARE was 5mo (IQR 4-9mo). Of those who experienced ARE, 22 (66.7%) patients were symptomatic and treated with steroids; 12 (36.4%) patients underwent surgical intervention. ARE rates were not impacted by concurrent vs nonconcurrent IO/TT (5.5% vs 4.9%, p=0.34) nor IO/TT initiation pre vs post SRS (6.0% vs 5.4%, p=0.61). CONCLUSION IO/TT in conjunction with SRS resulted in low ARE rates as compared to historical controls in the pre-IO/TT era. Timing of IO/TT in relation to SRS may not significantly impact ARE rates in MBM treatment.

Purpose/Objective(s) Indications for postoperative radiotherapy after meningioma resection are controversial. DNA methylation profiling identifies meningiomas at risk for recurrence, but logistic and technical barriers have encumbered clinical translation of this approach. The aim of this study was to optimize and validate a clinically-tractable targeted gene expression biomarker to predict meningioma outcomes and responses to postoperative radiotherapy. Materials/Methods Targeted gene expression and Illumina 850k DNA methylation profiling were performed on a discovery cohort of 173 meningiomas (median follow-up 7.8 years) and an external validation cohort of 331 meningiomas (median follow-up 5.8 years) from patients treated with surgery (n = 504) and postoperative radiotherapy (n = 73) at independent, international institutions (70% WHO grade 1, 24% WHO grade 2, 6% WHO grade 3). RNA sequencing was performed on the discovery cohort, and 125 genes were selected for targeted gene expression profiling based on associations with meningioma recurrence. Regularized Cox regression was used to develop continuous gene expression risk score for local freedom from recurrence (LFFR). The model (34 meningioma genes and 7 housekeeping genes) and risk quartiles (low, low-intermediate, high-intermediate, and high) were locked and validated on the external cohort. Multivariate regressions (MVR) incorporating WHO grade, DNA methylation grouping, extent of resection, primary versus recurrent presentation, and postoperative radiotherapy were used to assess the risk score across clinical contexts. Results The gene expression risk score (concordance-index 0.78 ± 0.03) outperformed DNA methylation grouping (0.71 ± 0.03) and WHO grade (0.65 ± 0.03) in stratifying meningioma LFFR in the validation cohort (n = 331). The risk score classified 43% of WHO grade 1 meningiomas as high-intermediate (n = 82) or high risk (n = 34), with 5-year LFFR and overall survival (OS) of 83% and 89% for high-intermediate risk WHO grade 1 meningiomas, and 41% and 73% for high risk WHO grade 1 meningiomas, respectively. Low risk WHO grade 1 meningiomas (n = 50) had 5-year LFFR and OS of 92% and 88%, respectively. High and high-intermediate risk scores were independently prognostic for LFFR (HR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2-4.4) and OS (HR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3-5.6) on MVR. An interaction term between postoperative radiotherapy and risk score was predictive for LFFR (P = 0.046) and OS (P = 0.001) on MVR in the validation cohort, suggesting meningiomas with higher risk scores derived greater benefit from postoperative radiotherapy. Conclusion Here we use targeted gene expression profiling to develop a risk score predicting meningioma outcomes and responses to postoperative radiotherapy. This cost-effective assay outperforms DNA methylation grouping and WHO grade in discriminating meningioma outcomes, and may be useful for guiding clinical trial design.

Purpose/Objective(s) In contrast to benign Schwann cell derived tumors such as neurofibromas and schwannomas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) metastasize, and have poor outcomes. MPNSTs are associated with loss of NF1, a tumor suppressor that inhibits Ras signaling, and loss of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) which resulting in epigenetic dysregulation. Translationally, MPNSTs are resistant to Ras/MEK inhibition with selumetinib and radiation therapy yet the mechanisms underlying how PRC2 loss cooperates with Ras misactivation to drive transformation and treatment resistance remains unclear. Here, we performed DNA methylation profiling and RNA-sequencing of Schwann cell tumors and cell lines as well as investigated in vitro responses to radiotherapy and selumetinib. Materials/Methods We identified 119 Schwann cell tumor resection specimens with sufficient tissue for DNA methylation profiling (66 schwannoma, 13 neurofibroma, 40 MPNSTs) and RNA-sequencing (23 schwannoma, 9 neurofibroma, 9 MPNSTs). To study cell signaling and treatment responses, we utilized primary human cell lines generated from NF1 intact peripheral nerve, NF1 mutant neurofibromas, and MPNSTs (n = 6). We assessed Ras signal transduction by immunoblot/immunoprecipitation for downstream effectors and performed cell viability assays following selumetinib or radiotherapy. Results Principal component analysis (PCA) of DNA methylation and RNA-sequencing data demonstrated a gradient of epigenetic signatures across Schwann cell tumors, with schwannomas comprising a distinct cluster from neurofibromas and MPNST. Moreover, differential DNA methylation and RNA-sequencing analyses both revealed enrichment for PRC2 target genes and repression of Schwann cell differentiation genes in MPNSTs. RNA-sequencing of MPNST versus neurofibroma cell lines demonstrated a PRC2 mediated signature enriched for cell differentiation genes and negative feedback regulators of Ras signaling, suggesting PRC2 dysregulation mediates de-differentiation and increased Ras pathway output in MPNSTs. In contrast to neurofibroma cells, MPNST cells were deficient in PRC2 and NF1 while exhibiting increased basal active Ras-GTP levels insensitive to serum starvation. PRC2 deficient MPNST cell lines were more resistant to selumetinib and radiation therapy when compared to NF1 deficient neurofibroma cells. Conclusion PRC2 loss causes epigenetic dysregulation that may mediate Schwann cell de-differentiation programs and altered Ras signaling in MPNSTs compared to neurofibromas. Translationally, these epigenetic changes may contribute to increased resistance to targeted therapy and radiation. The mechanisms underlying transformation and treatment resistance upon PRC2 loss are under further investigation.

