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The experimental advances into the attachment site of relative clauses (RC) headed by a complex NP have attested both HA and LA preference in typologically diverse languages. While it has been shown that structural properties within a language and experimental design itself have an effect on attachment preferences (e.g. Frazier & Clifton 1996, Hemforth et al. 1998, Hemforth et al. 2015), the investigations into the HA+LA languages have further fortified the efforts to relate the (residue of) cross-linguistic variation to the availability of certain language inherent properties such as the optionality in prosodic phrasing posited for Croatian (Lovrić and Fodor 2000, Lovrić 2003) or the availability of pseudo-relatives for Italian (Grillo and Costa, 2014). To expand the list of language-specific attachment height predictors, we ran a questionnaire and an eye-tracking study exploiting the syncretic form of the relative pronoun and the three-way conjunct agreement potential in Croatian. Similar within-language variation in preferences with respect to agreement height has been observed for conjunct agreement (CA) in South Slavic languages (e.g. for Slovenian Marušič et al. (2015), for BCS and Slovenian Willer-Gold et al. (2016, 2018)), where predicate has been shown to agree in Gender+Number (G+N) with the hierarchically higher conjunct, the linearly closer conjunct and the entire conjunction phrase. Even with the same structural configuration and the same set of features undergoing valuation, CA and RC agreement are distinguished by the coindexation. In RC, the morphological marking on the relative pronoun points to its antecedent, hence the two have to be co- indexed. In CA, irrespective of the morphological marking on the predicate, the semantically valid subject can only be the entire conjunction phrase (c.f. Link-Agree in Marušič et al. 2015). Consequently, while in, for example, CA linear agreement exponent is purely morphological and carries no interpretative component, the opposite is predicted to hold for LA RC. Current study is designed to test two hypotheses: (i) the three- way potential attested in the experimental literature for conjunct agreement can serve as a predictor of attachment preferences in RC ; and, if confirmed (ii) the independently available underlying mechanics of agreement (a) constrains the attachment potential and, hence, (b) facilitates the RC interpretation. To achieve the stated research objectives we focus on RC headed by coordinated phrase in Croatian and capitalise on language-inherent property to morphologically mark the G+N values on the complementiser, spelled-out as the relative pronoun. In the experimental study, the RC was headed by a conjunction of two human masculine singular nouns in subject position. A violation paradigm manipulated the RC internal properties crossing pronoun case [nominative, accusative] and predicate number [singular, plural] to design a single set of materials. These were tested by two complementary methodologies: an offline questionnaire [exp1] to attest attachment preferences, (i), and an online eye- tracking study [exp2] to detect processing difficulties, (ii). Participants were Croatian native speakers, university students of comparable demographics. The questionnaire results (n=30) replicate three-way attachment potential observed for CA in Ambiguous condition. In the remaining three conditions favouring single antecedent, the results show the overall preference for LA and the lack of HA in the Case mismatch condition (Figure 1). The results of the eye-tracking experiment (n=30) consistently show processing difficulty arising in late measures at the relative pronoun region |rel.pro+∅/cl+aux|, taking longer to read sentences with the Ambiguous and the Ungrammatical condition [tfd: t: 1.919, t: 1.970 ; N of fix: t: 1.729, t: 1.946 (Figure 2 and Figure 3) ; and, N of reg: t: 1.795 with the Ungrammatical condition]. In addition, the main effect of the pronoun case and the predicate number has been observed for the late measures [tfd: t: 1.919, t: 1.970 ; N of fix: t: 1.729, t: 1.942 ; for predicate number N of reg: t: 1.795]. We contend that while processing difficulties in reading observed with the Ungrammatical condition are expected under standard violation paradigm, processing difficulties that arose with the Ambiguous condition can be taken as indications of disambiguation under (parallel) processing of multiple available agreement strategies (Hwang and Kaiser 2014) thereby creating the environment for the three-way attachment potential. Consequently, our research provides further support for language-independent investigations into RC (Betancort et al. 2009), contributes to the expanding experimental work on South Slavic conjunct agreement and challenges theories of agreement to be further refined in terms of the unvalued referential index feature (c.f. [ID] - Arregi and Hanink to appear).

