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This paper discusses fourteen letters that Heinrich Will (1812-1890), Justus Liebig's (1803-1873) successor at the University of Giessen, sent to Robert Warington (1807-1867), the chemical operator at Apothecaries' Hall in London, between 1842 and 1854. The correspondence illuminates a range of topics related to the development of the British chemical community in mid-Victorian Britain - its organisations, networks, and commercial opportunities, as well as offering insights into the importance of family, friendship, and collegiality in sustaining scientific careers. Studying such an exchange of material and textual knowledge helps to further understand how science was organised and ideas disseminated in a key period for institutional development in chemistry.

Organization development is often mourned as stagnant or perhaps dead, but most of these declarations seem to be insular, being supported primarily by anecdotal or survey research among organization development scholars and practitioners. This exploratory study seeks a more objective understanding of the state of organization development by examining big data from the social media platform Twitter. Drawn from over 5.7 million tweets extracted through Twitter's Application Program Interface (API) during 2 months in 2018, this research approaches the state of organization development through a quantitative, abductive study utilizing social network analyses. Organization development is examined through its characteristics as a social network on Twitter and how it relates to and interacts with other familial networks from management and organization studies. Findings show that organization development is relatively inactive as a social network on Twitter, as compared to other familial networks, and the relationships between the organization development network and these familial networks tend to be ones of inequality. Organization development references familial networks much more than any of the familial networks reference organization development. This inequality in social media presence is particularly surprising since several of these familial networks were founded from the field and principles of organization development. We locate organization development's generalist status, as compared to familial networks' specialist status, as generating this interaction disparity drawing on recent research that suggests specialized fields fare better in times of rapid change compared to generalist fields. We discuss the potential for greater specialization of organization development with a reemphasis on its process philosophy and focus.

As demonstrated by Ogle, Tenkasi, & Brock (2020), organization development, as a field, is not significantly represented in social media when measured by social media’s quintessential mark – the ha...

Citizens of Brown County, Wisconsin participated in planning for Total Resource Development, led by professional extension personnel who oriented study group members to planning purposes and procedures and provided resource information. Data to determine how the planning process met six conditions were obtained from questionnaires, analysis of tape records of planning meetings, group final reports, and lists of needs identified by professional personnel. Influence of professionals on group decisions was low in three groups and high in one. Most conditions were met in the two groups comprised of men, in low age, low education males, and in high age, high education females. The most extensive use of a decision-making procedure was by chairmen who had participated in the training session and who had previous experience in leading decision-making groups. Most thorough investigation of a subject matter area was conducted by group members having previous knowledge of the subject. As there was more dissimilarity than similarity between needs identified by citizen groups and those identified by professionals, both sources should identify needs from which to establish educational objectives. (author/aj)

In particular, we differentiate between two types of damages from climate change, traditional gradually increasing damages and a damage reservoir type, where the latter represents a finite source of economic damage associated with the movement of the ice line. Damage reservoirs in the context of climate change can be regarded as sources of damage that eventually will cease to exist when the source of the damage has been depleted.We identify ice caps and permafrost as typical damage reservoirs, where the state of the reservoir is connected to the latitudinal position of the ice line.

Human economies and ecosystems form a coupled system coevolving in time and space, since human economies use ecosystems services and at the same time affect ecosystems through their production and consumption activities. The study of the interactions between human economies and ecosystems is fundamental for the efficient use of natural resources and the protection of the environment. This necessitates the development and use of models capa- ble of tracing the main interactions, links and feedbacks. In developing this chapter, our objective was to focus on a segment of rapidly developing lit- erature on coupled ecological/economic models with an emphasis on climate change. The advantage of this approach is that it introduces the reader to a very important current research topic, but it also allows, by using climate as the reference ecosystem, the exploration of new modeling approaches which are relevant and useful for the modeling of other types of coupled ecologi- cal/economic systems. These include modeling of deep structural uncertainty by using robust control methods, exploring modeling through cumulative car- bon budgeting, studying spatial transport phenomena and spatial aspects in economic/ecological modelling.

This paper adapts Turing analysis and applies it to dynamic bioeconomic problems where the interaction of coupled economic and ecological dynamics over space endogenously creates (or destroys) spatial heterogeneity. We examine the emergence of traveling wave solutions in open access fishery models, as well as the emergence of persistent spatial patterns in biomass/effort space caused by Turing instability. We also examine regulatory approaches for restoring spatial homogeneity.