Purpose/objective(s) Management of progressive brain tumors following high dose radiotherapy is controversial. In select cases, surgical resection can provide rapid relief of regional mass effect and edema, and highly focal adjuvant re-irradiation can be administered in the form of brachytherapy. Permanent low-dose rate cesium-131 brachytherapy may offer dosimetric and radiobiologic advantages over other isotopes. The purpose of this study was to examine the safety and efficacy of intracranial cesium-131 brachytherapy after surgical resection in a heavily pre-treated patient cohort. Materials/methods A retrospective chart review was conducted of all patients treated with intraoperative intracranial cesium-131 brachytherapy from an institutional database. Treatment consisted of maximal safe resection followed by implantation of suture-stranded cesium-131 seeds, maintaining approximately 10mm spacing between seeds, with a planned target dose of 80 Gy to 5mm depth. Local failure was defined as recurrence in or contacting the resection cavity after salvage resection and brachytherapy. Regional failure was defined as recurrence within 10mm of the resection cavity. Recurrence was defined as a new lesion or growth of ≥25% in any axial dimension on interval MRI. Toxicity was collected based on CTCAE 4.0. Results A total of 35 patients with a median imaging follow up of 17.0 months (interquartile range [IQR] 9.7-25.9) underwent 41 consecutive cesium-131 implants between 2016 and 2020. 20 patients (59%; N = 22 implants) were treated for recurrent brain metastasis, 12 patients (34%; N = 16 implants) were treated for recurrent atypical (N = 8) or anaplastic meningioma (N = 4), and 3 patients (9%) were treated for recurrent glioma (N = 2) or hemangiopericytoma (N = 1). A majority of lesions had received prior surgery (N = 28, 66.7%, range 0-3 prior surgeries) and 34 patients had received prior high dose radiation. 34 of 41 (82.9%) tumors had received prior radiosurgery, and 12 (29.2%) had undergone prior external beam radiation (range 50-60 Gy). 17 of 41 lesions (41.5%) had radiologic evidence of adverse radiation/treatment effect (ARE) prior to salvage therapy. Median tumor size was 3.0cm (IQR 2.3-3.7). Overall actuarial local/loco-regional control at 1-year was 91.6%/84.7% (89.8%/88.9% for metastases and 100%/82.5% for meningiomas). Crude loco-regional control was 86.3% for metastases, 75% for meningiomas, and 66.7% for other lesions. Symptomatic ARE following treatment was observed in 9.8% (N = 4) resection cavities. The surgical complication rate was 14.6% (N = 6 total, N = 3 [7.3%] grade 3-5) including 1 peri-operative death. Conclusion Cesium-131 brachytherapy in this heavily pre-treated cohort resulted in good local control and an acceptable rate of symptomatic adverse radiation effect and toxicity and may be a reasonable treatment option for this select population. Author disclosure W.C. Chen: None. M. Lafreniere: None. C. Phuong: None. M. Lometti: None. O. Morin: None. B.P. Ziemer: None. H. Vasudevan: Research Grant; Children's Tumor Foundation. Patent/License Fees/Copyright; Genentech, Eli Lilly. S. Hervey-Jumper: None. P.V. Theodosopoulos: None. S. Magill: None. S.E. Fogh: Independent Contractor; Accuray. J.L. Nakamura: None. L. Boreta: None. P.K. Sneed: None. M.W. McDermott: Chair; Miami Baptist. D. Raleigh: None. S.E. Braunstein: Advisory Board; Radiation Oncology Questions, LLC.