Relativna rečenica prije svega pobuđuje istraživački interes zbog ograničenja iz kojih proizlazi interpretacija prema kojoj je referent relativne zamjenice koreferentan s referentom glave relativne rečenice. Istovjetnost referenta glave u glavnoj surečenici i referenta relativne zamjenice relativne rečenice inicira interpretaciju kontinuiranog topika u informacijskoj strukturi pri čemu je ona olakšana istovjetnošću funkcija dvaju koreferenta. Uz to, do sada provedene analize ukazuju na to da glava relativne rečenice i sama relativna rečenica nužno podliježu načelu linearnog slaganja. U istraživanju koristimo mjere u odgođenom i stvarnom vremenu (upitnik i tehniku mjerenja pokreta očiju) kako bismo provjerili odgovaraju li teorijski postavljena ograničenja načinu obrade relativnih rečenica u odraslih govornika hrvatskoga. Ta se ograničenja tiču uspostavljanja koreferentnosti i interpretacije kontinuiranog topika. Pokreti očiju tijekom čitanja mogu otkriti mjesta na kojima su fiksacije dulje, što odgovara većim "troškovima obrade" gramatičkih struktura. Također, povratni pokreti oka (regresije) otkrivaju koji su prethodni dijelovi rečenice povezani u izgradnji rečeničnog značenja tijekom čitanja. U istraživanju se manipulira: (1) broj predikata relativne rečenice (sg, pl), (1a, 1b) i (2) funkcija relativne zamjenice u rečenici (subjekt, objekt), (1c, 1d). (1) a) Na slici se prikazuju otac i sin koji idu na pecanje. b) Na slici se prikazuju otac i sin koji ide na pecanje. c) Na slici se prikazuju otac i sin koji ga vodi na pecanje. d) Na slici se prikazuju otac i sin kojega vodi na pecanje. Očekujemo da će se obradom podataka pokazati statistički značajne razlike u procesiranju relativnih rečenica s koordiniranom strukturom posebno onih s linearno udaljenijom sastavnicom i rečenica s neusklađenim funkcijama dvaju koreferenta.

Naknadno.

Naknadno.

This chapter gives an introduction to the collection of papers published in vol. 24, no. 1/2016 of the Journal of Slavic Linguistics. The guest editors give short abstracts of the papers published in this special issue on the topic of agreement phenomena in South Slavic languages. The studies presented were selected from the papers presented at the Agreement Across Borders Conference 2015, held in June 2015 at the University of Zadar, Croatia.

This special issue of the Journal of Slavic linguistics comprises papers that shed light on agreement phenomena in South Slavic languages. It contains two studies on theoretical issues and six reports of empirical investigations into agreement in South Slavic, the latter focusing primarily on experimental methods in this field of research. The journal issue is accompanied by an introduction of the guest editors into the topics of papers.

Odrednici sadrže informacije vezane za odnos imenice u njihovoj jezičnoj domeni s njezinom vrijednosti u ostvarenom diskursu. Jezici koji otvoreno iskazuju odrednike određeni član rijetko koriste kako bi se njime referiralo na individuu koja je odabrana, već se njime naglašava topikalnost topika uvedenoga u prethodnoj rečenici, dok u jezicima koji ne poznaju članove, odrednici često imaju upravo tu funkciju referiranja na anaforu iz (neposredne) prethodne rečenice. Zbog neusporedivosti dvaju sustava vrijedi detaljnije iskazati procese detektiranja te individue u svrhu koindeksacije. Stoga u radu posebnu pažnju posvećujemo obilježjima koja doprinose individualizaciji u višim projekcijama imenske skupine te ukazuju na varijabilnost u procesima iskazivanjauspostavljanja individualnih obilježja u imenskoj domeni čija je jezgra imenica i rečenica. Krećući od pretpostavke da se veza imenske domene i diskursa ostvaruje slaganjem u obilježju Lica između subjekta i predikata, te nadalje da je Lice obilježje koje osigurava koindeksaciju uzduž diskursa, vrijednosti će biti iskazane obilježjima, a strukturni će odnosi odrediti trenutak njegova iskazivanja.

