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International audience

International audience

Forged at the heart of international political bodies by expert researchers, the innovation cluster concept has been incorporated into most public policies in industrialized countries. Based largely on the ideas behind the success of Silicon Valley, several imitative attempts have been made to geographically group laboratories, companies and training in particular fields in order to generate “synergies” between science and industry. In its first part, Innovation in Clusters analyzes the infatuation with the system of clusters that is integral to innovative policies by analyzing its socio historical context, its revival in management and its worldwide expansion, looking at a French example at a local level. In its second part, the book explores a specialized biotechnology cluster dating back to the end of the 1990s. The sociological survey conducted twenty years later sheds a different light on the dynamics and relationships between laboratories and companies, contradicting the commonly held belief that innovation is made possible by geographical proximity.

International audience; The future of the human posture is in the spotlight. The 200-year-old locomotion paradigm can no longer resist the advancement of knowledge, yet 2,500 years of thinking on the place of verticalized human anatomy and its reflexive consciousness in the natural history of life and the Earth, is more relevant than ever.This book retraces these reflections from pre-Socratic philosophers, focusing on the link between verticality and the most complex and consciously reflexive nervous system on the top rung of the ladder of living beings. The origin of animated forms, or animals, was considered metaphysical until the 19th century but reflection on their inception, from fertilization, paved the way for mathematics of infinitesimal geometry and dynamics. The simian filiation was inconceivable until Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck bridged the gap in 1802 with the locomotion postulate to explain the transition from quadrupedal to bipedal posture, sustained by the hypothesis of inheritance of acquired characteristics. This doctrine was overturned in 1987 by the discovery of the embryonic origins of the straightening - specific dynamics linked to neurogenesis - confirming the natural place of human verticality and nervous system complexity with its psychomotor and cognitive consequences.Sapiens find themselves at the physical limit of the straightening while mechanisms of gametogenesis have never ceased in making neurogenesis exponentially more complex. Is the future exclusively terrestrial or does intrauterine hominization open up new perspectives for space exploration? Posturologists, occlusodontics, osteopaths, cognisciences - all anthropological sciences exposed to human verticality are concerned with this discovery, which allows Sapiens to face their natural destiny

International audience; There have been considerable developments in information and communication technology. This has led to an increase in the number of applications available, as well as an increase in their variability. As such, it has become important to understand and master problems related to establishing radio links, the layout and flow of source data, the power available from antennas, the selectivity and sensitivity of receivers, etc.This book discusses digital modulations, their extensions and environment, as well as a few basic mathematical tools.An understanding of degree level mathematics or its equivalent is a prerequisite to reading this book. Digital Communication Techniques is aimed at licensed professionals, engineers, Master's students and researchers whose field is in related areas such as hardware, phase-locked loops, voltage-controlled oscillators or phase noise.

International audience; Since the late 20th Century, Human Resources (HR) has had a legal obligation to produce reports for management in most firms. However, these have long been considered restrictive and are seldom used to improve decision-making. More recently, the emergence of analytics, Big Data and algorithms has enabled a reconfiguration of the uses of quantification in HR.Accompanied by empirical examples, this book presents and defines the different tools and uses of quantification in HR. It studies the effect of these tools on decision-making and – without subscribing to the myth of objective and rational quantification – presents the contributions and limits of the use of data in HR, and analyzes the potential risks of excessive quantification. It also discusses the appropriation of these tools by the various players in a company and examines their effects on the position of HR.

International audience; Technological change is exciting as much as it is daunting. The arrival of new digital tools affects consumption patterns, types of employment and working conditions, and can pose challenges to organizations and individuals alike. Indeed, although technological change is a factor for economic growth, it can also be an amplifier, or even a catalyst, of inequality. It is also a social change and interacts in complex ways: technology is both the source and the consequence of social transformation.To understand technological change and to harness its effects, this book studies transformations at different levels (societal, organizational and individual). In its analysis of the subject, it also draws on a number of disciplines of the human and social sciences, such as anthropology, sociology and psychology.

International audience; Mathematical morphology has developed a powerful methodology for segmenting images, based on connected filters and watersheds. We have chosen the abstract framework of node- or edge-weighted graphs for an extensive mathematical and algorithmic description of these tools.Volume 1 is devoted to watersheds. The topography of a graph appears by observing the evolution of a drop of water moving from node to node on a weighted graph, along flowing paths, until it reaches regional minima. The upstream nodes of a regional minimum constitute its catchment zone.The catchment zones may be constructed independently of each other and locally, in contrast with the traditional approach where the catchment basins have to be constructed all at the same time. Catchment zones may overlap, and thus, a new segmentation paradigm is proposed in which catchment zones cover each other according to a priority order. The resulting partition may then be corrected, by local and parallel treatments, in order to achieve the desired precision.