Purpose/Objective(s) Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are aggressive neoplasms arising either sporadically or in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). To elucidate markers of prognosis and treatment response, we retrospectively identified MPNST tumor resection specimens at a single institution and performed histopathologic evaluation, immunohistochemistry (IHC), DNA methylation profiling, and whole exome sequencing (WES). Materials/Methods We identified a total of 54 consecutive patients treated at one institution between 1990 and 2019 with tumors meeting diagnostic criteria for MPNST and had sufficient tissue available for comprehensive histopathological evaluation (n = 54), DNA methylation profiling (n = 45) and whole exome sequencing (n = 35, n = 15 with paired normal). Overall survival (OS), metastasis free survival (MFS), and locoregional failure free rate (LFFR), were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Log-rank test, Cox Proportional Hazards regression, and hierarchical clustering were performed in R. Results The median follow up was 22 months with no significant differences in LFFR, MFS, or OS between NF1 associated (n = 32) and sporadic MPNSTs (n = 22). Radiotherapy significantly improved LFFR (P = 0.05) but not OS. With regard to histopathologic and IHC analyses, increasing tumor grade using a two-tiered system (P = 0.01) and Ki-67 index (P = 0.01) were associated with worse OS. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of DNA methylation profiles identified two groups with significant differences in chromosome instability and tumor purity but not clinical outcome. Recurrently identified copy number variants (CNVs) included chromosome 22q loss, 11q loss, 10 loss, 9p loss, 8q gain, and 1q loss. Chromosome 9p loss (P = 0.02) and 8q gain (P = 0.04) were significantly associated with worse OS. On WES analysis, recurrently mutated genes included NF1, EED, SUZ12, TP53, and CDKNA2A. Of these alterations, only CKND2A loss (on Chr9p) was associated with worse OS (P = 0.01). With regard to treatment response, MPNSTs exhibiting NF1 and H3K27 trimethylation loss demonstrated greater LFFR benefit from radiation therapy (P = 0.004) compared to NF1 and H3K27 trimethylation intact tumors (P = 0.83) with clinical NF1 diagnosis as the only significantly different baseline parameter between these two subgroups. Conclusion MPNSTs are a common cause of death in adult patients with NF1. Radiotherapy improves LFFR in all patients, and integrated IHC and genomic analysis further identifies putative prognostic and predictive markers, including the identification of a patient subset in whom the benefit of radiotherapy is most pronounced. Taken together, these data support radiation therapy in management of MPNSTs and suggest molecular characterization may be important for counseling patients with MPNST or potentially informing clinical trial design. Prospective and multi-institutional analyses are needed to validate these findings.

Purpose/objective(s) Premature discontinuation of radiation therapy (RT) is a significant challenge portending inferior outcomes, particularly with curative intent RT. This study measures the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to prior treatment terminations (TTs) from a multi-institutional health system in the New York Metropolitan area. Materials/methods TT data was collected from the internal quality assurance records of a multicenter radiation oncology department for the September 2019-February 2020 pre-pandemic interval (BP) and the March 2020-August 2020 post-pandemic interval (AP). We measured aggregate and monthly CT simulations (CT sims), TTs, and terminations with zero fractions of radiation given (0Fx), the latter stratified by palliative vs. curative intent (0Fx-P vs. 0Fx-C). AP TTs attributed to COVID-19 anxiety were also obtained. The data were analyzed as aggregate ratios with monthly weighting of TTs/CT sims, 0Fx/CT sims, and 0Fx/TTs. Ratio statistics were employed and 95% confidence intervals generated. 0Fx-P and 0Fx-C were tested for association with BP and AP by chi-square analysis. Results For BP and AP respectively: TTs/CT sims were 8.1% (95% CI 5.2%-11.0%) and 11.2% (95% CI 9.2%-13.3%); 0Fx/CT sims were 1.4% (95% CI 0.16%-2.70%) and 2.5% (95% CI 1.49%-3.6%); 0Fx/TTs were 15.8% (95% CI 6.35%-25.21%) and 22% (95% CI 16.0%-27.9%). The association of 0Fx-P and 0Fx-C with BP and AP yielded chi-square = 0.43, P = 0.51. TTs attributed to COVID-19 anxiety comprised 3.9% of TTs in AP. Conclusion The endpoints for TTs in the BP and AP periods in our study cohort were suggestive of a COVID impact on patients discontinuing radiation therapy, but without statistical significance. Given the subtleties of TT dynamics and uncertainties such as the count of COVID-19 anxiety-related terminations, along with a relatively small sample size, it is reasonable to infer that this review was underpowered. Moreover, direct statistical attribution of TTs to COVID understates knock-on effects, e.g., the case of a 0Fx TT that would have occurred regardless of COVID but under the stress of the pandemic exacerbates the harm of the waste of resources. At the patient care level, understanding how COVID affects TT patterns may enable interventions that facilitate completion of care as intended by the treating physician. At the health system level, such understanding may elucidate a plausible mechanism of COVID's cascading downstream influence on oncologic outcomes. Nevertheless, it will require a multi-institutional cohort to quantitatively discern the impact of the pandemic on TT dynamics.