Building on a longstanding debate of the role of semantics in syntax and grounded in the analysis of the results of controlled psycholinguistic production experiment conducted within the EMSS project, we investigate the influence of semantics in agreement and, in particular, the sensitivity of various agreement strategies to semantic guidance in Croatian. Furthermore, favouring the constraint model in selecting agreement features, under which the features from the mental lexicon are selected under semantic guidance, over the control one, we investigate (i) how the deprivation of semantic features influences the selection process, and (ii) to what degree morphological markers on preverbal subjects can be treated as reliable and sufficient predictors of agreement on the verb. We test for this by fully excluding the semantic component - gender, from the recent Marušič et al. (2015) stimuli. On-line production experiment with non-words was created adapting the Marušič et al. factorial stimulus design to be tested on Croatian native speakers (n=30). Stimuli from the experiment were further used in a written grammaticality judgments task administered to another group of Croatian native speakers (n=30). In contrast to the original stimuli Coordination—Adverb—Auxiliary—Participle structured items were created, in order to reduce the potential of a blind suffix copy strategy. Non-words were created to substitute nominal roots in all 9 gender combinations (MM, FF, NN, MF, MN, FM, FN, NM, NF). Non-words were controlled for length, number of syllables and plausible syllable structures in order to reduce to a minimum the frequency and the word length as potential predictors of agreement. Three sets of non-words were created in total, one set for subject in model sentence and two for the coordination in stimulus. The two latter sets were created primarily due to syncretism between the nominative Npl suffix –a and Fsg suffix –a, leading to ambiguous -e agreement on the verb in FN and NF condition. Second set consisted of coordinated structures containing non-words and a prototypical plural- gender suffix (-i for Masculine, -e for Feminine and –a for Neuter) (n=26). Third set consisted of non-words created in the first set, with inserted frequent gender infix (-et- for Masculine, -ic- for Feminine and –enj- for Neuter) between the non-word and the suffix (n=26). Although this disambiguation is needed only with the suffix –a, we employed it systematically for all stimuli in all genders. Experiment consisted of 6 sentences in 9 conditions: (in total 54 sentences). 54 sentences of varying structures were added as fillers. By using gender, position, and presence of infix as main factors in analysis, we predict: 1. that the agreement in examples with non- words already in NN sequences, to which only ambiguous suffixes are attached (that can be understood as Npl and Fsg), would exhibit three-fold pattern of agreement (syntactic M and both N and F), and that the variation would be even greater in NF and FN sequences ; 2. agreement with masculine gender has been proven valid, but should not be treated as a default, rather as a syntactically driven agreement ; 3. greater proportion of agreement in coordinated structures with mixed gender driven by linear, rather than narrow syntactic hierarchical feature, points to the lack of semantic guidance ; 4. deducing all the factors (semantic and attraction) to a minimum a true highest conjunct agreement should appear.

