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Abstract: An extensive programme of modelling, monitoring and verification activities was deployed at a set of active storage sites worldwide including Sleipner, In Salah, Ketzin, Weyburn, K12-B and Snøhvit (EU CO2ReMoVe project). All investigated storage sites were well managed and did not have a negative impact on humans or the environment. Time-lapse seismic and pressure monitoring are key in verifying the deep subsurface performance of the storage sites. Evidence gathered during the site characterisation and operational phases is key to handover responsibility of the storage site to governmental authorities after injection has definitely ceased, which is the focus of the follow-up EU project CO2CARE. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The COCATE project is a three-year collaboration project under the EU 7th framework program for research. One of the objective of COCATE project is to tackle the problems of rolling out a shared transportation infrastructure capable of connecting geological storage sites with various CO2 emitting industrial facilities. An economic model based on a dynamic linear programming system was developed, which all along the analyzed period of deployment of CO2 network, matches the capacity left in each storage site with the CO2 transported flow rates, in order to decide how, when and where to invest in a transport facility. The model defines in this way an optimized transport network system, with the only objective of minimizing the overall costs of CO2 transport. Five case studies were developed leading to find a cost optimized network between 3 sources of different emission profiles, 3 sinks of different capacities, with 2 defined harbours. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper describes the development and application of a methodology to screen and rank Dutch reservoirs suitable for long-term large scale CO2 storage. The screening focuses on off- and on-shore individual aquifers, gas and oil fields. In total 176 storage reservoirs have been taken into consideration: 138 gas fields, 4 oil fields and 34 aquifers, with a total theoretical storage potential of about 3200MtCO2. The reservoirs are screened according to three criteria: potential storage capacity, storage costs and effort needed to manage risk. Due to the large number of reservoirs, which limits the possibility to use any pair-wise comparison method (e.g. Multi-Criteria programs such as Bosda or Naiade), a spreadsheet tool was designed to provide an assessment of each of the criteria through an evaluation of the fields present in the database and a set of scores provided by a (inter)national panel of experts. The assessment is sufficiently simple and allows others to review it, re-do it or expand it. The results of the methodology show that plausible comparisons of prospective sites with limited characterization data are possible. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Large-scale implementation of carbon capture and storage needs a whole new infrastructure to transport and store CO2. Tools that can support planning and designing of such infrastructure require incorporation of both temporal and spatial aspects. Therefore, a toolbox that integrates ArcGIS, a geographical information system with elaborate spatial and routing functions, and MARKAL, an energy bottom-up model based on linear opt imization has been developed. Application of this toolbox for devising blueprint s of a CO2 infrastructure in the Netherlands, shows that early knowledge on the availability, potential, and suitability of sinks is of major importance for a cost-effective design of the infrastructure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper describes the development and application of an methodology to screen and rank Dutch reservoirs suitable for longterm large scale CO2 storage. The screening is focused on off- and on-shore individual aquifers, gas and oil fields. In total 177 storage reservoirs have been taken into consideration (139 gas fields, 4 oil fields and 34 aquifers, with a total storage potential of about 3200 Mt CO2). These reservoirs have been selected from over five hundred potentially suitable CO2 storage reservoirs. The total number of storage reservoirs has been reduced by applying preconditions with associated threshold values. Nevertheless, the number of reservoirs is still significant and limits the possibility to use any pair-wise comparison method (e.g. Multi-Criteria programs such as Bosda or Naiade). Therefore, a excel tool has been developed based on linear aggregation. The tool screens the reservoirs based on three criteria: storage potentials, costs and effort needed to manage risk. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) is a promising contribution to reduce further increase of atmospheric CO2 emissions from fossil fuels. The CCS concept anticipates that large amounts of CO2 are going to be stored in the subsurface for the long term. Since CCS is a rather new technology, uncertainties related with the future evolution of a CO2 storage system should be addressed in a systematic framework. Performance and risk assessment frameworks are being created for the evaluation of the safeness and effectiveness of a CCS project. The recommended first step of this framework is a qualitative analysis, which encompasses the scenario analysis. The main goal of this step is to identify CO2 release scenarios, which can be supported by using a database of Features, Events and Processes (FEP), i.e. the elements that describe the characteristics and behaviour of the geological system. A qualitative FEP database tool assists to describe the storage concept and the factors which might influence the future behaviour of the storage reservoir and its surroundings. Scenario analysis using a FEP database is a crucial part of the risk assessment of a CCS project and has been applied to define release scenarios for a number of storage sites. However, further improvement is needed to facilitate a faster and more coherent analysis. For this purpose, a novel scenario analysis framework has been created, called Carbon Storage Scenario Identification Framework (CASSIF) (Yavuz et al., 2008 ). It is based on the three major CO2 release scenarios (well, fault and seal) from where the relevant events and processes are identified and modelled. Expert opinion is a key value within this framework. A questionnaire to be filled in by experts has been designed for the initial screening and ranking of events and processes. Features (static entities) have been separated from the events and process (the dynamic characteristics) so the focus in the expert elicitation will be on the latter. The new interface facilitates the online use of the FEP database. Together with real-time scenario formation, these improvements will greatly enhance the speed, transparency and comprehe nsiveness in the creation of subsurface CO2 release scenarios. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The objectives of the EU project CO2ReMoVe are to undertake the research and development necessary to establish scientifically based standards for monitoring future CCS operations and to develop the performance assessment methodologies necessary to demonstrate the long-term reliability of geological storage of CO2. This could in turn lead to guidelines for the certification of sites suitable for CCS on a wide scale. Crucial to the project portfolio are the continuing large-scale CO2 injection operation at Sleipner, the injection operation at In Salah (Algeria) and the recently started injection project at Snøhvit (Norway). Two pilot sites are also currently in the project portfolio, Ketzin in Germany and K12-B in the offshore continental shelf of the Netherlands. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Large-scale deployment of carbon capture and storage needs a dedicated infrastructure. Planning and designing of this infrastructure require incorporation of both temporal and spatial aspects. In this study, a toolbox has been developed that integrates ArcGIS, a geographical information system with spatial and routing functions, and MARKAL, an energy bottom-up model based on linear optimization. Application of this toolbox led to blueprints of a CO2 infrastructure in the Netherlands. The results show that in a scenario with 20% and 50% CO2 emissions reduction targets compared to their 1990 level in respectively 2020 and 2050, an infrastructure of around 600 km of CO2 trunklines may need to be built before 2020. Investment costs for the pipeline construction and the storage site development amount to around 720 m€ and 340 m€, respectively. The results also show the implication of policy choices such as allowing or prohibiting CO2 storage onshore on CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) and infrastructure development. This paper illustrates how the ArcGIS/MARKAL-based toolbox can provide insights into a CCS infrastructure development, and support policy makers by giving concrete blueprints over time with respect to scale, pipeline trajectories, and deployment of individual storage sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]