PURPOSE: During the COVID-19 surge months of March and April 2020, our New York multicenter health system experienced an influx of cases with COVID-19. We sought to study the impact of the surge period on patients with cancer prescribed radiation treatment (RT). METHODS: We reviewed our secure departmental quality assurance database for all patients who underwent RT planning simulations from March 6, 2020, through April 30, 2020. A priority level between 1 and 3 was prospectively assigned to each case based on faculty consensus to determine which patients required immediate RT. In May 2020, each faculty physician again retrospectively reviewed their patients from the database and provided additional commentary on how the COVID-19 pandemic had affected each patient's care. All statistics are descriptive. RESULTS: A total of 412 RT courses in 406 unique patients were simulated for linear accelerator–based external beam RT. The median age was 66 years. Treatment intent was curative in 70.6% and palliative in 29.4%. Of the 412 cases, 66.7% were priority 1, 25% priority 2, and 7.8% priority 3. Two hundred thirty-nine cases (58%) underwent standard-of-care diagnosis, workup, and treatment plan. Seventeen patients (4.1%) electively canceled their RT, and 17 others (4.1%) electively delayed RT start. Thirty-four (8.3%) were prescribed hypofractionation to shorten their RT course, and 22 (5.3%) had a change in modality. Incomplete or delayed workup was identified in 19 cases (4.6%). CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic surge resulted in 42% of our patients having a non–standard-of-care pathway. This outcome demonstrates a significant impact of the COVID-19 crisis on routine cancer care.

Continued advancements in both data aggregation and computer science have brought an emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) that has changed the way many industries operate in the modern era. The aviation industry uses AI for autopiloting; online retail uses it to understand consumer interest; and the auto industry has made massive strides in AI to bring forth a new age of driverless cars. Despite the widespread use of AI to improve performance and efficiency in other industries, the adoption of AI into healthcare has remained relatively slow. However, with the increasing volume and scope of data collected in electronic health records (EHRs), healthcare has become ripe with opportunity to leverage AI to improve elements of the care delivery process. In this chapter, we will discuss current implementations of AI in EHRs, EHR-specific limitations to safeguard against, and a path forward for continued integration of AI and healthcare.

Meningiomas arising from the meningothelial central nervous system lining are the most common primary intracranial tumors, and a significant cause of neurologic morbidity and mortality1. There are no effective medical therapies for meningioma patients2,3, and new treatments have been encumbered by limited understanding of meningioma biology. DNA methylation profiling provides robust classification of central nervous system tumors4, and can elucidate targets for molecular therapy5. Here we use DNA methylation profiling on 565 meningiomas integrated with genetic, transcriptomic, biochemical, and single-cell approaches to show meningiomas are comprised of 3 epigenetic groups with distinct clinical outcomes and biological features informing new treatments for meningioma patients. Merlin-intact meningiomas (group A, 34%) have the best outcomes and are distinguished by a novel apoptotic tumor suppressor function of NF2/Merlin. Immune-enriched meningiomas (group B, 38%) have intermediate outcomes and are distinguished by immune cell infiltration, HLA expression, and lymphatic vessels. Hypermitotic meningiomas (group C, 28%) have the worst outcomes and are distinguished by convergent genetic mechanisms misactivating the cell cycle. Consistently, we find cell cycle inhibitors block meningioma growth in cell culture, organoids, xenografts, and patients. Our results establish a framework for understanding meningioma biology, and provide preclinical rationale for new therapies to treat meningioma patients.