PALPA (Psycholinguistic Assessments of Language Processing in Aphasia ; Kay et al. 1992) battery of tests was translated and adapted to Croatian (Erdeljac et al. 2014 ; Peti-Stantić et al. 2014) and a group of aphasics was tested in order to assess the hypothesized difference in accuracy modulated by the feature of imageability (HI for High Imageable and LI for Low Imageable ; cf. Gvion and Friedman 2013 ; Dual-Coding Theory: Paivio 1990, 2010 ; Holcomb et al. 1999 ; Kounios and Holcomb 1994 ; West and Holcomb 2000 ; Sabsevitz et al. 2005). We further explored the relation of verbal and nonverbal cognition. Our hypothesis is that bimodal presentation of stimuli, and the complexity of performed cognitive and lexical tasks influence the accuracy of lexical choices in the aphasic group. Our research was conducted based on three tests from PALPA battery designed to examine lexical processing - in binary matching condition and in forced task word-picture and only language-mediated condition. The study included 30 participants with different types of fluent and non-fluent aphasia and 30 paired healthy participants, all native speakers of Croatian. We specifically report results of 11 Broca’s aphasics. They scored significantly lower than other aphasics (including anomic aphasics) and healthy participants on all tests and exhibited by far the greatest variation across subjects. The difference between Broca’s and anomic aphasics did not reach significance for tests of lower complexity (47 and 48), but was highly significant for complex tests (0.0002 for HI and LI), irrespective of the modality. Standard reports on types of deficits limited to syntactic processing demonstrated by Broca’s aphasics already established that they perform poorly on certain syntactic tasks, especially ones in which they have to rely only on syntax and cannot use contextual information to arrive at the understanding. This holds for English and crosslinguistically (Caplan and Futter 1986 ; Caplan et al. 2007, 2013 ; Bates et al. 1991 ; Lukatela et al. 1988, 1995). However, Broca’s patients are rarely tested on lexical decision tasks. By comaring our data to data from syntactic processing studies, we conclude that divergence of Broca’s aphasics in processing lexical tasks of different complexity from other groups tested is due to the weight and stability of disruptions in the process and not due to knowledge type. Such findings, coupled with more controlled psycholinguistic studies, should enable us to redefine Broca’s aphasics deficits. Since the data suggest that syntax and lexicon are equally disrupted, our tentative claim is that the deficit Broca’s aphasics suffer from lies in the domain of complexity and is not specifically pertinent to the syntax. Concerning the other condition, undoubtedly we need a systematic series of comparisons in order to distinguish between pure linguistic, language-mediated and visual tasks. We present the setup of controlled RT studies for an ordered set of non-linguistic and linguistic tasks that overlap in sensorimotor and semantic domains, closely matched on all procedural dimensions and timing dimensions. The present study did not comprise such a match because we decided to start with an established testing battery designed both for diagnostics and research (Bate et al. 2010 ; Kay et al. 2010). It turned out that the PALPA battery calls for significant improvements in order to become truly suitable for psycholinguistic experimentation.

In a recent elicited production study with native speakers of Slovenian, Marušič, Nevins, and Saksida (2007) and Marušič, Nevins, and Badecker (2015) show that there are three distinct gender- agreement grammars with varying degrees of attestation. In this study, we use the high temporal-resolution of the ERP technique to detect neurological components and measure the processing cost of the three gender-computing mechanisms. The study is comprised of two acceptability-judgment experiments, using a factorial design with non-masculine mixed gender conjuncts. Experiment 1 contrasts two strategies, Distant- (DCA) and Closest-Conjunct Agreement (CCA), to question whether the linear distance between a participle and the two conjuncts is language- or memory-related. The Experiment 1 results show, behaviorally, an overall significant effect of gender ; and, neurologically, a memory- related component, the P300. Experiment 2 sets out to detect alternations to the processing cost when default (Def) agreement is added to the experimental paradigm. The Experiment 2 results indicate no gender effects ; instead, two language-related components, N250 and N450, were observed, statistically picking out DCA once again. We argue that in an ecologically valid environment where all three grammatical options are made available, processing of DCA is no longer supported by a general cognitive mechanism, such as memory, but is rather computed by language- related processes.

We conducted a comparison of preverbal and postverbal subjectverb agreement in an elicited production study carried out with 60 speakers of different language varieties in South Slavic, spanning Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, and Slovenian at six local universities. These languages have three genders, and we measured the response type and total reaction time for production for the nine possible combinations of two plural noun phrases. Elicited production experiments for the preverbal and postverbal versions were conducted separately, with 54 items and 54 fillers. A sample target item involved a model sentence, immediately followed by a replacement phrase, and participants had to produce the entire sentence that resulted from combining the new replacement subject noun phrase (a coordination, such as the books and the magazines), with the remaining predicate, making morphosyntactic adjustments where necessary (e.g. in agreement). Our analysis of the gender agreement reveals that preverbal versus postverbal positioning make a large difference in the availability with the linearly furthest conjunct: while highest agreement is possible preverbally (e.g. the FN and NF columns), lowest-conjunct agreement is essentially unattested postverbally. In terms of reaction times, we find longest latencies for the conditions where speakers have the most grammatical options to choose among, suggesting that all three strategies are in principle available, although constrained by syntactic (hierarchical) and morphological factors (default masculine and relative markedness). The consequences of these results will be discussed with respect to three recent theoretical models of closest-conjunct agreement in South Slavic (Boskovic 2009, Puskar & Murphy 2014, Marusic, Nevins & Badecker 2015).

