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The genomic landscape of Stone Age Europe was shaped by multiple migratory waves and population replacements, but different regions do not all show the same patterns. To refine our understanding of the population dynamics before and after the dawn of the Neolithic, we generated and analyzed genomic sequence data from human remains of 56 individuals from the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Eneolithic across Central and Eastern Europe. We found that Mesolithic European populations formed a geographically widespread isolation-by-distance zone ranging from Central Europe to Siberia, which was already established 10 000 years ago. We also found contrasting patterns of population continuity during the Neolithic transition: people around the lower Dnipro Valley region, Ukraine, showed continuity over 4 000 years, from the Mesolithic to the end of Neolithic, in contrast to almost all other parts of Europe where population turnover drove this cultural change, including vast areas of Central Europe and around the Danube River.

Flint microliths-trapezes have been attributed to various early agricultural cultures in central Europe, from Linear Pottery culture to the Funnel Beaker and Globular Amphora cultures. Trapezoidal microliths are found in both the settlements and cemeteries. Cemetery of the Lublin-Volhynian Culture at Site 2 in Książnice, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship is - apart from cemetery of the Jordanów Culture at Site 10/11/12 in Domasław, Dolnośląskie Voivodeship - one of the two biggest necropolises of younger Danubian cultures in southern Poland, which provided the most numerous trapezes that are integral parts of grave assemblages. Orientation of grave pits, the manner in which the skeletons are lain as well as various artifacts deposited into the graves indicate that burial rites of the both societies were similar in many respects. Spatial and use-wear analysis of trapezes reveal the manner in which they were used and the reasons for the presence of these artifacts in the graves. A total of 30 trapezoidal microliths, including 5 Sośnia arrowheads, were discovered within the cemetery in Książnice, which yielded 17 graves of the Lublin-Volhynian culture. Microliths differ in therms of their shapes, their production, type of microwear and usage. Moreover, the location of microliths within grave pits is heterogeneous, both in relation to the human remains and to other flint artifacts. We observe different situation in Domasław. The manner in which trapezes were deposited in graves of the Jordanów culture and their function are uniform. Znaleziska mikrolitów krzemiennych o formach trapezów znane są z różnych wczesnorolniczych kręgów kulturowych środkowej Europy, od kultur ceramiki wstęgowej, po kulturę pucharów lejkowatych i kulturę amfor kulistych. Formy te odkrywane są zarówno w kontekstach osadowych, jak i w sepulkralnych. Cmentarzysko kultury lubelsko-wołyńskiej w Książnicach 2, woj. świętokrzyskie jest - obok cmentarzyska kultury jordanowskiej w Domasławiu 10/11/12, woj. dolnośląskie - jedną z dwóch największych nekropolii młodszych kultur naddunajskich w południowej Polsce, z których pochodzą najliczniejsze zbiory trapezów stanowiących integralną część inwentarzy grobowych. Orientacja jam grobowych, sposób ułożenia szkieletów, a także podobieństwo różnych elementów wyposażenia zmarłych wskazują, że rytuały grzebalne obu społeczności pod wieloma względami były zbliżone. Analiza przestrzenna i traseologiczna posłużyły zrozumieniu pierwotnej funkcji trapezów oraz przyczyn obecności tych wytworów w grobach. W obrębie cmentarzyska w Książnicach liczącego 17 grobów kultury lubelsko-wołyńskiej, odkryto łącznie 30 mikrolitów o formach trapezowatych, w tym 5 grocików typu Sośnia. Mikrolity odkryte na stanowisku w Książnicach różnią się między sobą kształtem, sposobem wykonania, rodzajami mikrośladów i stopniem zużycia. Ponadto, ułożenie mikrolitów w jamach grobowych jest niejednolite, tak w relacji do samych szczątków ludzkich, jak do innych zabytków krzemiennych. W Domasławiu obserwujemy odmienną sytuacją. Sposób deponowania i funkcja mikrolitów w jamach grobowych kultury jordanowskiej wpisują się w pewien schemat.