International audience; This work provides a review of simulation techniques applied to urban logistics with a focus on practical applications. Several techniques and tools have been proposed to simulate different systems in urban logistics. In most cases, simulation choices depend on the objective of the simulation, the role of the decision maker and the type of problem. The paper offers a state of the art in which we analyse the existing simulation solutions for a given problem and/or a given stakeholder. As a result, it offers a practical reference for urban logistics researchers and practitioners who wish to use simulation in order to study the behaviour and performance of their systems. We propose an analytical framework allowing an easy overview of advantages and drawbacks of each technique, output criteria and examples.

International audience; To analyze complex situations we use everyday analogies that allow us to invest in an unknown domain knowledge we have acquired in a known field. In this work the author proposes a modeling and analysis method that uses the analogy of the ecosystem to embrace the complexity of an area of knowledge. After a history of the ecosystem concept and these derivatives (nature, ecology, environment ) from antiquity to the present, the analysis method based on the modeling of socio-semantic ontologies is presented, followed by practical examples of this approach in the areas of software development, digital humanities, Big Data, and more generally in the area of complex analysis.

To analyze complex situations we use everyday analogies that allow us to invest in an unknown domain knowledge we have acquired in a known field. In this work the author proposes a modeling and analysis method that uses the analogy of the ecosystem to embrace the complexity of an area of knowledge. After a history of the ecosystem concept and these derivatives (nature, ecology, environment ) from antiquity to the present, the analysis method based on the modeling of socio-semantic ontologies is presented, followed by practical examples of this approach in the areas of software development, digital humanities, Big Data, and more generally in the area of complex analysis.

International audience; Piecewise-deterministic Markov processes form a class of stochastic models with a sizeable scope of applications: biology, insurance, neuroscience, networks, finance... Such processes are defined by a deterministic motion punctuated by random jumps at random times, and offer simple yet challenging models to study. Nevertheless, the issue of statistical estimation of the parameters ruling the jump mechanism is far from trivial.Responding to new developments in the field as well as to current research interests and needs, Statistical inference for piecewise-deterministic Markov processes offers a detailed and comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art results. It covers a wide range of general processes as well as applied models. The present book also dwells on statistics in the context of Markov chains, since piecewise-deterministic Markov processes are characterized by an embedded Markov chain corresponding to the position of the process right after the jumps.

International audience; This study presents a real-data approach that aims at optimizing the location of urban loading-unloading (L/U) spaces. The originality of this paper is twofold: first, it proposes a data collection methodology in order to integrate real and up-to-date information regarding cartography, L/U parking demand and existing L/U spaces. Second, an optimization model is developed in order to determine the location of new L/U spaces by taking into account real distances, influence radius and physical constraints. Such optimization model can be used to evaluate the relevance of the existing L/U spaces and/or to determine the optimal location of new ones. For this we propose to combine the use of OpenStreetMap, Google Maps APIs, and Open Data portals. This paper provides a framework composed by 3 models, namely: data collection, demand generation and location optimization. The proposed approach is applied to the city of Paris in order to illustrate different case studies and to assess the effectiveness of the framework.

International audience; This title enriches both areas of research, finance and international management to analyze the choice of location and value creation in mergers and acquisitions. Our research answers the following question: What are the determinants of the location and value creation in mergers and acquisitions?

In the biogeochemical dynamics of marine ecosystems, silicon is a major element whose role has, for a long time, been underestimated. It is however indispensable to the activity of several biomineralizing marine organisms, some of which play an essential role in the biological pump of oceanic carbon.This book presents notions indispensable to the knowledge on the silicon biogeochemical cycle in ocean systems, first of all describing the main quantitative analysis techniques and examination of the major organisms involved in the cycle. The author then moves on to study the most up-to-date processes to control the use of silicon and its regeneration in natural conditions, before mentioning the central role played by this original element in the control of all the biogeochemical cycles in the global ocean. The available information finally enables the global biogeochemical budget of silicon in the marine environment to be quantified.

International audience; This didactic book presents the main elements of acoustics, aeroacoustics and vibrations.Illustrated with numerous concrete examples linked to solid and fluid continua, Acoustics, Aeroacoustics and Vibrations proposes a selection of applications encountered in the three fields, whether in room acoustics, transport, energy production systems or environmental problems. Theoretical approaches enable us to analyze the different processes in play. Typical results, mostly from numerical simulations, are used to illustrate the main phenomena (fluid acoustics, radiation, diffraction, vibroacoustics, etc.).