Imageability has been argued to induce asymmetry in processing of nominal lexical units as this feature of the mental lexicon unit is sensitive to the stimulus modality and to the conceptual system. Double modality of the representation of concrete nouns in the mental lexicon, verbal and non-verbal representation, contrasted with single, verbal, representation in abstract nouns [Paivio] is argued to facilitate the processing of a concrete noun and slow down successful retrieval, access and any further processing of an abstract noun [Sabsevitz et al.]. However, research confirming double dissociation of imageability underlines the claim that for the account of imageability it is equally crucial to verify the processing capacity of the mental lexicon’s interface with the conceptual system [Gvion & Friedmann]. The first aim of the study is to investigate whether is a significant difference in the semantic processing of high and low imageable words in people with aphasia compared to the healthy control speakers when presented with a visual or auditive stimulus. The second aim of the study is to investigate whether the greater asymmetry in semantic processing of high and low imageable words stems from the incoming stimulus modality that is impaired in aphasic people, or to the interface processing capacity of the mental lexicon with the conceptual system. Research was conducted based on the three tests designed to examine the processing of the lexical feature of imageability: Auditory Synonym Judgements, Written Synonym Judgements and Word Semantic Association from the battery of tests PALPA adapted for Croatian [Kay et al., Erdeljac et al.]. To reduce the effect of perceptive impairments, general semantic processing was verified by conducting two follow-up PALPA comprehension tests: Spoken Word-Picture Matching and Written Word-Picture Matching. The study included 30 participants with different type of aphasia (motor, sensory, and global) and 30 paired healthy participants ; all native speakers of Croatian. In line with the predictions, there was a statistically significant difference between experimental and control group ; the experimental group further confirmed the predictions by achieving significantly lower results with respect to low- imageable words. Difficulties in recognition of low imageable words in aphasics confirm the existing variations in the organization of processing pathways as imagined by Modular Models depicted in PALPA. These variations also correlate with the interaction of stimulus modality and facilitating effects due to representation modality as predicted by Dual-Coding Theory. Double-dissociation with respect to mental lexicon’s interface to conceptual system is further discussed based on the results of the two comprehension tests. Selected references: Gvion, A. & N. Friedmann (2013) A selective deficit in imageable concepts: a window to the organization of the conceptual system ; Frontiers in human neuroscience ; 7 ; 1-13. Kay, J. et al. (1992). Psycholinguistic Assessment of Language Processing in Aphasia (PALPA). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Paivio, Allan (2010) Dual coding theory and the mental lexicon ; The Mental Lexicon ; 5 (2) ; 205–230. Sabsevitz, D. S. et al. (2005) Modulation of semantic system by word imageability ; NeuroImage ; 27 ; 188–200. Erdeljac et al. (submitted) Lexical Feature of Imageability in the Mental Lexicon of People with Aphasia. Govor/Speech.

Semantic processing in aphasia is commonly assumed to be affected by a specific language impairment. According and to modular models (MM), this is due to the impairment of a specific module or pathway, and according to Du- Neuro- linguistics al-code theory (DCT), the impairment is relative to a specific modality of mental representation. In this paper, we examine the extent to which the modality of stimuli facilitates recognition of high-low imaginable nouns in varying types of aphasia and reconsider relevance of integrating semantic category of imageability into current models of semantic processing and mental lexicon. To verify the hypothesis that each type of aphasia can provide a pathway specific evidence for DCT, we tested 24 Croatian aphasic patients on the adapted version of Picture and Word Semantics battery of tests from PALPA: Psycholinguistic Assessments of Language Processing in Aphasia. Experiment results differentiated between 3 ty- pes of aphasia (sensory, nominal and motor). Collected data was used to conduct two follow up studies. First study concentrated on stimulus modality and check for the facilitating effects picture of high imaginable nouns has on semantic processing in 3 types of aphasia. This study analysed data collected on Spoken and Written Word-Picture Matching and Picture Naming tests. Second study focused on semantic category of imaginability and compared the effect spoken and written stimuli have in semantic processing of high and low imaginable nouns with respect to 3 types of aphasia. This study included data collected on Auditory and Written Synonymy judgment tests. Results allowed us to confirm the existing variations in the organisation of processing pathways specific to each type of aphasia as imagined by MM, and to correlate these variations with the interaction of the stimulus modality and the facilitating effects as predicted by DCT.