This article presents a typological and physical metallurgy analysis of copper artifacts found in child grave (no 7) at the Lublin-Volhynian culture cemetery in Książnice (Lesser Poland). The burial, dating to approx. 4050–3940 BC, contains a rich set of copper jewellery: a massive earring, small earring, bracelet - made of copper wire, and two beads made of a rolled piece of metal sheet. As part of metallographic analysis of metal finds from grave 7, site 2 in Książnice, quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted, regarding chemistry and microstructure of all the five artifacts. In the artifacts tested, there were identified the elements significant from the perspective of raw material origin and smelting technology: arsenic, antimony, silver, tin, zinc, lead, bismuth, cobalt, nickel and iron. The highest total content of impurities was noted for the bracelet. Against the background of other elements, the arsenic content stands out here and it is 2.1%, and lead 0.26%. For the remaining artifacts, the arsenic content was 0÷0,24%, and lead 0÷0,039%. Antimony (0.098%) and zinc (0.15%) was only recorded for the one of the bead. Also, the highest content of silver (0.05%) was established in this case. In the remaining ornaments, the silver content was below 0.02%. Based on the X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy results, chemical profiles were established for the individual, and they were ascribed to raw material groups according to R. Krause: 1) pure copper, 2) arsenic copper and 3) antimony copper (Krause 2003: 90–91, Abb. 40–41). The presented inventory of copper artifacts from grave 7, having many analogies in the Carpathian Basin and the areas to the north and east of the Carpathians, confirms the thesis about wide, trans-Carpathian contacts of the group which was using the necropolis in Książnice at the turn of 5th and 4th millennium BC.

The subject of this article is connections from Carpathian Basin in the Lublin-Volhynian (LV-C) culture – the first Eneolithic culture in Lesser Poland. Comparative analysis of the pottery from the LV-C child grave no 7 in Książnice (Lesser Poland) points towards the Hunyadihalom-Lažňany horizon as the mainstream source of analogies; and, according to the scheme proposed by Sławomir Kadrow and Anna Zakościelna, the LV-C drew on these analogies at the end of phase III or approx. 3700–3600 BC (Kadrow, Zakościelna 2000). While, the radiocarbon dating (5180±35BP) dates the grave to approx. 4050–3940 BC, which according to the scheme proposed by Kadrow and Zakościelna would mean that we are dealing with a feature from phase II. Of extreme importance which influenced the interpretation of the grave were the new data related to absolute chronology of the of the Copper Age in the Carpathian Basin. In the light of new radiocarbon chronology of the Hunyadihalom-Lažňany horizon (ca. 4200–3800 BC, according Raczky, Siklósi 2013; ca. 4000–3800 BC according Brummack, Diaconescu 2014), the date of grave 7 from Książnice corresponds well to the ceramic inventory with the characteristics of the Hunyadihalom-Lažňany horizon. The presence of the Hunyadihalom-Lažňany influences in Lesser Poland in the late 5th and 4th millennia BC forces us to pose the questions about their role in the spread of “Chalcolithic” attributes north of the Carpathian Mountains. There is clearer support for the thesis that the new cultural trends, which were expressed by the sepulchral ideology borrowed from the area of the Carpathian Basin emphasizing the elitism of burials, drawing clearer distinctions between the sacred and the profane in the spatial sense, and strongly emphasizing sexual dimorphism, could be to a greater extent the result of the influences of the Hunyadihalom-Lažňany horizon, and not just – as has traditionally been accepted – of the Tiszapolgár and Bodrogkeresztúr cultures.

Niniejsza publikacja poświęcona jest wielkiemu dziełu integralnego wychowania, które znajduje swe urzeczywistnienie w myśli i działalności pedagogicznej Jana Bosko, Edmunda Bojanowskiego i Bronisława Markiewicza. Poprzez ukazanie tej interdyscyplinarnej refleksji nad istotą i wyzwaniami współczesnej edukacji, publikacja daje jasną propozycję pedagogiki odwołującej się do przeszłości, ale jednocześnie otwartej na nowe propozycje i idee. Książka zawiera konkretne propozycje wychowania osoby – od wczesnego dzieciństwa po dorosłość – w edukacji przedszkolnej, szkolnej i pozaszkolnej. This publication is devoted to the great work of integral education, which finds its realization in the thought and pedagogical activity of Jan Bosco, Edmund Bojanowski and Bronisław Markiewicz. By showing this interdisciplinary reflection on the essence and challenges of contemporary education, the publication gives a clear proposal of pedagogy referring to the past, but at the same time open to new suggestions and ideas. The book contains specific proposals for educating a person – from early childhood to adulthood – in pre-school, school and extracurricular education.