BackgroundPrognostic markers for meningioma are needed to risk-stratify patients and guide postoperative surveillance and adjuvant therapy.ObjectiveTo identify a prognostic gene signature for meningioma recurrence and mortality after resection using targeted gene-expression analysis.MethodsTargeted gene-expression analysis was used to interrogate a discovery cohort of 96 meningiomas and an independent validation cohort of 56 meningiomas with comprehensive clinical follow-up data from separate institutions. Bioinformatic analysis was used to identify prognostic genes and generate a gene-signature risk score between 0 and 1 for local recurrence.ResultsWe identified a 36-gene signature of meningioma recurrence after resection that achieved an area under the curve of 0.86 in identifying tumors at risk for adverse clinical outcomes. The gene-signature risk score compared favorably to World Health Organization (WHO) grade in stratifying cases by local freedom from recurrence (LFFR, P

SUMMARYMeningiomas arising from the meningothelial central nervous system lining are the most common primary intracranial tumors, and a significant cause of neurologic morbidity and mortality1. There are no effective medical therapies for meningioma patients2,3, and new treatments have been encumbered by limited understanding of meningioma biology. DNA methylation profiling provides robust classification of central nervous system tumors4, and can elucidate targets for molecular therapy5. Here we use DNA methylation profiling on 565 meningiomas integrated with genetic, transcriptomic, biochemical, and single-cell approaches to show meningiomas are comprised of 3 epigenetic groups with distinct clinical outcomes and biological features informing new treatments for meningioma patients. Merlin-intact meningiomas (group A, 34%) have the best outcomes and are distinguished by a novel apoptotic tumor suppressor function ofNF2/Merlin. Immune-enriched meningiomas (group B, 38%) have intermediate outcomes and are distinguished by immune cell infiltration,HLAexpression, and lymphatic vessels. Hypermitotic meningiomas (group C, 28%) have the worst outcomes and are distinguished by convergent genetic mechanisms misactivating the cell cycle. Consistently, we find cell cycle inhibitors block meningioma growth in cell culture, organoids, xenografts, and patients. Our results establish a framework for understanding meningioma biology, and provide preclinical rationale for new therapies to treat meningioma patients.

Background Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is an aggressive and poorly understood malignant neoplasm. Even in the setting of multimodal therapy, the clinical course of MPNST is frequently marked by metastatic conversion and poor overall prognosis, with optimal treatment paradigms for this rare tumor unknown. Methods We reviewed the medical records and histopathology of 54 consecutive patients who were treated at University of California San Francisco between 1990 and 2018. Results Our cohort consisted of 24 male and 30 female patients (median age 38 years). Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre Le Cancer (FNCLCC) sarcoma grading criteria segregated patients into groups with differences in overall survival (OS) (P = .02). Increasing Ki-67 labeling index was associated with poor OS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.36 per 10%, P = .0002). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering-based immunohistochemical staining patterns identified 2 subgroups of tumors with differences in H3K27me3, Neurofibromin, S100, SOX10, p16, and EGFR immunoreactivity. In our cohort, cluster status was associated with improved locoregional failure-free rate (P = .004) in response to radiation. Conclusions Our results lend support to the FNCLCC sarcoma grading criteria as a prognostic scheme for MPNST, although few cases of grade 1 were included. Further, we identify increased Ki-67 labeling as a strong predictor of poor OS from MPNST. Finally, we identify a subset of MPNSTs with a predictive immunohistochemical profile that has improved local control with adjuvant radiotherapy. These data provide insights into the grading and therapy for patients with MPNST, although further studies are needed for independent validation.

Radiation therapy is an option as a primary treatment for small meningiomas and for treatment of recurrences after surgery. The technology for delivery of treatment has advanced much in the last 15 years, and now image guidance and stereotactic methods are used for defining the target location. There are different forms of treatment that include protons and photons, both delivered using multiple beam paths converging on the target. Currently the most common form of treatment uses photon energy derived from a linear accelerator using intensity modulated techniques. Radiation delivered in multiple sessions, more than five, is termed fractionated treatment, whereas those using five or less have been referred to radiosurgery. This chapter outlines the usefulness of radiation in the management of meningioma.

Our group observed the first case of synchronous gastric neuroendocrine tumor (NET) and duodenal gastrinoma with autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), in the absence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Demographic, clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic data were abstracted from the electronic medical record at Mount Sinai Hospital from 2013 to 2015. The patient's anonymity was carefully protected, and informed consent was obtained for publication of protected health information. A 53-year-old woman with hypertension presented to Mount Sinai Hospital in June 2013 for a second opinion for management of gastric and duodenal NETs. After evaluation by gastroenterology and surgery, repeat upper endoscopy with ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration revealed multiple diminutive type I gastric NETs and 2 duodenal NETs, against a background of autoimmune CAG, with biopsy pathology negative for H. pylori. She subsequently underwent a transduodenal resection of the duodenal NETs, confirming low-grade, gastrin-positive, stage T2 duodenal NET. On routine follow-up over the next 2 years, clinical, radiographic, and endoscopic surveillance revealed no recurrent or metastatic gastric or duodenal disease. This first report of synchronous duodenal gastrinoma and gastric NET in the setting of autoimmune CAG can broaden our understanding of gastric NET pathophysiology.