International audience

Wireless telecommunication systems generate a huge amount of interest. In the last two decades, these systems have experienced at least three major technological leaps, and it has become impossible to imagine how society was organized without them. In this book, we propose a macroscopic approach on wireless systems, and aim at answering key questions about power, data rates, multiple access, cellular engineering and access networks architectures.We present a series of solved problems, whose objective is to establish the main elements of a global link budget in several radiocommunications systems.

International audience; In recent years, Information and Communication Science and Technology have witnessed awesome advances thanks to the groundbreaking nature of new materials, calculation processes and data sources. 'Grey box' computers now only represent a small proportion of calculation resources and data sources. Indeed, more than 80% of processors are today integrated into various sophisticated devices. The number of sensors integrated into components with processing and signal transmission units has significantly increased. Each sensor is an active node in a system whose local processing capabilities make it possible to aggregate, sort and filter data or carry out more sophisticated processing. Human-computer interaction has also significantly evolved. It is no longer simply confined to the traditional 'screen, keyboard, mouse' triplet but permeates our everyday objects and activities. User Interfaces (UIs) are no more limited to graphics, neither to static contexts of use. Rather, they become multimodal and capable of adaptation to dynamic contexts of use. They migrate from one interactive space to another as long as the user moves. Whilst this vision is exciting from a usage point of view, it raises grand challenges for the engineering of such UIs. These challenges are as great as calculatory devices are powerful and therefore allow merging and mining huge databases. Anticipating and overcoming the risk of system hijacks are also part of these issues. Transparency becomes a highly valuable quality for ensuring better access to resources at all levels of the system or corporation ('virtual', 'in-network' etc.) making resources vulnerable to threats and attacks. Due to the wide range of risks, from economic intelligence to protecting personal data, it is necessary to find the right balance between ensuring data protection and transparency of access to new autonomous resources in open environments. New challenges have emerged such as those related to managing data access, ethics and the well known 'precautionary principle', 'Big data', 'Big Brother'; the list is endless. With such challenges, the growing diversity of dynamic services and of smart objects raises new issues in the design, development and execution of software applications. These applications must be able to adapt to a software and hardware infrastructure that continuously and unpredictably changes. Prime examples are applications that follow the user as he/ she moves, such as those used in mobile phones, cars, houses, etc. which provide him/ her with permanent access to services over a prolonged period of time. As such, the application must face to variations in the context of use, and nevertheless ensure its quality of service. Having simplified the distribution of software applications, middleware have now to facilitate the design of these applications by providing them with the ability to adapt. They must provide software mechanisms at runtime which guarantee the permanent adaptation of the application to a changing context of use. These challenges will therefore increase when faced with new usage in increasingly diverse, variable and unpredictable contexts of use. The present book 'Computer science and ambient intelligence: from sensors to applications' is an outcome of two CNRS 'ambient intelligence' schools organized in July of 2009 and 2011. In line with the ethos of this school, the present work aims to inform the lay reader of the challenges posed by this new field of research. Taking a holistic view, it covers various levels of abstraction, ranging from fundamental to advanced concepts and bringing together the contributions of various specialists in the field, the majority of whom have carried out their research within the school. This book features the main areas of computer science concerned with ambient intelligence (e.g. human-computer interaction, middleware, networks and information systems, etc.). It is a multidisciplinary advance with contributions coming from intelligent materials and ethics, the aim of which is to demonstrate the importance of integrated research, based on social sciences and technological advances. Such research is multi-disciplinary with the aim to mobilize and bring together expertise from each field to develop new theories. This book also pays tribute to the field's wide spectrum of applications with chapters focusing on health, transport and even tourism. The aim of the current work is not pedagogical; rather it is designed to provide a stimulating perspective to attest to the challenge of teaching within current frameworks due to the paradigm's interdisciplinary and contemporary nature and the lack of structures, platforms and generic materials. Recent initiatives such as 'FabLabs' are surely part of a response to this. We would like to warmly thank all the authors who have contributed to the creation of this book. We also sincerely hope that you have as much enjoyment reading their contributions as we have had in listening to their talks during both editions of the Ambient Intelligent school.