Višejezičnost kao predmet multidisciplinarnih istraživanja

U ovome se radu istražuje utjecaj obilježja predočivosti na semantičko procesiranje riječi u zadacima s pisanim i auditivnim stimulusom. Rezultati osoba s afazijom pritom su uspoređeni s rezultatima osoba bez jezičnih poteškoća. Za potrebe istraživanja korištena su tri testa iz baterije testova PALPA: Procjena auditivne sinonimije, Procjena pisane sinonimije i Test semantičkih asocijacija čiji je ispitni materijal oblikovan prema stupnju predočivosti stimulusa. Sukladno hipotezi, uočena je značajna razlika u uspješnosti eksperimentalne i kontrolne skupine na svim testovima, pri čemu je eksperimentalna skupina u prosjeku ostvarivala lošije rezultate i to ponajprije u dijelovima zadataka koji su obuhvaćali nisko predočive riječi. Rezultati istraživanja interpretirani su prema modularnome modelu PALPA dovedenom u odnos s hipotezom o dostupnosti konteksta i teorijom dvostrukoga kodiranja. Poteškoće u prepoznavanju nisko predočivih riječi kod osoba s afazijom uzrokovane su otežanim pronalaženjem odgovarajuće reprezentacije u mentalnom leksikonu govornika u kojemu su aktivirani različiti mentalni putovi obrade jezičnih podataka ovisno o modalitetu u kojem je riječ predstavljena.

In this paper we present a brief overview of the history of linguistic contacts of Arbanasi Albanian, a Gheg Albanian dialect spoken in Croatia, with Croatian and Italian. Then we discuss a number of contact-induced changes in that language. We show that Arbanasi Albanian was subject to strong influences from Croatian (and, to a lesser extent, from Italian) on all levels of linguistic structure. Using the data from our own fieldwork, we were able to show that there were also influences on the level of syntax, including the borrowing of certain constructions, such as analytic causative and imperative constructions, as well as the extension of the use of infinitive in subordinate clauses.

The main goal of the paper was to detect specificity markers in Croatian. As specificity is in a close relation to (in)definiteness, markers of (in)definiteness such as articles are standardly used as indicators of specificity as well. However, detecting specificity in articleless languages becomes less straightforward. Regardless of the lack of the article system, other (in)definiteness markers exist in Croatian. Here, we focused on the following markers of (in)definiteness in order to find specificity markers: i) the adjectives, ii) the numeral jedan ’one’, and iii) the demonstrative (definite) and indefinite pronouns. As specificity markers in Croatian we discuss the numeral jedan ’one’, the indefinite pronoun neki ’some’ and the construction taj + neki ’that some’. Our study also lead to the formation of three categories of specificity based on the properties of these markers: a) contextual specificity, b) semi–lexicalized specificity and c) constructional specificity.

Poster prezentacija s podacima o pilot- istraživanju semantičke obrade predočivosti u razumijevanju riječi kod osoba s afazijom.