OBJECTIVEThe goal of this study was to investigate the impact of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) on local recurrence and overall survival in patients undergoing primary resection of atypical meningioma, and to identify predictive factors to inform patient selection for adjuvant RT.METHODSOne hundred eighty-two patients who underwent primary resection of atypical meningioma at a single institution between 1993 and 2014 were retrospectively identified. Patient, meningioma, and treatment data were extracted from the medical record and compared using the Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank tests, multivariate analysis (MVA) Cox proportional hazards models with relative risk (RR), and recursive partitioning analysis.RESULTSThe median patient age and imaging follow-up were 57 years (interquartile range [IQR] 45–67 years) and 4.4 years (IQR 1.8–7.5 years), respectively. Gross-total resection (GTR) was achieved in 114 cases (63%), and 42 patients (23%) received adjuvant RT. On MVA, prognostic factors for death from any cause included GTR (RR 0.4, 95% CI 0.1–0.9, p = 0.02) and MIB1 labeling index (LI) ≤ 7% (RR 0.4, 95% CI 0.1–0.9, p = 0.04). Prognostic factors on MVA for local progression included GTR (RR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1–0.5, p = 0.002), adjuvant RT (RR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1–0.4, p < 0.001), MIB1 LI ≤ 7% (RR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1–0.5, p < 0.001), and a remote history of prior cranial RT (RR 5.7, 95% CI 1.3–18.8, p = 0.03). After GTR, adjuvant RT (0 of 10 meningiomas recurred, p = 0.01) and MIB1 LI ≤ 7% (RR 0.1, 95% CI 0.003–0.3, p < 0.001) were predictive for local progression on MVA. After GTR, 2.2% of meningiomas with MIB1 LI ≤ 7% recurred (1 of 45), compared with 38% with MIB1 LI > 7% (13 of 34; p < 0.001). Recursive partitioning analysis confirmed the existence of a cohort of patients at high risk of local progression after GTR without adjuvant RT, with MIB1 LI > 7%, and evidence of brain or bone invasion. After subtotal resection, adjuvant RT (RR 0.2, 95% CI 0.04–0.7, p = 0.009) and ≤ 5 mitoses per 10 hpf (RR 0.1, 95% CI 0.03–0.4, p = 0.002) were predictive on MVA for local progression.CONCLUSIONSAdjuvant RT improves local control of atypical meningioma irrespective of extent of resection. Although independent validation is required, the authors’ results suggest that MIB1 LI, the number of mitoses per 10 hpf, and brain or bone invasion may be useful guides to the selection of patients who are most likely to benefit from adjuvant RT after resection of atypical meningioma.

Atypical menginomas demonstrate increased clinical aggressiveness characterized by recurrence and diminished survival. The optimal management of atypical meningioma in the recurrent setting is especially not well defined. To characterize outcomes following salvage treatment of recurrent atypical meningioma and to identify risk factors for further recurrence. Retrospective chart review was performed on 65 patients who underwent salvage treatment of atypical meningioma at a single institution. Data were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards modeling. Sixty-five patients with recurrent atypical meningioma and median imaging follow-up of 4.0 years (range 1.9–6.6 years) underwent 62 surgeries and 114 radiation treatments (RT) for salvage therapy. Salvage modality was surgery (21%), surgery/RT (25%), or RT alone (54%), associated with 2 year local freedom from recurrence (LFFR) of 36, 59, and 73%, respectively (P = 0.01). Twenty percent of patients experienced CTCAE grade ≥ 3 toxicity with salvage therapy. Thirty-nine percent of patients experienced ≥ 3 recurrences. The median disease-free survival intervals after first and second salvage treatments were 2.9 and 1.3 years, respectively. On univariate Cox analysis, prior subtotal resection, prior RT, tumor diameter > 2.5 cm, and multifocal local recurrence were associated with recurrence after salvage therapy. On multivariate logistic regression, only multifocal local recurrence was associated with further recurrence. Recurrent atypical meningioma is clinically and pathologically more aggressive than primary atypical meningioma, and the likelihood of durable local control with salvage therapy is lower. Future efforts should identify patients at risk of recurrence, and aggressive upfront treatment should be employed.