International audience; Monitoring and diagnosis of electrical machine faults is a scientific and economic issue which is motivated by objectives for reliability and serviceability in electrical drives. This book provides a survey of the techniques used to detect the faults occurring in electrical drives: electrical, thermal and mechanical faults of the electrical machine, faults of the static converter and faults of the energy storage unit. Diagnosis of faults occurring in electrical drives is an essential part of a global monitoring system used to improve reliability and serviceability. This diagnosis is performed with a large variety of techniques: parameter estimation, state observation, Kalman filtering, spectral analysis, neural networks, fuzzy logic, artificial intelligence, etc. Particular emphasis in this book is put on the modeling of the electrical machine in faulty situations. Electrical Machines Diagnosis presents original results obtained mainly by French researchers in different domains. It will be useful as a guideline for the conception of more robust electrical machines and indeed for engineers who have to monitor and maintain electrical drives. As the monitoring and diagnosis of electrical machines is still an open domain, this book will also be very useful to researchers.

ISBN 978-1-84821-274-9

International audience; Combinatorial problems based on graph partitioning enable us to mathematically represent and model many practical applications. Mission planning and the routing problems occurring in logistics perfectly illustrate two such examples. Nevertheless, these problems are not based on the same partitioning pattern: generally, patterns like cycles, paths, or trees are distinguished. Moreover, the practical applications are often not limited to theoretical problems like the Hamiltonian path problem, or K-node disjoint path problems. Indeed, they usually combine the graph partitioning problem with several restrictions related to the topology of nodes and arcs. The diversity of implied constraints in real-life applications is a practical limit to the resolution of such problems by approaches considering the partitioning problem independently from each additional restriction.This book focuses on constraint satisfaction problems related to tree partitioning problems enriched by several additional constraints that restrict the possible partitions topology. On the one hand, this title focuses on the structural properties of tree partitioning constraints. On the other hand, it is dedicated to the interactions between the tree partitioning problem and classical restrictions (such as precedence relations or incomparability relations between nodes) involved in practical applications.Precisely, Tree-based Graph Partitioning Constraint shows how to globally take into account several restrictions within one single tree partitioning constraint. Another interesting aspect of this book is related to the implementation of such a constraint. In the context of graph-based global constraints, the book illustrates how a fully dynamic management of data structures makes the runtime of filtering algorithms independent of the graph density.

This chapter focuses on information-sharing practices. Considering a focal firm that has several suppliers and several customers, the authors seek to qualify its organizational configuration and its downstream and upstream information-sharing practices. The framework enables managers of the focal firm to study the conditions and impact of IS and collaborative processes on the functioning and dynamics of each entity in a supply chain. This questioning framework is structured on four levels. This in turn is based on two main theoretical constructs, organization configuration and information-sharing practice. The theoretical construct "organization configuration" is composed of three empirical constructs that qualify the internal and external environment and objectives, the product offering, and the SC configuration. The theoretical construct "information-sharing practice" considers six categories of information to be shared, both downstream and upstream and, for each category, the direction of the sharing, either from the focal firm to the partner (supplier or customer), or from the partner to the focal firm. Each type of shared information is qualified by content. It is also qualified by the process that characterizes the exchange

Cognitive flexibility is the cornerstone of learning and enables us to cope with a constantly changing environment. By adapting our knowledge and habits in order to respond to new situations, cognitive flexibility plays a fundamental role in learning.This book proposes a study of the fundamental notions of cognitive flexibility: its measurement and development, its links with metacognition and critical thinking and the role of context in its expression, as well as its involvement in discovering solutions, transferring knowledge and processing analogies.Convergent perspectives are also presented in order to paint a clear picture of cognitive flexibility and to discuss the issues at stake. Thanks to the combined views of specialists in cognitive and developmental psychology, Cognitive Flexibility suggests new educational possibilities based on the results of empirical work on the subject.

International audience; In this chapter, we will consider new forms of scientific e-journals. The transformations stemming from the use of digital technology have had afundamental impact on the sector of scientific communications [DIL 12]. In the first section, we will give an overview of the state of the art, showing that these new forms of scientific communication are often initially limited to a simple transposition of the paper version. However, new models oftransmission have also emerged, notably in terms of open access (free access with the possibility of reusing and redistributing the article(s) in question) and open science, which advocates an open scientific approach with the use of innovative peer review models (open peer review and mega-reviews). Based on these observations and ascertainments, we will go into greater depth in the concept of “hypermediating journals”, presented with regard to the development of the COSSI (Communication, organisation, société du savoir et information: Community, Organization, Society of Knowledge and Information) journal. Inspired by the idea of a “mediating site” [DAV 04], a hypermediating journal proposes a redocumentarization of its corpus [PED 06, SAL 07] to reveal a new meaning.