Leksičko obilježje predočivosti semantička je kategorija riječi koja se odnosi na veći ili manji stupanj zamislivosti ili slikovitosti leksema. Predočivost podrazumijeva mogućnost oblikovanja vizualne ili auditivne mentalne slike riječi pri čemu su visoko predočive riječi lakše zamislive i odgovara im relativno jasna mentalna slika, dok su nisko predočive riječi teže zamislive i apstraktnije. U ovome radu iznijet ćemo rezultate istraživanja leksičkoga procesiranja izgovorene i napisane riječi s obzirom na svojstvo predočivosti koje je provedeno na uzorku od 25 osoba s afazijom te na 21 sudioniku kontrolne skupine. Cilj je istraživanja ispitati postoji li značajna razlika u semantičkome procesiranju visoko i nisko predočivih riječi kod osoba s afazijom u odnosu prema sudionicima kontrolne skupine u uvjetima vizualnoga ili auditivnoga prezentiranja riječi-stimulusa. Istraživanje je zasnovano na pretpostavci da će se kod osoba s afazijom pokazati veća razlika unutar procesiranja visoko i nisko predočivih riječi od razlike između visoko i nisko predočivih riječi kod sudionika kontrolne skupine pri čemu će se manja uspješnost pojaviti u procesiranju nisko predočivih riječi. Istraživanje je provedeno korištenjem triju testova kojima se preispituje procesiranje leksičkoga obilježja predočivosti: Procjena auditivne sinonimije, Procjena pisane sinonimije i Test semantičkih asocijacija. Riječ je o testovima preuzetim iz baterije testova PALPA (Psycholinguistic Assessments of Language Processing in Aphasia, Kay i dr., 1992) koji su prevedeni na hrvatski jezik te prilagođeni hrvatskim govornicima. Rezultati prvih dvaju testova bit će protumačeni u odnosu prema rezultatima testa semantičkih asocijacija. Provest će se kvantitativna (statistička) i kvalitativna (jezična – semantička) analiza rezultata. Modalitet u kojem je riječ predstavljena potaknut će različite mentalne putove obrade jezičnih podataka, što će se u ovome radu protumačiti na modularnome mentalnom modelu na kojemu se temelje PALPA testovi. Poteškoće u prepoznavanju nisko predočivih riječi uzrokovane su otežanim pronalaženjem odgovarajuće semantičke reprezentacije u mentalnom leksikonu govornika, a ovim će se radom preispitati koliki je utjecaj obilježja apstraktnosti riječi na njezino prepoznavanje te će se istražiti kako je svojstvo predočivosti uključeno u procesiranje značenja u mentalnome leksikonu.

Svrha je ovoga rada ukazati na do sada slabo istraživanu ulogu koju rečenična nominalizacija ima u interpretaciji snažnog otoka (CP) kao stare obavijesti (topik) s ciljem da se ponudi jedinstveni pristup primjera topikalizacije rečenične dopune spojene unutar i izvan glagolske skupine. Za predmet istraživanja odabrana je rečenična dopuna propozicijskih glagola u hrvatskom, argument to+CP (DP). Provedena analiza je pokazala da derivacija argumenta propozicijskih glagola pretpostavlja na sintaktičkoj razini, sročnost u Phi-obilježjima CP i odrednika to (D), tj. rečeničnu nominalizaciju ; na semantičkoj razini, primjenu ∃-tipa te ∃!-tipa promjene, tj. rečeničnu indeksikalizaciju ; te na razini obavijesnog ustrojstva osjetljivost na diskurs i obavijesnu vrijednost iskaza, glavne rečenice. U teorijskom je razmatranju hrvatskih primjera prednost dana teoriji ogoljene frazne strukture, u okviru minimalističkog pristupa te je pokazano da nije potrebno izvršiti prilagodbu postojećeg minimalističkog modela gramatike kako bi se opisala derivacija jedinica koje su osjetljive na vrijednosti obavijesnog ustrojstva, kao što je D. Snažni je otok izjednačen s argumentom. Rad zaključujemo pregledom mehanizama topikalizacije rečenične dopune u jezicima u kojima djeluje proces rečenične nominalizacije (hrvatski i grčki) te u onima u kojima ne djeluje (romanskim i germanski jezici).