Purpose/Objective(s) We previously reported our experience using innovative and automated chatbots (“Health Chats”) in head and neck cancer patients during radiation treatment (RT). We created a breast cancer (BC) Health Chat. The aims of this pilot study are to 1) assess the usability of the Health Chats, 2) engage patients by providing frequent individualized education, and 3) identify areas of unmet needs specific to BC patients via collection of patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Materials/Methods Between January 2020 and December 2020, adults with BC aged ≥ 18 years who were English literate and were scheduled for RT at one of four academic hospitals were screened. Participants were sent chats 2 days before on-treatment visits during the duration of RT, then weekly for 4 weeks post-treatment, and monthly for an additional 3 months (“long-term follow-up”). Health Chats used PRO-CTCAE questions customized for BC patients. Clinicians were notified if any “red flag” symptoms were reported (PRO-CTCAE ≥ 3 or pain score ≥8). At the end of each chat, patients received customized educational material specific to symptoms reported. Results 20 breast cancer patients were enrolled, and 16 patients completed at least one chat. These 16 patients completed a median of 9 chats, out of a maximum of 10-12 chats. 11 patients continued to chat during the immediate post-treatment phase, and 10 patients continued to chat during long-term follow-up. Patient engagement with Chats is high, with 6 patients providing written feedback about the details of their symptoms, and 3 patients using unscheduled chats to contact the care team. The average System Usability Scale score (n = 9) was 82.77. A total of 811 pain or PRO-CTCAE scores were collected. There were 2 counts of pain scores ≥ 8, and no reports of grade 3+ skin toxicity or breast swelling. 5 out of 11 patients reported that their pain continued to worsen after finishing their last RT treatment, and 10 out of 11 patients reported that their breast pain, swelling, or skin toxicities peaked 2 weeks after RT. Patients reported severe and prolonged fatigue or insomnia: there were 4 counts of grade 3 fatigue and 3 counts of grade 4 fatigue, and 2 counts of grade 3 insomnia and 1 count of grade 4 insomnia. 4 out of 10 patients reported continued fatigue or insomnia during long-term follow-up. Of the 5 patients who screened positive for depression or anxiety using PHQ2 or GAD2 questionnaire, 3 patients continued to report persistent symptoms during long-term follow-up. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study using chatbots to collect PROs for BC patients receiving RT. Our results show that BC patients are highly engaged and satisfied with Health Chats. As expected, patients report that pain and skin toxicities peak 2 weeks after RT. We also identify unexpectedly high rates of severe fatigue, insomnia, and persistent anxiety and depression. These toxicities are difficult to observe by clinicians and may represent unmet patient needs that should be addressed by future interventions.

To report the early experience using an automated chatbot (Chats)for patient-reported outcomes (PRO) and symptom self-managementinhead and neck cancer (HNC) patients undergoing radiation treatment (RT).Patients aged ≥ 18 yearsdiagnosed with HNC who were scheduled to begin RT were given the option to use Chats from June 2018 to June 2019. Enrolled patients received chat notifications two days before weekly on-treatment visitsand every 1-4 weeks after RT for an additional 4 months. After the first in-person follow-up visit, participants completed an electronic usability and satisfaction questionnaire.Of 95 patients who agreed to participate, 84 were eligible for analysis.Participantswere significantly younger than patients who declined participation (mean age 61.3 vs 68.3 years;p-value 0.001). Patient engagement with Chats was highest at 67% during the first month and declined over time (p-value = 0.004). Concordance between PRO and clinician-reported outcomes (CRO) was fair, ranging from 0.10 to 0.43 (Cohen κ statistics). The most commonly under-reported symptoms were salivary duct inflammation (53%), xerostomia (41%), and mucositis (37%). 89% (39 of 44) of patients who completed surveys found Chats easy to use, and 61% reported that Chats helped with symptom self-management and reduced the need to call the care team.These early results suggest that an interactive chatbot is feasible and provides support for HNC patients during and after RT. Chats identified discordance between PRO and CRO. Further study is required to measure benefits of Chats in a larger population.