This work applied a propagation of uncertainty method to typical total suspended particulate (TSP) sampling apparatus in order to estimate the overall measurement uncertainty. The objectives of this study were to estimate the uncertainty for three TSP samplers, develop an uncertainty budget, and determine the sensitivity of the total uncertainty to environmental parameters. The samplers evaluated were the TAMU High Volume TSP Sampler at a nominal volumetric flow rate of 1.42 m3 min–1 (50 CFM), the TAMU Low Volume TSP Sampler at a nominal volumetric flow rate of 17 L min–1 (0.6 CFM) and the EPA TSP Sampler at the nominal volumetric flow rates of 1.1 and 1.7 m3 min–1 (39 and 60 CFM). Under nominal operating conditions the overall measurement uncertainty was found to vary from 6.1 x 10–6 g m–3 to 18.0 x 10–6 g m–3, which represented an uncertainty of 1.7% to 5.2% of the measurement. Analysis of the uncertainty budget determined that three of the instrument parameters contributed significantly to the overall uncertainty: the uncertainty in the pressure drop measurement across the orifice meter during both calibration and testing and the uncertainty of the airflow standard used during calibration of the orifice meter. Five environmental parameters occurring during field measurements were considered for their effect on overall uncertainty: ambient TSP concentration, volumetric airflow rate, ambient temperature, ambient pressure, and ambient relative humidity. Of these, only ambient TSP concentration and volumetric airflow rate were found to have a strong effect on the overall uncertainty. The technique described in this paper can be applied to other measurement systems and is especially useful where there are no methods available to generate these values empirically.Implications: This work addresses measurement uncertainty of TSP samplers used in ambient conditions. Estimation of uncertainty in gravimetric measurements is of particular interest, since as ambient particulate matter (PM) concentrations approach regulatory limits, the uncertainty of the measurement is essential in determining the sample size and the probability of type II errors in hypothesis testing. This is an important factor in determining if ambient PM concentrations exceed regulatory limits. The technique described in this paper can be applied to other measurement systems and is especially useful where there are no methods available to generate these values empirically.

A simplified energy balance climate model is considered with the global mean temperature as the state variable, and an endogenous ice line. The movements of the ice line towards the Poles are associated with damage reservoirs where initial damages are high and then eventually vanish as the ice caps vanish and the damage reservoir is exhausted. We couple this climate model with a simple economic growth model and we show that the endogenous ice line induces a nonlinearity. This nonlinearity when combined with two sources of damages - the conventional damages due to temperature increase and the reservoir damages - generates multiple steady states and Skiba points. It is shown that the policy ramp implied by this model calls for high mitigation now. Simulation results suggest that the policy ramp could be U-shaped instead of the monotonically increasing with low starting mitigation gradualist policy ramp.

We formulate infinite dimensional stochastic robust optimal control problems, motivated by applications arising in interconnected economic systems, or spatially extended economies. We study in detail linear quadratic problems and nonlinear problems. We derive optimal robust controls and identify conditions under which concerns about model misspecification at specific cite(s) could cause regulation to break down, to be very costly, or to induce pattern formation and spatial clustering. We call sites associated with these phenomena hot spots.

We study rational expectations equilibrium problems and social optimum problems in in nite horizon spatial economies in the context of a Ramsey type capital accumulation problem with geographical spillovers. We identify sufficient local and global conditions for the emergence (or not) of optimal agglomeration, using techniques from monotone operator theory and spectral theory in in nite dimensional Hilbert spaces. We show that agglomerations may emerge, with any type of returns to scale (increasing or decreasing) and with the marginal productivity of private capital increasing or decreasing with respect to the spatial externality. This is a fairly general result indicating the importance of the network structure of the spatial externality relative to the properties of the aggregate production function. Our analytical methods can be used to systematically study optimal potential agglomeration and clustering in dynamic economics.

In this paper, we examine the relationship between the price level and output and the inflation rate and output at business-cycle frequencies. In the first part of the paper, we develop a methodological approach to characterizing joint business cycle correlations. In particular, we are interested in providing a characterization of the frequency that a pair of correlation coefficients will occur. We apply this methodology to the contemporaneous correlation between the price level and output and between the inflation rate and output. We apply linear filters to the cyclical components, create a time series and compute the correlations. It is straightforward to construct histograms of the two correlation co-efficients. In the second part, we specify a model economy with a form of rational inattention. In this setting, we perform numerical simulations to determine if the model economy can generate correlations quantitatively similar to those observed in the data. It can.