The main goal of the paper was to detect specificity markers in Croatian. As specificity is in a close relation to (in)definiteness, markers of (in)definiteness such as articles are standardly used as indicators of specificity as well. However, detecting specificity in articleless languages becomes less straightforward. Regardless of the lack of the article system, other (in)definiteness markers exist in Croatian. Here, we focused on the following markers of (in)definiteness in order to find specificity markers: i) the adjectives, ii) the numeral jedan ’one’, and iii) the demonstrative (definite) and indefinite pronouns. As specificity markers in Croatian we discuss the numeral jedan ’one’, the indefinite pronoun neki ’some’ and the construction taj + neki ’that some’. Our study also lead to the formation of three categories of specificity based on the properties of these markers: a) contextual specificity, b) semi–lexicalized specificity and c) constructional specificity.

Imenički oblik pokazne zamjenice to često se koristi kao anafora za propozicijski ili nominalni antecedens. U ovom se radu usredotočujemo na upotrebu anafore to uz nominalne antecedense muškog ili ženskog roda, dakle na primjere u kojima se rod anafore ne podudara s rodom njezina antecedensa. Za razliku od gramatičkog/strukturnog slaganja pri kojemu se obilježja elementa koji upravlja slaganjem podudaraju s obilježjima mete u domeni surečenice, ovdje se radi o pragmatičkom slaganju izvan domene surečenice kod kojega je upotreba srednjeg roda zamjenice potaknuta nepostojanjem spola referenta antecedensa. Smatramo da je pronominalizacija imenica muškog ili ženskog roda oblikom srednjeg roda to omogućena izrazito deiktičkom prirodom pokazne zamjenice koja se stoga upotrebljava samo u slučajevima koreferencije, a ne i kao sredstvo prizivanja koncepta antecedensa, što je ponekad uloga anaforičkih ličnih zamjenica. Zaključujemo da je pokazna zamjenica u svom imeničkom obliku kao vrsta mete slaganja najpodložnija nepodudaranju u rodu i/ili broju s elementom koji upravlja slaganjem. Slaganje antecedensa i anafore (lične ili pokazne zamjenice) smatramo pragmatičkim neovisno o (ne)podudaranju obilježja slaganja.

Ovaj rad usredotočit će se na lingvističku kompetenciju s osnovnom namjerom da se uz pomoć lingvističkih pretpostavaka pokuša protumačiti neuspješnost normativno-gramatičkoga pristupa u podučavanju jezika, odnosno u učeničkom stjecanju različitih jezičnih znanja.

Cilj je ovog diplomskoga rada na temelju usporednoga Francusko- hrvatskoga korpusa analizirati upotrebu i pojavljivanje francuskih rečenica s konjunktivom, te pronaći u hrvatskom prijevodu tih istih rečenica oblike prijevodnih rješenja za tu francusku gramatičku strukturu. Diplomski je rad obuhvatio inventar tj. klasifikaciju gramatičkih struktura (glagolskih vremena, načina, priloga, pridjeva itd.) upotrijebljenih pri prevođenju francuskih rečenica s konjunktivom na hrvatski jezik.

This volume draws on insights from a range of theoretical perspectives to explore objects, agreement, and their intersecting angles, based on novel data from multiple language families. The recent expansion of agreement theories has revealed new ways of integrating phenomena that affect objects and their relational and featural properties with conventional object markers, under a single 'agreement' umbrella. The contributions to this book present the major advances in these new angles of research into object agreement, and highlight in particular the shared conditions on objects undergoing agreement that are attested in a large number of genetically unrelated languages and language modalities. Following a detailed introduction, the chapters are organized into four parts that explore respectively the mechanics of object agreement, constraints on symmetry, features of object agreement, and issues relating to the left periphery. The volume's findings and the novel questions that they raise will be of interest to theoretical linguists, typologists, sign language researchers, and anyone working on the theoretical analysis of Amazonian, Bantu, Romance, Semitic, and Slavic languages.

In Albanian, the application of a preverbal accusative index, also known as clitic doubling, may appear not only with nominal but also with clausal arguments, a hitherto little-discussed phenomenon. The occurrence of the preverbal object index is at least partly conditional on readiness for individuation of the complement clause and on its information status. Individuation and information status are also involved in the indexing of accusative nominal arguments, which testifies to a system in Albanian that operates across structurally different complement types, treating them alike. The analysis presented in this chapter contributes to more general discussions concerning the syntactic properties of complements.