Purpose/Objective(s) Unchecked growth of brainstem metastases (BSM) can lead to acute morbidity and death. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) remains the only local therapy for BSM, but the safety and efficacy of this approach are not fully understood, partly because BSM patients are excluded from many clinical trials. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and comparative meta-analysis of studies of SRS for BSM in the context of prospective trials of SRS or molecular/targeted therapy for non-brainstem brain metastases (BM). Materials/Methods A comprehensive search of the PubMed and Embase databases was performed on 12/6/19 following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify relevant studies of SRS for BSM, and prospective trials of SRS or molecular/targeted therapy for BM. Outcomes included 1-year local control (LC), objective response rate (ORR, defined as partial or complete response), 1-year overall survival (OS), neurologic death rate, and CTCAE 4.0 grade 3-5 adverse events. Pooled binomial proportions were estimated using a random effects model. Study heterogeneity was assessed using I2 and τ using the maximum likelihood method and the Wald test. Results A total of 32 retrospective studies with a study level median follow up of 8.5 months (interquartile range [IQR] 5.7-11.0) were identified comprising 1446 patients undergoing SRS for 1590 B.M.. Median BSM volume was 0.40cm3 (study level IQR 0.20-1.05cm3), and SRS treatments were delivered using fixed-frame radiosurgery (73.8%, median dose 16 Gy, range 6-30 Gy, median isodose 50%), linear accelerator (17.2%, median dose 13.7 Gy, range 11.1-39.0 Gy in 1-13 fractions, median isodose 85%), or robotic-arm radiosurgery (9%, median 17.5 Gy, range 16-24 in 1-5 fractions, median isodose 80%). Pooled 1-year LC was 86% (95% CI 83-88%, I2 = 38%), 1-year OS was 33% (30-37%, I2 = 35%), and the rate of grade 3-5 toxicity was 2.4% (1.5-3.7%, I2 = 33%). On univariate meta-regression, melanoma histology (coefficient 4.26, QM = 4.15, P = 0.042) and prior or concurrent WBRT (coefficient 1.62, QM = 3.98, P = 0.046) were associated with higher grade 3-5 toxicity from SRS for BSM. Deaths from BSM progression after SRS were rare (2.7%), and the neurologic death rate in BSM patients (24%, 19-31%, I2 = 62%) was not statistically different from the neurologic death rate in BM patients who were treated on prospective SRS trials (21%, 13-32%, I2 = 90%, N = 6 trials, Q = 0.36, P = 0.55). The pooled rate of ORR of 59% (47-71%, I2 = 88%) for SRS of BSM compared favorably to the wide range of intracranial ORR reported for molecular therapies (17-56%). Conclusion SRS for BSM is safe and effective, and the potential for acute morbidity or death from growth of untreated BSM is significant. The data here suggest SRS for BSM should be considered upon or prior to clinical trial enrollment of molecular/targeted therapy for BM. Author Disclosure W.C. Chen: None. U. Baal: None. J.D. Baal: None. J. Pai: None. H. Vasudevan: Research Grant; Children's Tumor Foundation. Patent/License Fees/Copyright; Genentech, Eli Lilly. L. Boreta: None. S.E. Braunstein: Advisory Board; Radiation Oncology Questions, LLC.D. Raleigh: None.

Conscious perception occurs within less than 1 s. To study events on this time scale we used direct electrical recordings from the human cerebral cortex during a conscious visual perception task. Faces were presented at individually titrated visual threshold for 9 subjects while measuring broadband 40–115 Hz gamma power in a total of 1621 intracranial electrodes widely distributed in both hemispheres. Surface maps and k-means clustering analysis showed initial activation of visual cortex for both perceived and non-perceived stimuli. However, only stimuli reported as perceived then elicited a forward-sweeping wave of activity throughout the cerebral cortex accompanied by large-scale network switching. Specifically, a monophasic wave of broadband gamma activation moves through bilateral association cortex at a rate of approximately 150 mm/s and eventually reenters visual cortex for perceived but not for non-perceived stimuli. Meanwhile, the default mode network and the initial visual cortex and higher association cortex networks are switched off for the duration of conscious stimulus processing. Based on these findings, we propose a new “switch-and-wave” model for the processing of consciously perceived stimuli. These findings are important for understanding normal conscious perception and may also shed light on its vulnerability to disruption by brain disorders.

BACKGROUND: Occipital lobe epilepsy (OLE) is an uncommon but debilitating focal epilepsy syndrome with seizures often refractory to medical management. While surgical resection has proven a viable treatment, previous studies examining postoperative seizure freedom rates are limited by small sample size and patient heterogeneity, thus exhibiting significant variability in their results. OBJECTIVE: To review the medical literature on OLE so as to investigate rates and predictors of both seizure freedom and visual outcomes following surgery. METHODS: We reviewed manuscripts exploring surgical resection for drug-resistant OLE published between January 1990 and June 2015 on PubMed. Seizure freedom rates were analyzed and potential predictors were evaluated with separate meta-analyses. Postoperative visual outcomes were also examined. RESULTS: We identified 27 case series comprising 584 patients with greater than 1 yr of follow-up. Postoperative seizure freedom (Engel class I outcome) was observed in 65% of patients, and was significantly predicted by age less than 18 yr (odds ratio [OR] 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-2.18), focal lesion on pathological analysis (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.58-2.89), and abnormal preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (OR 3.24, 95% 2.03-6.55). Of these patients, 175 also had visual outcomes reported with 57% demonstrating some degree of visual decline following surgery. We did not find any relationship between postoperative visual and seizure outcomes. CONCLUSION: Surgical resection for OLE is associated with favorable outcomes with nearly two-thirds of patients achieving postoperative seizure freedom. However, patients must be counseled regarding the risk of visual decline following surgery.