This study focused on the outcomes of juvenile delinquents ( N = 140) following their conviction, commitment for residential placement, and return to the community on parole. Participants were followed for a period of 1 year postrelease. A random stratified sampling procedure was used to select participants from urban, suburban, and rural sites. Ratings of poor parole adjustment (73%), as well as observed rates of parole violation (73%) and reoffending (40%) across the entire sample reflected a substantial proportion of unfavorable outcomes during follow-up. Stepwise regression yielded significant predictive capacity for offense, school, and family variables toward parole violation ( R = .30) and parole adjustment ( R = .41), and a trend toward significance in the prediction of reoffending ( R = .31), although the modest size of these coefficients would limit practical utility. The results are discussed in the context of intervention and risk-reduction planning throughout residential placement and postrelease community living.

AP-42, Chapter 9.9.1 Grain Elevators and Processes, gives a TSP emission factor for flakers with a rating of “E”. No PM10 or PM2.5 emission factors are available from AP-42 for flakers. Air dispersion modeling conducted at a commercial feedmill using emission rates estimated from AP-42 showed exceedance of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM2.5, with the culpable source being emissions from the steam flaking process. The purpose of the study was to determine site-specific TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 emission factors for steam flaking of corn. The facility operates three steam flakers, each equipped with a flake cooler vented to a high efficiency 1D3D cyclone. EPA Method 5 was utilized to determine the concentration of TSP emitted from the cyclones. The Method 5 samples were then analyzed using a Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3 to determine Particle Size Distribution (PSD). The PSD was used to determine the actual fractions of PM10 and PM2.5 in the stack gas. The PM10 and PM2.5 fractions were then applied to the TSP concentration from the Method 5 stack test to calculate concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5. These measured and calculated concentrations were used, along with the average stack parameters from the Method 5 tests to calculate site-specific emission factors. The PSD analysis shows that PM10 is about 52% of TSP and PM2.5 is 3.4% of PM10. The measured TSP mass emission rates were lower than those estimated using AP-42 by 99% and the calculated emission factors are significantly lower than the particulate emission factors in AP-42.

We develop a one-dimemsional energy balance climate model with heat transportation across locations. We introduce the concept of po- tential world GDP at time t, and we introduce, through the temper- ature function, spatial characteristics into the damage function which make damages latitude dependent. We solve the social planner��s prob- lem and characterize the competitive equilibrium. We de��ne optimal taxes on fossil fuels and pro��t taxes on ��rms that extract fossil fuels. Our results suggest that if the implementation of international trans- fers across latitudes is not possible, then optimal taxes are spatially non homogeneous and tend to be lower at the poor latitudes. The degree of spatial di�¤erentiation of optimal taxes depend on heat trans- portation. We also locate su�¢ cient conditions for optimal mitigation policies to have rapid ramp-up initially and then decrease over time. By employing the properties of the spatial model and approximating solutions, we show how to study the impact of thermal transport across latitudes on welfare inequality.

A simplified energy balance climate model is considered with the global mean temperature as the state variable, and an endogenous ice line. The movements of the ice line towards the Poles are associated with damage reservoirs where initial damages are high and then eventually vanish as the ice caps vanish and the damage reservoir is exhausted. We couple this climate model with a simple economic growth model and we show that the endogenous ice line induces a nonlinearity. This nonlinearity when combined with two sources of damages - the conventional damages due to temperature increase and the reservoir damages - generates multiple steady states and Skiba points. It is shown that the policy ramp implied by this model calls for high mitigation now. Simulation results suggest that the policy ramp could be U-shaped instead of the monotonically increasing with low starting mitigation gradualist policy ramp.

[Abstract] With the introduction of new data link capabilities as being employed in systems like the Joint Tactical Radio System , new tools will be required to test and evaluate the enhanced functionality and interoperability aboard aircraft. The deployment of new Wideband Networking Waveforms introduces many complex issues for network management and the testing of many new functional requirements. To do this, the Test and Evaluation community will require a new generation of ground stations and diagnostic tools that can adequately exercise and analyze the new waveforms.

This discussion paper resulted in a publication in the Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control. Volume 33(11), pp. 1912-1928. This paper formalizes the idea that more hedging instruments may destabilize markets when traders are heterogeneous and adapt their behavior according to experience based reinforcement learning. We investigate three different economic settings, a simple mean-variance asset pricing model, a general equilibrium two-period overlapping generations model with heterogeneous expectations and a noisy rational expectations asset pricing model with heterogeneous information signals. In each setting the introduction of additional Arrow securities can destabilize the market, causing a bifurcation of the steady state to multiple steady states, periodic orbits or even chaotic fluctuations.